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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

Microsoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/cornellsgrammarOOcornrich 


REVISED      Er)ITIO]Sr. 


COE^ELL'S 


a  E  A  M  M  A  E-S  C   H  O  O  L 

GEOGEAPHY: 


FOEMIiq"G    A    PAET 

OP   A 


SYSTEMATIC  SERIES  OF  SCHOOL  GEOGRAPHIES. 

EMBRACING  AN  EXTENDED  COURSE,  AND  ADAPTED  TO 

PUPILS   OF  THE  HIGHER   CLASSES  IN  PUBLIC  AND   PRIVATE  SCHOOLS. 


By   S.   S.    C0R]S"ELL, 

COKEESPONDING    MEMBER    OF    THE    AMERICAN    GEOGRAPHICAL    AND    STATISTICAL    SOCIETY. 


NEW  York:: 

D.    APPLETOK    AKD    COMPANY,    90,    92,    AND    94    GRAND    STREET. 

1869. 


PREFACE. 


The  work  now  offered  to  the  public  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  wants  of 
such  classes  in  Geography  as  need  a  comprehensive  course,  embracing  the  less 
prominent  as  well  as  the  more  important  localities  on  the  earth's  surface,  and 
exercising  the  student  in  every  profitable  variety  of  map  studies.  It  may,  with 
advantage,  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  classes  that  have  completed  the  author's 
Intermediate  Geography;  or,  where  the  saving  of  time  is  an  object,  it  may  be  used 
instead  of  the  latter  work,  as  the  second  Part  of  the  Series. 

The  chief  difference  between  the  Intermediate  and  Grammar-School  is  that  the 
latter,  though  no  more  elevated  in  style,  is  fuller  in  both  map  and  descriptive  mat- 
ter, presenting  a  greater  number  of  localities  to  be  memorized.  The  original  plan 
of  the  author,  which  is  now  so  well  understood  and  so  generally  appreciated  as 
here  to  require  no  argument  in  its  favor,  has  been  strictly  adhered  to  in  the  pres- 
ent work  ;  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  found  philosophical  in  its  arrangement,  accu- 
rate in  its  details,  and  every  way  adapted  to  the  school-room. 

Among  the  more  important  features  of  this  work  are  the  following : — 

First,  it  contains  a  comprehensive  treatise  on  Physical  Geography. 

Second,  it  presents  fully  and  systematically  the  Physical  Geography  of  the 
United  States  grouped  together  in  sections,  as  represented  in  the  Reference  Maps, 
with  descriptions  of  their  most  important  and  interesting  natural  features. 

Third,  it  suggests  an  easy  method  for  memorizing  the  comparative  size  of  all 
the  countries  on  the  earth. 


Fourth,  it  embraces  two  sets  of  Maps  of  the  IJnited  States  and  Europe :  the 
one  containing  a  careful  selection  of  places,  etc.,  all  of  which  the  pupil  is  obliged 
thoroughly  to  master,  by  means  of  systematic  lessons ;  the  other  (intended  for 
reference)  being  as  full  as  is  consistent  with  distinctness,  and  accompanied  by  gen- 
eral questions  which  embody  an  original,  and.  It  is  believed,  highly  instructive, 
series  of  map  exercises. 

Fifth,  all  map  questions  are  placed  opposite  the  maps  to  which  they  respect- 
ively belong. 

Sixth,  the  pronunciation  of  names  likely  to  be  mistaken  is  given  in  the  place 
where  they  first  occur. 

Seventh,  it  contains  a  simple  and  practicable  system  of  Map  Drawing,  which  \ 
will  aid  in  impressing  on  the  mind  of  the  learner  the  outlines  of  countries  and 
the  relative  position  of  places. 

In  the  present  edition,  the  text  has  been  thoroughly  revised  and  brought  up 
to  date.  A  complete  set  of  New  Maps  has  been  introduced,  which,  we  think,  leave 
nothing  to  be  desired  even  by  the  most  fastidious  and  critical.  In  fine,  the  Au- 
thor has  earnestly  endeavored  to  make  this  Revised  Edition  in  every  respect 
worthy  of  the  favor  which  the  work  has  from  the  very  first  enjoyed  at  the  hands 
of  an  intelligent  pubUc. 

New  York,  May  1,  1868. 


LIST    OF    MAPS 


LARGE    MAPS. 


The  Wobld,  in  Hemispheres,        ........ 

NoKTH  America,     .......... 

British  Provinces,     .......... 

United  States,     .......... 

Eastern  States.         .......... 

Middle  States,  Maktland,  Virginia,  and  West  VmaiNiA, 

Southern  States,  Arkansas,  and  Tennessee,  ...... 

Western  States,  ......... 

Pacific  States,  Tbrritobies,  Ac,  ....... 

United  States  No.  1— Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Maine, 
United  States  No.  2— Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
United  States  No.  8— New  York,  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania, 
United  States  No.  4— Delaware,  Maryland,  VmonnA,  West  Virginia,  North 
AND  South  Carolina,         .... 

United  States  No.  5 — Tennessee,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alasama,  Mississippi, 
United  States  No.  6— Arkansas,  Louisiana,  Texas,       .... 

United  States  No.  7— Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri,  ..... 

United  States  No.  8— Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  .  . 

United  States  No.  9— Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky,        ..... 

United  States  No.  10— Nebraska,  Kansas,  Dakota,  Indian  TKRBrroRY,  &c.. 
United  States  No.  11 — California,  Oregon,  Nevada,  Washington,  &c., 
Mexico  and  Central  America, 
West  Indies,     .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 

South  America,    .......... 

Europe,  ........... 

British  Isles,        .......... 

Part  op  Europe  No.  1— Prance,  Spain,  Portugal,      ..... 

Part  of  Europe  No.  2 — Prussia,  Austria,  Turkey,  Greece,  Italy,  Ac, 
Part  of  Europe  No.  3— Belgium,  Holland,  Peussia,  the  German  States, 
Asia,  ........... 

Africa,    ............ 

Oceania,      ........... 


PAOS 

14,15 
.      21 

24 
28,29 

31 
.      33 

35 


65 
67 
68 
70 
72 
76 
77 
78 
82 
89 
90 
190 
103 
104 
107 
113 
116 


SMALL    MAPS. 


North  and  South  Polar  Hegions, 

Newfoundland,    . 

Vicinity  of  Montreal, 

Vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls, 

Vicinity  of  New  York, 

Vicinity  of  Philadelphia, 

San  Francisco  and  Sacramento,   . 

Vicinity  of  Portland,  Me., 

Vicinity  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,    . 

Vicinity  of  Boston, 

Vicinity  of  Providence, 

Part  op  Maryland  and  Delaware, 

Vicinity  of  Charleston, 

Vicinity  of  New  Orleans, 

Vicinity  of  Detroit,  Madison,  and  St.  Paot., 

Vicinity  of  Cincinnati, 

Nicaragua  Route, 

Route  op  the  Panama  Railway, 

City  of  Mexico  and  its  Vicinity, 

Cuba,  Hayti, 

Shetland  Islands, 

Orkney  Islands, 

Channel  Islands, 

Vicinity  of  London, 

Vicinity  of  Liverpool, 

Vicinity  of  Manchester, 

British  India,  . 

Egypt, 

Liberia,  . 

Cape  Colony, 

Sandwich  Islands, 

Part  of  Australia, 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1858,  by  S.  S.  Cornell.  In  the  Clerk's  Onice  of  the  District  Conrt  fbr  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 
Enlered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by  D.  Appleton  ft  Co.,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  Yo: 


PAOB 

14,16 
.      24 


25 


64 
64 
67 
57 
61 
61 
66 
68 

•Jo 

77 
77 
77 
78 


91 
91 
91 

107 
118 
113 
11.3 
116 
llfi 


COENELL'S 


GEAMMAE-SCHOOL    GEOGEAPHT. 


LESSON  I. 

Mathematical  Geography. 

Geography  is  tlie  science  that  describes  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Division  of  tlie  Snljeet. — Geography  is  divided  into  three  branches  : — 
Mathematical,  Physical,  and  Political. 

Mathematical  Geography  treats  of  the  form,  magnitude,  and  mo- 
tions of  the  earth,  and  of  the  various  imaginary  lines  on  its  surface. 

Physical  Geography  treats  of  the  solid  and  fluid  parts  of  the 
earth's  surface,  the  atmosphere,  and  all  animal  and  vegetable  life. 

Political  Geograbhy  treats  of  the  various  countries  on  tile  earth's 
surface,  their  people,  customs,  religion,  and  government. 

Tlie  Form  of  the  Earth  is  nearly  that  of  a  globe,  or  sphere. 

Proofs  of  the  Spberieal  Form  of  the  Earth. — 1st.  The  highest  part 
of  a  ship  is  seen  first  in  the  distance, 
and,  as  she  approaches,  the  lower  part, 
or  hull. 

2d.  Persons  have  sailed  constantly  in 
one  direction,  either  east  or  west  (as  nearly 
as  the  diflerent  bodies  of  land  would  per- 
mit), and  returned  to  the  place  from 
which  they  set  out. 
i^s  3d.  The  shadow  the  earth  casts  on  the 
--^^        moon,  during  a  lunar  eclipse,  is  circular. 

Extent  of  the  Earth's  Snrface. — The  earth's  surfece  contains  about 
200,000,000  square  miles. 

The  Earth's  Axis  is  an  imaginary  straight  line  passing  through  its 
center,  around  which  it  turns. 

The  Poles  of  the  Earth  are  the  ends  of  the  earth's  axis,  or  the  points 
where  the  axis  meets  the  surface. 

The  north  pole  is  the  north  end  of  the  earth's  axis. 
The  south  pole  is  the  south  end  of  the  earth's  axis. 

Eemakk.— The  North  Pole,  or  most  northerly  point  of  the  earth's  surfiace,  is  always 
directed  toward  a  particular  star,  called  the  North  or  Pole  Star. 

Motions  of  the  Earth. — Tlie  earth  has  two  motions : — a  diurnal,  or  daily 
motion,  on  its  axis ;  and  an  annual,  or  yearly  motion,  round  the  sun. 

The  Earth  turns  on  its  Axis  from  west  to  east,  once  in  every 
twenty-four  hours. 

This  revolution  causes  the  succession  of  day  and  night. 

The  Earth  revolves  round  the  Sun  in  a  nearly  circular  course, 
called  its  Orbit,  in  about  365^1^  days. 


This  revolution  causes,  in  part,  the  diversity  of  the  seasons. 
The  Earth's  Annual  Motion  is  about  68,000  miles  an  hour. 
The  Distanee  of  the  Earth  from  the  Son  is  about  95,000,000  miles. 
The  Length  of  the  Earth's  Orbit  is  about  600,0.00,000  miles. 


LESSON   II. 
Mathematical  Geography— Continued. 

The  Compass  is  used  for  ascertaining  and  directing  the  course  of 
ships  at  sea,  for  surveying  land,  etc.  It  is  a  circular  box,  containing 
a  card  marked  with  the 
points  of  direction  and 
attached  to  a  magnetic 
needle,  which  moves 
freely  on  a  pivot,  and 
always  points  due  north, 
or  nearly  so. 

The  Cardinal  Points  of 
the  Compass  are  North, 
South,  East,  and  West. 

Cardinal  means  chief ;  the 
cardinal  points  are  the  chief 
points  of  direction. 

The  other  Important 
Points  are  North-east, 
South-east,  North-west, 
and  South-west.  thb  mabineb's  compass. 

Behabe. — Observe  in  what  part  of  the  heavens  the  sun  rises, — that  is  east ;  or  where  it 
sets,— that  is  west.  Now,  if  you  will  stand  with  outstretched  arms,  so  that  the  right  hand 
points  to  that  part  of  the  heavens  in  which  the  sun  rises,  and  the  left  to  that  part  where  it 
sets,  before  you  will  be  north,  and  behind  yon  south.  Again,— look  at  the  sun  at  noonday, 
and  you  will  then  face  the  south.  If  at  night,  when  the  stars  are  visible,  you  will  look  at  the 
Pole  Star,  you  will  then  face  the  north. 

The  Cireles  of  the  Earth. — The  surface  of  the  earth  is  divided  by  im 
aginary  circles.     There  are  two  kinds  of  circles ;  viz.,  great  and  small. 
A  great  circle  divides  the  earth  into  two  equal  parts. 
A  SMALL  CIRCLE  divides  the  earth  into  two  unequal  parts. 

Cireles,  how  divided. — Every  circle,  whether  great  or  small,  isdivided 
into  360  equal  parts,  called  Degrees. 

A  DEGREE  is  the  three-huudrcd-aud-sixtieth  part  of  a  circle. 


MATHEMATICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


The  sixtieth  part  of  a  degree  is  called  a  Minute,  and  the  sixtieth 
part  of  a  minute  is  called  a  Second. 

The  mark  for  degrees  is  ("),  for  minntes  O,  and  for  seconds  (").    Thus,  twenty-three 
degrees,  twenty-seven  minntes,  and  thirty  seconds,  is  nsnally  written,  23°  27'  30". 


MgMiii- 


Haps. — A  Map  is  a  drawing  which 
represents,  on  a  plane,  the  whole  or  a 
part  of  the  earth's  surface. 

RBHAitK.— A  map,  being  flat,  cannot  exactly 
represent  a  spherical  surfece ;  yet  it  does  so  near 
enough  for  ordinary  purposes. 

A  map  of  a  particular  country  may  be  regarded 
as  a  part  cut  out  of  a  map  of  the  world.  In  a  map 
of  the  world,  the  earth  is  supposed  to  be  divided 
into  two  hemispheres,  which  are  then  placed  on  a 
flat  surface,  with  their  edges  together,  and  pressed 
down  till  they  coincide  with  it.  If  the  maps  of  the 
hemispheres  were  placed  with  their  backs  in  con- 
tact and  the  edges  pasted  together,  they  could  be 
inflated  so  as  to  assume  a  spherical  form. 

Globes. — The  earth's  surface  is  also 
^  represented  on  a  sphere,  called  a  Ter- 
restrial Globe. 

Remabk. — The  top  of  a  map  is  north,  the  bot- 
tom south,  the  right  hand  east,  and  the  left  hand 
west.  If  this  is  not  the  case,  the  direction  of  these  points  is  shown  by  a  cross  on  the  map, 
having  a  flower  called  ./fear  de  lis  at  the  end  that  points  to  the  north. 

Point  to  the  north ;  to  the  south ;  to  the  east ;  to  the  west.    In  what  direction  does 
the  building  you  are  in,  face  ? 


TERRESTRIAL  GLOBE. 


LESSON    III. 
Mathematical   Geoffraphy— Continued. 

The  Lines,  or  Circles,  on  Maps,  are  the  equator,  meridians,  parallels, 

tropics,  and  polar  circles. 

These  lines  help  us  to  determine  the 
relative  positions  of  places,  and  their  dis- 
tances from  each  other. 

The  equator  is  a  great  circle  equal- 
ly distant  from  the  two  poles. 

A  MERIDIAN  CIRCLE  is  any  great 
circle  pa.'ssing  through  the  two  poles. 

A  MERIDIAN  is   half  of  a  meridian 
circle. 
:''i/-<L^frm=mB3         The  word  meridian  means  mid-day, 
or  noon.    When  the  sun  is  directly  over 
a  meridian,  it  is  noon  at  all  places  through  which  that  meridian  passes. 

Remark.— There  is  but  one  equator  on  the  earth,  but  every  point  on  Its  surikce  has 
its  own  meridian. 

A  Demisphere  is  half  of  a  sphere. 

Demispbcres  of  the  Earth. — The  equator  divides  the  earth  into  two 
hemispheres,  Northern  and  Southern. 

Every  meridian  circle  divides  the  earth  into  two  hemispheres,  East- 
em  and  Westera.  The  cii'cle  selected  by  geographers  so  to  divide  the 
earth,  is  20  degrees  west  of  Greenwich,  a  place  very  near  London. 

The  ClTenmferciiee  of  the  Earth  is  the  distance  round  it. 
The  circumference  of  the  earth  is  greatest  at  the  equator,  measuring 
about  25,000  miles. 

The  Diameter  of  the  Earth  is  the  distance  through  its  center. 
The  longest,  or  equatorial,  diameter  of  the  earth  extends  from 
any  point  on  the  equator  to  the  opposite  point. 


The  shortest,  or  polar,  diameter  of  the  earth  extends  from  one 
pole  to  the  other. 

The  length  of  the  equatorial  diameter  is  about  7,925  mUes ;  that  of 
the  polar  diameter,  about  7,899  miles. 

Remark.— The  poles  aie  about  13  miles  nearer  than  the  equator  to  the  center  of  the 
earth. 


LESSON  IV. 
Mathematical  Geography— Contintied. 

Longitnde  is  distance,  either  east  or  west,  from  some  given  meridian, 
which  is  called  the  First  Meridian. 

The  meridian  of  Greenwich  is  most  frequently  used  as  the  first 
meridian. 

In  the  United  States,  longitnde  is  sometimes  computed  fW)m  the  meridian  of  Washing- 
ton, and  in  France  from  that  of  Paris.  Washington  is  T7°  west  of  the  meridian  of  Greenwich. 

Kinds  of  Longitnde. — There  are  two  kinds  of  longitude,  east  and  west. 

A  place  is  in  East  Longitude,  when  it  Ls  situated  east  of  the  first 
meridian  ;  in  West  Longitude,  when  it  is  west  of  the  first  meridian. 

The  greatest  longitude  a  place  can  have,  is  180  degrees,  either  east 
or  west. 

Longitnde  of  a  Plaee. — Tlie  distance,  measured  in  degrees  on  the 
equator,  between  the  meridian  of  any  place  and  the  first  meridian,  is 
called  the  Longitude  of  that  place. 

Places  on  the  first  meridian  have  no  longitude. 

Longitnde,  where  mariied  on  Maps. — On  the  map  of  the  hemispheres,  the 
degrees  of  longitude  are  marked  on  the  equator ;  on  other  maps,  they 
are  at  the  top  and  the  bottom.  The  meridian  of  Greenwich  is  marked 
with  a  cipher  (0). 

Degrees  of  Longitnde. — Tlie  equator  is  divided  into  360  equal  parts, 
called  degrees, — each  containing  60  geographic  miles.  As  these  di- 
visions together  mark  out  the  length  of  the  equator,  thej'  are  called 
degrees  of  longitude,  or  length. 

Length  of  a  degree  of  longitude. — As  the  earth  is  about  25,000 
miles  in  circumference,  it  follows  that  each  degree  of  longitude  at 
the  equator  contains  about  69J  statute  miles ;  but  north  or  south  from 
the  equator,  a  degree  becomes  shorter  and  shorter,  till  at  the  poles  it 
is  nothing.  Tlie  length  of  a  degree  of  longitude,  in  latitude  60°,  is 
only  30  geographic  miles. 

Latitude  is  distance  either  north  or 
south  from  the  equator. 

Parallels  of  latitude  are  small 
circles  parallel  to  the  equator. 

Kinds  of  Latitude. — Tliere  are  two 
kinds  of  latitude,  north  and  south. 

A  place  is  in  North  Latitude,  when 
it  is  situated  north  of  the  equator;  in 
South  Latitude,  when  it  is  south  of  the 
equator. 

The  greatest  latitude  a  place  can  have  is  90  degrees. 

Latitude  of  a  Plaee.^The  distance  of  a   place  from  the  equator, 
measured  in  degrees,  is  called  the  Latitude  of  that  place. 
Places  on  the  equator  have  no  latitude. 

Latitude,  where  marked  oh  Maps. — The  figures  denoting  latitude  are 
on  the  sides  of  the  maps. 


PHTSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Degrees  of  Latitude. — The  distance  between  the  poles,  measured  on 
a  meridian,  is  divided  into  180  equal  parts,  called  degrees  (90  degrees 
being  north,  and  90  degrees  south,  of  the  equator).  As  these  divisions 
together  mark  out  the  breadth  of  the  earth,  mejisurcd  on  each  side  from 
the  equator,  they  are  called  degrees  of  latitude,  or  breadth. 

Length  of  a  degree  of  latitude. — The  length  of  each  degree  of 
latitude  is  69J-  statute,  or  60  geographic,  miles. 


LESSON    V. 
Mathematical  Geography— Continued. 

The  Troples  are  two  small  circles  parallel  to  the  equator,  called  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

The  Tropic  of  Cancer  is  23|^  degrees  north  ofthe  equator. 
The  Tropic  of  Capricorn  is  23^  degrees  south  ofthe  equator. 

The  Polar  Circles  are  two  small  circles  parallel  to  the  equator,  called 
the  Arctic  and  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

The  Arctic  Circle  is  23|^  degrees  from  the  north  pole. 
The  Antarctic  Circle  is  23J  degrees  from  the  south  pole. 

Zones. — Zones  are  belts,  or  divisions,  of  the  earth,  bounded  by  the 
tropics  and  the  polar  circles.     The  word  zone  memis  a  belt,  or  girdle. 

The  tropics  and  polar  circles  divide  the  earth's  surface  into  five  zones. 

The  portion  between  the  tropics  is  called  the  Torrid  Zone. 

The  portions  bounded  by  the  polar  circles  are  called  Frigid  Zones, 
the  one  being  the  North  Frigid,  and 
the  other  the  South  Frigid  Zone. 

The  two  intennediate  portions,  situ- 
ated between  the  torrid  zone  and  the 
frigid  zones,  are  called  respectively  the 
North  Temperate  and  the  South  Tem- 
perate Zone. 

The  Torrid  Zone. — In  this  zone  are 
the  hottest  parts  of  the  earth.  It  has 
two  seasons — the  wet  and  the  dry. 

From  October  to  April  the  dry  sea- 
son prevails  in  the  northern  half  of  the 
torrid  zone,  and  the  wet  season  in  the  southern  half.  From  April  to 
October  this  order  is  reversed. — The  breadth  of  the  torrid  zone  is  47 
degrees, — 23|^  degrees  on  each  side  ofthe  equator. 

Days  and  nights  in  the  torrid  zone. — The  days  and  nights 
in  the  torrid  zone  are  nearly  of  equal  length, — about  12  hours  each. 

The  Frigid  Zones  are  the  coldest  parts  of  the  earth.     They  have  but 

two  seasons ;  viz.,  a  long,  cold  winter,  and  a  short  summer.     While  it 
is  summer  in  the  north  fi'igid  zone,  it  I's  winter  in  the  south  frigid. 
The  frigid  zones  are  23^  degrees  each  in  breadth.  ' 

Days  and  nights  in  the  frigid  zones. — The  days  and  nights  in 
the  frigid  zones  are  very  unequal  in  length.  At  the  polar  circles  the 
longest  day  is  24  hours,  but  at  the  poles  the  days  and  nights  are  each 
six  months  long.  The  days  and  nights  between  these  two  points  vary 
much  in  length. 

The  Temperate  Zones. — ^The  temperate  zones  have  a  medium  climate. 
They  have  four  seasons — Spring,  Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter. 

While  it  is  spring  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  it  is  autumn  in  the 
south  temperate ;  and  when  it  is  summer  in  the  north  temperate,  it  is 


winter  in  the  south  temperate. — The  temperate  zones  are  43  degrees 
each  in  breadth. 

Days  and  moHTS  in  the  temperate  zones. — These  are  of  un- 
equal length.  In  summer  the  days  are  more,  and  the  nights  less,  than 
12  hours  in  length,  while  in  winter  this  order  is  reversed. 

Kinds  of  Climate. — The  five  zones  represent  three  distinct  .kinds  of 
climate ;  viz.,  the  coldest,  the  hottest,  and  the  medium  or  temperate. 


LESSON  VI. 
Physical  Geography. 

Physical  Geography  treats  of  the  solid  and  fluid  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface,  the  atmosphere,  and  all  animal  and  vegetable  life. 

The  Earth's  Surface  is  composed  of  land  and  water;  about  one- 
fourth,  or  50,000,000  square  mUes,  being  land,  and  three-fourths,  or 
150,000,000  square  miles,  being  water. 

The  Land,  how  natnraiir  divided. — The  land  is  divided  into  parts  of 
diflbrent  form,  known  as  continent,  island,  peninsula,  isthmus,  cape, 
promontory,  mountain,  hill,  plain,  and  valley.  These  are  called  the 
Natural  Divisions  of  Land. 

Continent  is  the  name  applied  to  the  three  largest  natural  divisions 
of  land. 

Rule  for  describing  a  continent. — Tell  which  hemisphere  it  is 

in,  and  what  bodies  of  water  surround  it. 

Example.— The  Western  Continent  is  in  the  Western  Hemisplierc,  and  is  snrronnded 
by  the  Arctic,  the  Atlantic,  the  Southern,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

An  Island  is  a  body  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  like  a  continent, 
only  not  so  large. 

Rule  for  describing  an  island. — ^Tell  its  direction  from  the  near- 
est coast,  and  what  bodies  of  water  surround  it. 

ExnmpU, — Newfoundland  {nu' -fund-land)  is  east  of  continental  British  America,  and  is 
snrronnded  by  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

1  Penlnsnia  is  a  portion  of  land  extending  from  some  larger  body, 
and  nearly  surrounded  by  water. 

Rule  for  describing  a  peninsula. — Tell  its  direction  from  the 

main-land,  and  what  bodies  of  water  nearly  surround  it. 

Example. — South  America  is  south-east  of  North  America,  and  is  nearly  surrounded  by 
the  Carribbe'an  Sea,  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  Strait  of  Magellan,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

An  Isthmns  is  a  narrow  strip  which  connects  a  peninsula  with  the 
main-land. 

Rule  for  describing  an  isthmus. — ^Tell  what  bodies  of  water  it 
lies  between,  and  what  countries  it  connects. 

Example.— The  Isthmns  of  Suez  (soo'ez)  lies  between  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Red 
Sea,  and  connects  Africa  with  Asia. 

A  Cape  is  a  point  of  land  which  projects  into  the  water.    A  Promontory 

is  an  elevated  point  of  land  which  projects  into  the  water. 

Rule  for  describing  a  cape  or  promontory. — Tell  from  what 
coast,  and  into  what  body  of  water,  it  projects. 

Example.— C&^  St.  Eoqne  (rofe)  projects  from  the  eastern  coast  of  Brazil,  into  the 
Atlantic  Ocean. 

A  Mountain  is  a  very  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock,  considerably  ele- 
vated above  the  surrounding  country. 

Rule  for  describing  a  mountain. — State  the  part  of  the  country, 
and  the  country,  in  which  it  is  situated. 

Example.— tioxmi  Etna  is  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  Island  of  Sicily. 


PHYSICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


A  Bange. — Many  mountains  joined  are  called  a  Range,  or  Chain. 
Rule'  for  describing  a  range. — Tell  in  what  country  or  coun- 
tries it  is  situated,  and  in  what  direction  it  extends. 

Excanple. — The  Kocky  Monntain  Eange  is  in  British  America  and  the  United  States, 
extending  in  a  north-westeriy  and  south-easterly  direction. 

A  Volcano  is  a  mountain  with  an  opening  in  the  top,  or  side,  from 
which  issue  at  times  fire  and  smoke.  The  opening  in  the  top  is  called 
its  Crater. — A  HUl  is  a  portion  of  land  higher  than  the  surrounding 
country,  but  not  so  high  as  a  mountain. — A  Sbore,  or  Coast,  is  the  strip 
of  land  which  borders  upon  any  body  of  water. — A  Plain  is  a  level  tract 
of  land. — A  Valley  is  a  tract  of  land  inclosed  between  hills  or  mountains. 

The  Water,  how  naturally  dlflded. — The  water  is  divided  into  parts, 
variously  formed,  known  as  ocean,  sea,  gulf,  bay,  strait,  passage,  sound, 
channel,  lake,  and  river.  These  are  called  the  Natural  Divisions  of  Water. 

Ocean  is  the  name  applied  to  the  largest  natural  division  of  water. 

Rbhabk. — As  there  can  be  bnton*  largest  natoral  diTision  of  water  on  the  earth,  it  fol- 
lows that  there  is,  strictly  speaking,  but  one  ocean.  For  convenience  of  description,  how- 
ever, the  Ocean  is  divided  into  five  parts,  each  designated  by  a  particular  name ;  the  Arctic 
or  Northern,  the  Antarctic  or  Southern,  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific,  and  the  Indian. 

Rule  for  describing  an  ocean. — Tell  its  direction  from  the 
coasts  it  washes. 

Example. — The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  east  of  America,  and  west  of  Europe  and  Africa. 

A  Sea  is  a  branch  of  some  larger  body  of  water,  partly  inclosed 
by  land. 

Rule  for  describing  a  sea. — Tell  its  direction  from  the  coast  or 
coasts  it  washes,  and  then  of  what  body  of  water  it  is  a  branch. 

Example. — The  Eed  Sea  is  west  of  Asia,  and  east  of  AMca.  It  is  a  branch  of  the  In- 
dian Ocean. 

Kemabk. — There  are  bodies  of  water  called  seas  which  are  really  lakes,  such  as  the 
Caspian,  the  Dead,  and  the  Sea  of  Aral  (ar'al) ;  these  should  be  described  as  lakes. 

A  Frith,  or  Estuary,  is  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea,  into  which  a  river  empties.  An  Arclu- 
pelago  is  a  sea  interspersed  with  many  isles.  A  group  of  Islands  is  also  somettmes  called 
an  Archipelago. 

A  Gnlf,  or  Bay,  is  a  branch  of  some  large  division  of  water,  extend- 
ing into  the  land.     Describe  a  gulf,  or  bay,  like  a  sea. 

A  Strait  is  a  narrow  passage  connecting  two  larger  bodies  of  water. 

Rule  for  desceibing  a  strait. — State  between  what  countries  it 

lies,  and  what  bodies  of  water  it  connects. 

Example.— The  Strait  of  Gibraltar  lies  between  Spain  and  Morocco,  and  connects  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

A  Sound  is  a  narrow  body  of  water  sufiBciently  shallow  to  be  sound- 
ed ;  that  is,  to  have  its  depth  ascertained  by  a  lead  and  line. 

A  Channel  is  a  narrow  arm  of  the  sea,  which  generally  performs  the 
office  of  a  strait. — If  a  sound  or  a  channel  performs  the  office  of  a  strait, 
describe  it  as  such ;  if  not,  follow  the  rule  for  describing  a  gulf,  or  bay. 

A  Lake  is  a  body  of  water  formed  by  streams  or  springs,  which  is 
almost,  and  sometimes  quite,  encircled  by  land. 

Rule  for  describing  a  lake. — State  the  part  of  the  country,  and 
the  country  in  which  it  is  situated,  and  then  what  stream,  if  any, 
serves  as  its  outlet. 

Example.— Oreat  Slave  Lake  is  in  the  northern  part  of  British  America,  and  Macken- 
zie's lliver  is  its  outlet. 

Remakk.— Streams  wMch  empty  into  a  lake  are  called  Inlets,  and  those  which  flow 
from  a  lake  arc  called  Outlets. 

A  River  is  a  stream  flowing  in  an  open  channel  through  the  land. 
Rule  for  describing  a  river. — Tell  where  it  rises,  in  what  direc- 
tion it  flows,  and  into  what  body  of  water  it  empties. 

Example.— The  Mississippi  Kivcr  rises  in  the  northern  part  of  Minnesota,  in  Itasca 
Lake,  takes  a  southerly  course,  and  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


Remabk.— The  Source,  or  Head,  of  a  river,  is  the  spring  or  body  of  water  from  which 
it  begins  to  flow.  The  Mouth  of  a  river  is  that  part  through  which  it  discharges  its  waters 
into  some  other  l)ody  of  water.  Kivers  that  flow  into  other  rivers  are  called  Branches,  Af- 
fluents, or  Tributaries.    Small  rivers  are  called  Creeks,  Brooks,  Kivulets,  or  Kills. 


LESSON  VII. 
Physical  Geography— Continued. 

Interior  of  the  Earth. — It  is  supposed  that  the  interior  of  the  earth 
is  in  a  state  of  intense  heat,  and  that  the  surface  is  a  comparatively 
thin  crust,  formed  by  the  cooling  down  of  the  melted  mass  within. 

The  greatest  depth  reached  by  man  is  one  mile  from  the  surfitce ; 
and,  at  distances  where  the  heat  of  the  sun  ceases  to  be  felt,  the  tem- 
perature is  found  to  increase  1  degree  for  every  60  feet  of  depth.  If 
this  rate  is  maintained,  the  heat  at  a  depth  of  21  miles  would  be  suf- 
ficient to  melt  the  most  refractory  substances. 

General  Dlstribntlon  of  Land  and  Water. — ^There  is  about  three  times 
as  much  land  in  the  Northern  Hemisphere  as  in  the  Southern ;  and 
two  and  a  half  times  as  much  in  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  as  in  the 
Western.  The  earth  may  be  so  divided  as  to  throw  still  more  of  the 
land  in  one  hemisphere,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  Map : — 


WATElt    IlEMISrUERE. 


LAND  UKMISPHERE. 


The  Continents. — There  are  three  vast  and  detached  portions  of  land 
on  the  globe,  which  are  properly  called  Continents.  These  are,  the 
Old  World,  or  the  Eastern  Continent,  consisting  of  Europe,  Asia,  'and 
Africa ;  the  New  World,  or  the  Western  Continent,  embracing  North 
and  South  America ;  and  Australia,  which,  with  the  adjacent  islands, 
Polynesia,  and  Malaysia,  constitutes  the  Grand  Division  known  as 
Oceania.  There  is  also  what  is  called  the  Antarctic  Continent,  ice- 
bound and  unexplored,  the  northern  coast  of  which  extends  somewhat 
north  of  the  Antarctic  Circle. 

Form  of  the  Continents. — While  the  coast-line  of  the  Eastern  and  the 
Western  Continent  is  quite  irregular,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  their 
general  form  is  triangular.  Their  northern  coasts  are  broad  flats,  while 
on  the  south  they  narrow  down  to  sharp  and  elevated  points. 

It  will  also  be  remarked  that  the  peninsulas  of  both  the  Eastern 
and  the  Western  Continent  have  a  southerly  direction;  the  chief  ex-- 
ceptions  being  Yucatan  in  North  America,  and  Denmark  in  Europe. 

Bank  of  the  Grand  Divisions. — In  size,  Asia  ranks  first ;  Africa,  second  ; 
North  America,  third ;  South  America,  fourth ;  Oceania,  fifth ;  and 
Europe,  sixth.  In  population,  Asia  ranks  first ;  Europe,  second ;  Africa, 
third ;  North  America,  fourth ;  Oceania,  fifth ;  and  South  America, 
sixth. 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    VIII. 
PhysictU  Geography — Conttnued. 

DlTerslty  of  EleTatlon. — By  referring  to  the  Map  of  the  World  (pages 
14,  16),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  land  surface  of  the  earth  is  greatly  di- 
versified by  mountains,  table-lands  or  plateaus,  low-lands,  plains,  and 
valleys. 

Mountains. — Elevations  exceeding  1,000  feet  are  called  Mountains. 
^Mountains  are  generally  arranged  in  groups  or  chains.  Several  con- 
nected chains  are  called  a  System. 

Direction  of  Moontaln  Chains. — Nearly  all  the  mountain  chains  of  the 
Western  Continent  extend  in  the  general  direction  of  north  and  south. 
The  chief  exceptions  are  found  in  the  Paiirae  (^pah-re'ma)  and  Acaray 
{ah-kah-ri')  Mountains  of  Northern  South  America,  and  a  few  minor 
ranges  that  cross  the  plateau  of  Brazil. 

In  the  Eastern  Continent  the  chief  mountain  chains  run  east  and 
west,  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  in  Africa  forming  the  chief  exception. 


Slopes  of  Hovntain  Chains. — Most  mountain  chains  have  a  more  grad- 
ual slope  on  one  side  than  on  the  other.  The  gentler  slopes  of  the  prin- 
cipal chains  are  toward  the  Atlantic  and  the  Arctic  Ocean,  while  their 
steeper  slopes  are,  for  the  most  part,  toward  the  Pacific  and  the  Indian. 

Thus,  in  America,  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Andes  have  their 
more  gradual  slope  on  the  eastern  side ;  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon, 
in  Africa,  on  the  western — all  toward  the  Atlantic.     The  Alps  and  the 


FOKUS  OF  KUUNTAINS. 


Pyrenees  of  Europe,  and  the  Himala'ya  Mountains  of  Asia,  slope  more 
gradually  toward  the  north  (that  is,  in  the  direction  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean),  than  in  the  opposite  direction. 


The  Highest  Moiuitalng. — The  highest  mountain  range  in  the  world 
is  the  Himalaya.  Its  mean  elevation  is  estimated  at  from  16,000  to 
20,000  feet.     Forty  of  its  peaks  exceed  20,000  feet  in  height. 

The  loftiest  monntam  in  N.  America  is  Mount  St.  Elias,  17,300  ft, 

"       "  "  "  S.       "        "  Mt.  Aconcagua  (oJirkonrkaA'-gtmA),     23,910  " 

"       "  "  "  Europe         "  Mt.  Elburz  {d-boorz'),  18,493  " 

"        "  "  "  Asia  "  Mt.  Everest,  29,100  " 

"       "  "  "  Africa  "  Mt.  Kilimanjaro  (*8f<-nMiAnvaA-ro'),  20,000  " 

"        "  "  "  Oceania        "  Mt.  O'phir  (Sumatra),  13,&42  " 

ElevatioDS,  eomparativclf  considered. — Though  mountains  appear  to  be 
enormous  elevations  on  the  earth's  surface,  they  are  inconsiderable 
when  compared  with  the  whole  mass  of  the  globe.  The  loftiest  peak, 
which  is  less  than  five  and  a  half  miles  high,  is  only  about  one  fifteen- 
hundredth  part  of  the  earth's  diameter. 

Utility  of  Monntalns. — Mountains  are  of  great  use  to  man.  They  at- 
tract the  clouds  and  store  up  in  reservoirs  the  water  received  from 
them,  sending  it  forth  again  in  streams,  from  thousands  of  springs,  to 
fertilize  the  soil.  They  increase  the  surfiice  of  the  earth,  giving  va- 
riety to  its  vegetable  productions ;  and  they  are  the  great  storehouses 
of  mineral  treasures. 

Volcanoes. — ^Volcanoes  may  be  regarded  as  the  great  safety-valves 
of  the  globe,  giving  vent  to  the  gases  generated  by  the  heat  within. 
Some  eject  boiling  mud,  instead  of  lava,  and  are  called  Mud  Volca- 
noes ;  others  emit  water,  and  are  called  Water  Volcanoes.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  there  arc  about  300  volcanoes 
on  the  earth,  200  of  which  are. on  islands. 

Volcanoes  are  either  continuously  ac- 
tive, occasionally  active,  or  extinct.  Strora- 
boli  (strom'bo-le),  on  one  of  the  Lipari 
{lip'ah-re)  Isles,  is  an  example  of  a  con- 
tinuously active  volcano.  It  is  rarely  vio- 
lent, but  emits  a  constant  light,  and  serves 
as  a  light-house  to  the  mariner  in  that  part 

of  the  Mediterranean.     Eruptions  are  much  more  frequent  in  low 
than  in  lofty  volcanoes. 

Earthquakes. — Earthquakes  are  convulsions  of  the  earth,  most 
common  in  volcanic  districts.  They  frequently  precede  volcanic 
eruptions,  and  are  sometimes  so  violent  as  to  destroy  whole  cities.  A 
Chart  beneath  the  Map  of  the  World,  page  14,  shows  the  regions  most 
frequently  visited  by  earthquakes. 


'M 

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1 

mi 

ae 

K)> 

CnATEK  OF  VESLVIb'S. 


LESSON  IX. 
Fhysical   Geography— Continued. 

TaMe-Lands,  or  Plateans. — Table-lands  are  extensive  tracts  consider- 
ably elevated  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

A  series  of  table-lands  extends  along  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet  in  height.  The  table-lands  of 
Utah,  between  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  (na- 
vah'dd)  have  twice  that  elevation.  The  immense  plateau  of  Mexico 
and  Central  America  exceeds  6,00Q  feet  in  height 

In  South  America  arc  found  some  of  the  highest  table-lands  on  the 
globe.  The  plateau  of  Quito  (ke'to),  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  equa- 
tor, is  9,000  feet  in  elevation;  that  of  Pasco  (pahs'ko),  upward  of 
11,000;  and  that  of  Potosi  {po-to'-se),  from  12,000  to  13,000. 

The  table-lands  of  Europe  are  comparatively  small.  Tlie  south- 
west portion  of  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula  (Norway  and  Sweden)  con- 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPUY. 


stitutes  a  plateau  of  moderate  elevation.  Bavaria  is  a  table-land  of 
about  2,000  feet  in  height ;  and  the  central  part  of  the  Spanish  Penin- 
sula consists  chiefly  of  a  plateau  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet  above  sea-level. 

Asia  contains  the  most  extensive  and  elevated  table-lands  on  the 
globe.  The  whole  of  Central  Asia  is  one  vast  plateau  of  3,000,000 
square  miles,  varying  in  height  from  4,000  to  12,000  feet  above  sear 
level.  Separated  from  this  immense  plateau  by  the  basin  of  the  Ganges, 
are  the  table-lands  of  Hindostan',  with  an  elevation  of  2,000  feet ;  and  in 
South-western  Asia  is  another  plateau  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet  in  height. 

The  greater  part  of  Central  Africa  is  supposed  to  be  an  en-rmous 
plateau,  with  a  mean  height  of  about  8,000  feet.  The  Desert  of  Sa- 
hara (sah-hah'-rah)  constitutes  an  immense  table-land  of  small  elevation. 

In  Australia,  two  plateaus,  one  on  the  southern  and  the  other  on  the 
northern  coast,  spread  out  to  unknown  distances  in  the  interior. 

Lowland  Plains. — Lowland  Plains  are  tracts  of  land,  either  having 
about  the  same  level  as  the  ocean,  or  depressed  below  it,  as  in  the  re- 
gions around  the  Caspian  Sea.  The  Dead  Sea  and  the  adjacent  region 
have  a  depressio'ii  of  more  than  ],300  feet  below  sea-leveh  The  plains 
of  the  Western  Continent  exceed  in  extent  those  of  the  Eastern. 

Deserts. — Deserts  are  barren  tracts  of  land,  nearly  destitute  of  water 
and  vegetation.  In  some  desert  regions  are  interspersed  small  fertile 
tracts,  well  watered  and  wooded.     These  are  called  Oases. 

The  most  extensive  deserts  are  to  be  found  in  the  Eastern  Con- 
tinent. Of  these,  the  most  important  are  the  Desert  of  Gobi  {go'he) 
or  Shamo  [shah'mo),  and  the  Arabian  Desert,  in  Asia, — and  the  Sa- 
hara, or  Great  Desert,  of  Africa. 

Islands. — Islands  are  variously  distributed,  occurring  singly,  or  in 
groups  and  archipelagoes.  It  is  supposed  that  they  are  the  tops  of 
mountains  or  table-lands,  whose  base  is  in  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  and 
whose  valleys  and  passes  are  filled  with  its  waters.  Islands  form  about 
one-twelfth  of  the  earth's  surface. 

Some  islands  extend  along  the  coasts  of  continents,  of  which  they 
are  supposed  to  be  dependencies.  Others  have  been  thrown  up  firom 
the  bed  of  the  ocean  by  volcanic  action.  A  third  class,  called  Coral 
Islands,  have  been  fonued  by  myriads  of  minute  insects,  inhabiting  the 
waters  of  the  Torrid  Zone  and  the  warmest  parts  of  the  North  and 
South  Temperate. 


COBAI,  ISLAND,  INCLOStNG  A  I.AOOON. 


These  little  creatures,  extracting  lime  from  the  sea-water,  build  for 
their  habitations  great  masses  of  coral,  forming  reefs  hundreds  of  miles 
in  extent,  and  circular  islands,  or  Atolls.  As  they  can  not  live  above 
the  surface  of  the  ocean,  they  raise  their  structure  only  to  low-water 
mark.  Sand,  sea-weed,  and  seeds,  are  brought  to  it  by  cun'ents,  and 
in  process  of  time  it  becomes  the  abode  of  man. 

The  Bahamas,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  many  of  the  islands  of 
the  Pacific  and  Indian,  are  of  coral  formation. 


SECTION    or   AN   INTVBMITTmO   aFBDtO. 

The  rain,  einking  throngb  the  rock,  fill,  the  cav- 
ity A  until  It  reaches  the  top  of  the  figaure  B  the 
apring  will  then  How  uqUI  the  water  la  exhausted. 


LESSON  X. 
Physical  Geography— Continued. 

The  Waters  of  the  Globe — how  divided. — As  respects  position,  the  waters 
of  the  globe  may  be  divided  into  two  classes;  land-inclosed,  or  conti- 
n-ental  watere,  and  land-inclosing,  or  oceanic  waters. 

As  respects  properties,  they  may  be  divided  into  three  classes; 
salt,  mineral,  and  fresh.  Oceanic  waters  are  salt ;  continental  waters 
are,  for  the  most  part,  fresh. 

Springs. — Springs  are  formed  from  melted  snow,  dew,  and  rain, 
which,  falling  on  high  elevations  of  land,  sink  into  the  soil.  Tlie  cav- 
ities beneath  the  surface  form  reser- 
voirs, from  which,  at  a  lower  level,  the 
water  finds  its  way  again  to  the  surface. 
Those  springs  which  continne  to 
flow  at  all  seasons,  are  called  perennial ; 
those  that  alternately  flow  and  stop, 
are  called  intermitting. 

There  are  also  Hot  Springs.  Tlie 
water,  descending  from  the  surface  to 
a  considerable  depth,  becomes  heated 
by  volcanic  action.  Steam  is  gener- 
ated;  which,  if  unable  to  escape,  by 
its  elastic  force  drives  the  water  up 
through  crevices  in  the  rocks. 

The  most  remarkable  hot  springs 
known  are  those  of  Iceland,  called  Geysers  (ghi'zers).  One  hundred 
of  these  occur  within  a  circuit  of  two  miles,  one  of  which,  the  Great 
Geyser,  every  few  hours,  sends  forth  an  immense  stream  of  boiling 
water  to  a  height  of  from  70  to  100  feet. 

Rivers. — Elvers  which  empty  directly  into  the  ocean,  or  into  waters 
communicating  with  it,  are  called  Oceanic  Rivers.  Those  which  never 
reach  the  ocean,  but  fall  into  lakes  unconnected  with  it,  or  are  ab- 
sorbed and  lost  in  swamps  or  deserts,  are  called  Continental  Rivers. 

The  oceanic  rivers  are  divided  into  four  systems,  belonging  respect- 
ively to  the  Arctic,  the  Atlantic,  the  Pacific,  and  the  Indian  Ocean. 

Sonrces  of  Rivers. — Most  of  the  large  rivers  originate  in  chains  of 
mountains,  because  springs  are  there  most  abundant;  but  m  some  in- 
stances they  have  their  source  in  small  elevations  in  plains. 

Descent  and  Rapidity  of  Rivers. — Water,  like  every  other  fluid,  when 
left  free,  seeks  the  lowest  possible  level ;  hence  the  course  of  a  river 
shows  the  general  slope  of  the  country  through  vvhich  it  flows. 

The  velocity  of  the  current  depends  on  both  the  volume  of  water 
and  the  declivity  of  the  channel.  A  fall  of  one  foot  in  two  hundred 
feet  prevents  a  river  from  being  navigable.  In  general,  winding  rivers 
are  less  rapid  than  those  whose  channel  is  straight. 

Rapids,  Cataracts,  Cascades. — When  the  fall  of  a  river  is  sudden,  and 
its  velocity  extremely  great,  it  forms  what  is  called  a  Rapid ;  and  when 
it  rushes  over  a  perpendicular  rock,  it  is  called  a  Cataract,  or  Water-fall. 
When  a  small  stream  dashes  over  a  rock,  it  is  called  a  Cascade. 

River-basins. — The  entire  extent  of  country  drained  by  a  river  and 
its  tributaries,  is  called  its  Basin, 

The"  largest  rivers  and  the  most  extensive  river-basins  are  found  in 
the  Western  Continent.  The  basin  of  the  Amazon,  in  South  America, 
embraces  over  2,000,000  square  miles ;   that  of  the  La  Plata  {lah 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


plah'tah)  in  South  America,  1,240,000  square  miles;  and  that  of  the 
Mississippi,  about  an  equal  number. 

Water-sheds. — The  margin  of  land  which  separates  one  river-basin 
from  another  is  called  a  Water-shed.  This,  in  some  cases,  is  a  mere 
ridge-line,  like  the  top  of  a  roof,  from  which  the  waters  flow  in  oppo- 
site directions. 

Months  of  BiTers,  Deltas. — Rivers  discharge  themselves  usually  by  a 
single  mouth,  but  in  some  instances  by  several  mouths. 

Some  rivers  carry  down  with  them  large  quantities  of  earthy  mat- 
ter, which,  as  their  velocity  decreases  when  they  approach  the  sea,  are 
deposited,  forming  triangular  banks  called  Deltas  (from  the  Greek  let- 
ter delta  A,  which  they  resemble  in  shape). 

The  Ocean. — The  Ocean  forms  one  vast  body  of  water.  The  great 
land-masses,  however,  are  so  placed  as  to  divide  it  into  three  principal 
basins,  called  respectively  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  and  Indian  Ocean. 

The  Arctic  Ocean  may  be  regarded  as  an  extension  of  the  Atlan- 
tic, the  Arctic  Circle  forming  the  boundary  line  between  them.  The 
Antarctic  Ocean,  which  has  the  Antarctic  Circle  for  its  northern  limit, 
is  connected  with  each  of  the  three  great  ocean  basins. 

The  ocean  has  everywhere  a  uniform  surface,  which  is  called  the 
Level  of  the  Sea.  Some  of  its  branches  have  a  higher  level,  in  con- 
sequence of  prevailing  winds,  peculiarity  of  position,  etc. 


LESSON   XI. 
Fhysical  Geography — Continued. 

Saltness,  Color,  Density,  and  Temperatnre  of  the  Oecan. — ^The  waters  of 

the  ocean  are  salt,  and  bluish  gi-een  in  color,  but  both  the  degree  of 
saltness  and  the  tint  differ  in  different  places.  Its  density  increases 
from  the  surface  downward. 

The  mean  temperature  of  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  for  10°  on  each 
side  of  the  equator,  is  about  80°  Fahrenheit ;  at  the  tropics,  it  is  about 
75° ;  in  latitude  60°,  it  is  about  50° ;  and  in  the  Arctic  and  the  Ant- 
arctic Ocean,  it  falls  to  the  freezing  point. 

Depth. — The  bed  of  the  ocean  contains  a  variety  of  hills,  table- 
lands, and  valleys,  similar  to  the  elevations  and  depressions  of  the  land 
surface.   The  greatest  ascertained  depth  of  the  ocean  is  about  8|-  miles. 

Uovements  of  the  Ocean. — There  are  three  distinct  movements  of  the 
ocean  ;  waves,  tides,  and  currents. 

Waves. — The  action  of  the  winds  on  the  surface  of  the  ocean  pro- 
duces waves,  varying  in  height  from  a  mere  ripple  to  billows  of  from 
10  to  20  feet. 

Tides. — Tides  are  elevations  and  depressions  of  the  ocean  which 
occur  at  regular  intervals.  They  are  caused  chiefly  by  the  attraction 
of  the  sun  and  moon. 

The  waters  of  the  ocean  gradually  rise  oy  flow,  as  it  is  called,  about 
six  hours ;  "after  remaining  stationary  about  six  minutes,  they  then  re- 
tire, or  ebh,  during  another  six  hours,  to  flow  again  after  a  brief  repose. 
In  the  open  ocean  the  tide  seldom  rises  more  than  a  few  feet,  probably 
never  exceeding  five.  Tlie  highest  tides  occur  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy, 
where,  with  certain  winds,  owing  to  the  peculiar  formation  of  the 
shore,  they  attain  a  height  of  70  feet. 

Co-tidal  Lines. — The  wave  of  high  water,  which  twice  a  day  visits 
the  shores  of  the  different  continents,  is  supposed  to  have  its  origin  in 


the  Southern  Ocean,  south-east  of  Australia.     It  is  thence  carried  for- 
ward into  the  Indian,  the  Atlantic,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

By  noting  the  times  at  which  the  same  high  water  reaches  different 
parts  of  the  coast,  a  series  of  lines  connecting  these  points  may  be  laid 
down,  so  as  to  indicate  the  course  of  the  tidal  wave.  These  are  called 
Co-tidal  Lines.  By  examinmg  these  lines  on  the  Map  of  the  World, 
it  will  be  perceived  that  the  tidal  wave  that  passes  Tasmania  at  twelve 
o'clock,  takes  twelve  hours  to  reach  Ceylon,  and  thirteen  to  arrive  at 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope ;  in  twelve  hours  more,  it  has  passed  up  the 
Atlantic  as  far  as  Newfoundland. 

Cnrrents. — The  ocean  is  crossed  in  diff'erent  directions  by  currents 
(see  Map  of  the  World)  flowing  like  rivers,  the  neighboring  waters 
forming,  as  it  were,  their  banks.  There  are  three  prominent  causes 
that  produce  these  currents ;  the  unequal  heating  of  the  surface  of  the 
ocean,  the  earth's  daily  motion,  and  the  obstruction  of  continents. 

Ocean  currents  are  of  the  greatest  importance  to  navigators,  ac- 
celerating or  retarding  the  course  of  ships  according  to  the  direction 
in  which  they  are  sailing. 

The  Gnlf  Stream. — The  most  remarkable  of  these  currents  is  the 
Gulf  Stream.  It  is  distinguished  by  its  superior  warmth,  its  indigo 
hue,  and  its  rapidity  of  movement. 

It  issues  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  (see  Map  of  the  World)  between 
the  Bahamas  and  Florida,  and  flows  in  a  north-easterly  direction  as 
far  as  Cape  Hattcras.  There  it  separates,  one  portion  setting  east 
toward  ihe  Azores,  and  another  following  the  coast  of  North  America 
to  Newfoundland.  At  the  Azores,  a  part  of  the  Gulf  Stream  turns  to 
the  south-west,  and  after  running  along  the  African  coast  joins  the  great 
equatorial  current,  which  sets  westward  across  the  Atlantic. 

The  highest  temperature  of  the  Gulf  Stream  is  86°.  Its  velocity 
i^  over  a  mile  and  a  half  an  hour.  The  mild  climate  of  the  British 
Isles  is  attributable  principally  to  the  warmth  of  the  Gulf  Stream, 
which  washes  their  shores. 

Seas. — With  the  ocean  various  seas  communicate,  either  by  straits, 
like  the  Baltic  and  the  Mediterranean  ;  or  by  wide  openings,  like  the 
Yellow  Sea  and  the  Arabian.  Seas  of  the  former  class  are  called  in- 
land, and  those  of  the  latter  may  be  styled  open. 

Besides  these  two  classes  of  oceanic  seas,  there  are  other  bodies  of 
water,  not  connected  with  the  ocean,  such  as  the  Caspian  and  the  Sea 
of  Aral,  which,  though  called  seas,  are  really  salt  lakes. 

The  Atmosphere. — The  earth  is  surrounded  by  a  highly  elastic  fluid, 
called  its  Atmosphere,  which  extends  about  fifty  miles  above  its  sur- 
face. The  color  of  the  atmosphere  is  light  blue ;  what  we  call  "  the 
blue  sky  "  is  nothing  more  than  the  blue  air. 

The  atmosphere  is  essential  to  animal  and  vegetable  life,  diffusing 
the  light  and  heat  of  the  sun  and  other  luminous  bodies  in  all  directions. 

Density  of  the  Atmosphere. — ^The  density  of  the  atmosphere  gradually 
diminishes,  as  we  ascend  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  A  perpendicular 
column  of  the  whole  atmosphere  presses  on  the  earth's  surface  with  a 
weight  of  about  fifteen  pounds  on  every  square  inch. 

The  air  on  the  top  of  lofty  mountains  is  so  rare  as  to  affect  the 
breathing,  prostrate  the  strength,  and  make  sounds  much  fainter  than 
they  would  be  at  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Temperatnre  of  the  Atmosphere. — The  temperature  of  the  atmosphere 
becomes  lower  with  its  height  Hence  the  perpetual  snow  that  crowns 
lofty  summits.  Tlie  mercury  in  the  thermometer  falls  one  degree  for 
every  300  feet  of  ascent. 


10 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    XII. 
Physical  Geography— Continued. 

Winds. — Wind  is  air  in  motion. — ^Winds  are  called  after  the  point 
of  the  compass  from  which  they  come ;  marine  currents,  after  the 
point  to  which  they  tend.  An  easterly  -wind  comes  from  the 
east ;  an  easterly  cuiTent,  from  the  west. 

Velodty  of  Winds. — Winds  vary  much  in  their  velocity  and 
force.  A  gentle  wind  has  a  velocity  of  from  4  to  5  miles  an 
liour;  a  brisk  wind,  from  10  to  15 ;  a  high  wind,  from  30  to  35; 
a  violent  storm,  60;  a  hurricane,  80;  a  violent  hurricane,  100. 

Use  of  Winds. — ^Winds  have  a  purifying  effect  on  the  atmos- 
phere ;  they  dissipate  unhealthy  exhalations;  they  waft  our  ships ; 
they  transport  vapors  from  the  sea,  to  moisten  and  fertilize  the 
land ;  they  carry  the  seeds  of  plants  far  and  wide,  and  thus  ex- 
tend the  empire  of  vegetation. 

Trade  Winds. — These  winds  prevail  generally  in  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Pacific,  between  the  equator  and  the  28th  degree  of 
north  and  south  latitude.  The  heat  between  the  tropics  being 
greater  than  on  the  other  parts  of  the  earth's  surface,  the  in- 
cumbent air,  becoming  warmer  and  consequently  less  dense,  riseb, 
and  the  vacant  place  is  immediately  occupied  by  colder  and  there- 
fore heavier  air,  which  rushes  in  on  both  sides  fi-om  the  regions 
beyosd  the  tropics. 

Monsoons. — Monsoons  are  regular  periodical  winds  which  sweep 
over  the  Indian  Ocean  and  Hindostan,  changing  their  course  accord- 
ing to  the  position  of  the  sun.     When  the  sun  is  north  of  the  equator, 
the  south-west  monsoon  prevails  ;  when  south,  the  north-west  monsoon. 

Hnrricanes. — Hurricanes  are  violent  revolving  storms,  from  a  fe\v 
miles  to  500  miles  in  diameter,  which  occur  most  frequently  in  the 
West  Indies  and  the  Indian  Ocean.  In  the  Chinese  Sea,  they  are 
called  typhoons  or  tornadoes  ;  in  other  places,  they  are  known  as  whirl- 
winds, waterspouts,  landspouts,  sand-pillars,  white-squalls,  pamperos,  etc. 

Rain. — Eain  is  water,  which,  originally  taken  up  into  the  atmos- 
phere in  the  form  of  vapor,  is  returned  to  the  earth  in  drops.  The 
average  quantity  of  rain  is  greatest  within  the  tropics. 

Kainy  Seasons. — Countries  situated  within  10°  of  the  equator  have 
two  rainy  and  two  dry  seasons  during  the  year ;  but,  beyond  that  de- 
gree, tropical  regions  have  only  one  rainy  and  one  dry  season,  the 
former  lasting  from  four  to  six  months.  During  this  period,  the  rain 
commences  about  noon,  and  generally  continues  four  or  five  hours, 
after  which  the  clouds  vanish,  and  not  a  drop  falls  during  the  night.  In 
some  parts  of  the  earth,  however,  within  and  near  the  tropics,  rain 
never  falls,  and  there  are  other  regions  where  it  rains  almost  incessantly. 

Snow. — Snow  is  vapor  congealed  and  crystallized  before  its  particles 
have  had  time  to  join  together  to  form  a  rain-drop. 

In  the  Northem  Hemisphere,  the  region  of  snow  (that  is,  in  which 
snow  falls  at  sea-level)  embraces  most  of  the  United  States,  with  the 
countries  on  the  north,  all  of  Europe,  and  the  greater  part  of  Asia. 

The  elevation  of  the  snow-line  (that  is,  the  lowest  limit  at  which 
snow  remains  unmelted  throughout  the  year)  differs  in  dift'erent  lati- 
tudes. Within  the  tropics  it  ranges  from  15,000  to  20,000  feet  above 
sea-level,  while  it  descends  to  the  level  of  the  sea  in  about  latitude  80. 

Hail. — ^Rain-drops  are  sometimes  formed  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  their  descent  fall  through  a  stratum  of  air  at  the 


freezing-point,  when  they  assume  the  form  of  hail ;  if  they  freeze  only 
partially,  they  form  sleet.  Hail-storms  often  occur  in  summer,  owing 
to  the  sudden  congelation  of  atmospheric  currents;  they  are  most  fre- 
quent in  temperate  climates. 

Climate. — The  term  climate  signifies  the  prevailing  character  of  the 
weather  at  any  place. 


HomsitHAi.  LtN>8  coDnect  plnces  hnving  the  tame  mean  annual  temperatura.  The  figures  over  the  extremlUea  of  each 
Isothormal  liue  in  the  above  Chart  show  the  mean  annual  temp«rattu%  of  the  ptocea  through  which  it  paaaea.  OljaeTve 
throujjh  what  grand  divisions  the  line  of  greatest  heat  passe*. 


The  climate  of  a  place  is  affected  by  the  following  circumstances  : — 
1.  Its  latitude.  2.  Its  height  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  3.  The  posi- 
tion and  direction  of  the  mountain-chains.  4.  Its  distance  from  the 
sea.  5.  The  slope  of  the  country.  6.  The  character  of  the  soih  7. 
The  degree  of  cultivation  which  it  has  received,  and  the  density  of  its 
population.    8.  The  prevalent  winds.    9.  The  quantity  of  rain  that  falls. 


LESSON   XIII. 
Physical  Geography— Continued. 

Metals  are  very  widely  diffused  over  the  earth.  They  are  some- 
times found  pure,  but  are  generally  mixed  with  other  minerals,  in  a 
rocky  substance  called  ore.  The  principal  metals  arc  gold,  plat'inum, 
silver,  iron,  copper,  zinc,  lead,  tin,  and  mercury  or  quicksilver. 

Gold. — This  is  the  most  precious  of  the  metals.  It  is  usually  found 
in  grains,  or  gold-dust,  in  a  pure  state. 

Gold  is  extensively  diffused  throughout  the  United  States.  The 
Appalachian  region  extends  from  the  Rappahannock  River,  in  Vir- 
ginia, to  the  coast  of  Alabama.  The  California  gold  region,  noted  for 
its  richness,  is  in  the  great  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin 
{sahn  ho-ah-keen'),  nearly  600  miles  long  by  about  50  in  breadth. 
Gold  is  also  very  abundant  in  Colorado ;  and  there  are  rich  fields  of 
this  precious  metal  in  I'daho,  Montana  (mon-tah'na),  New  Mexico,  and 
Arizona. 

The  gold  region  of  Australia,  one  of  the  most  productive  in  the 
world,  occupies  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  continent. 

Gold  is  also  found  in  Mexico  and  Central  America;  in  South 
America,  along  the  base  of  the  Andes  and  in  Brazil ;  in  Europe,  at 
Kremnitz  in  Austria,  and  other  places.     It  is  abundant  in  Western 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


11 


Siberia ;  and  is  found  in  Africa  among  the  Kong  Mountains  and  in 
various  pails  of  the  eastern  coast.  The  islands  of  Malaysia,  particu- 
larly Borneo,  Celebes  (sel'e-biz),  and  Sumatra,  also  produce  gold. 

Platinnm. — Platinum,  a  gi-ayish  metal,  is  found  in  some  of  the  gold 
washings  of  South  America,  and  in  the  Ural  Mountains  is  produced  in 
considerable  quantities. 

SlWer. — Silver  is  found  in  several  localities  in  the  western  part  of 
the  United  States — in  Nevada,  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Idaho,  and  Mon- 
tana.    The  mines  of  Nevada  and  Arizona  are  particularly  rich. 

Mexico  contains  the  richest  silver  mines  in  the  world.  In  South 
America,  there  are  very  productive  mines  in  Peru,  Bolivia,  and  Chili. 

The  quantity  of  silver  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world  is  compar- 
atively insignificant.  The  principal  mines  in  Europe  are  those  of 
Schemnitz  {shem'nitz)  and  Kremnitz,  in  Hungary,  and  those  of  Spain. 

Iron. — This  is  the  most  useful  and  extensively  diffused  of  all  the 
metals.  It  is  found  in  the  greatest  abundance  in  the  United  States 
and  Europe.  In  the  former,  the  states  most  noted  for  its  production 
are  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Ohio,  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts,  Ken- 
tucky, Maryland,  and  West  Virginia.  Iron  ore  is  also  abundant  in 
the  great  mineral  region  south  of  Lake  Superior,  in  Tennessee,  Georgia, 
Missouri,  and  other  states.  Iron  Mountain,  in  Missouri,  is  composed 
entirely  of  iron  ore. 

Copper. — Copper  ranks  next  to  iron  in  utility,  and,  though  less 
abundant,  is  found  in  many  parts  of  the  earth.  It  is  sometimes  ob- 
tained in  pure  masses  weighing  several  tons.  The  richest  and  purest 
copper  mines  in  the  United  States,  and  probably  in  the  world,  are 
found  in  Northern  Michigan,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  most  noted  copper  region  of  South  America  i^in  Chili ;  the 
most  noted  of  Europe  is  in  England. 

Zluf. — The  countries  most  noted  for  extensive  zinc  mines  are  Prus- 
sia and  Belgium. 

Lead. — Lead  is  found  in  greater  or  less  quantities  in  all  countries. 
Those  particularly  distinguished  for  the  amount  of  lead  annually  pro- 
duced, are  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Spain.  The  great 
lead  mines  of  the  United  States  lie  on  each  side  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  in  North-western  Illinois,  South-western  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa; 
and  in  Missouri,  south  of  the  Missouri  River. 

Tin. — This  metal  is  found  in  but  few  countries.  The  most  noted 
places  where  it  is  obtained,  are  Cornwall,  in  England,  and  the  island 
of  Banca,  in  the  East  Indies. 

Mertnry. — The  principal  quicksilver  mines  of  the  world  are  those 
of  California ;  of  Peru,  in  South  America;  of  Idria,  in  Southern  Aus- 
tria; and  of  Almaden  (ahl-mah-den'),  near  Cor'dova;  in  Spain. 

Coal. — Coal  is  particularly  abundant  in  parts  of  British  America 
and  the  United  States,  in  South  America,  in  Great  Britain,  in  portions 
of  the  European  Continent,  and  also  in  China.  It  is  believed  that  the 
largest  coal-fields  in  the  world  are  those  of  the  United  States. 

Petrolcnm. — Petroleum,  or  rock  oil,  an  inflammable  bituminous 
liquid,  is  found  in  various  parts  of  both  the  Eastern  and  the  Western 
Continent.  It  is  particularly  abundant  in  Pennsylvania,  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  Canada. 

Amber. — This  is  a  resinous  substance  often  made  into  ornaments. 
It  is  obtained  chiefly  in  Prussia,  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  where  it  is 
found  in  the  sand  and  sea-weed,  and  also  by  digging  below  the  surface. 


LESSON  XIV. 
Physical  Geography — Continued, 

Chief  Food-Plants,  etc. — The  chief  food-plants  are  grains,  fruits, 
grasses,  and  tuberous  roots.  The  principal  plants  that  produce  ma- 
terials for  clothing,  are  cotton,  flax,  and  hemp. 

Cotton  is  most  extensively  raised  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United 
States.  Flax  and  hemp  are  largely  cultivated  in  the  United  States 
and  in  parts  of  Europe. 

Plants  of  the  Torrid  Zone. — This  zone  is  noted  for  palms,  banana.s, 
sugar-cane,  coffee,  cocoa-nuts,  spices,  yams,  rice,  m&ize,  arrow-root, 
cassava-root,  etc.,  together  with  a  great  variety  of  luscious  fraits.  Its 
timber-trees  are  both  numerous  and  important;  the  hardest  and  heavi- 
est woods  are  generally  produced  here,  also  most  of  the  dye-woods. 

Plants  of  the  Temperate  Zones. — In  these  zones,  wheat,  barley,  oats, 
rye,  maize,  grasses,  flax,  hemp,  the  vine,  the  apple  and  similar  fruit- 
trees,  flourish ;  together  with  several  kinds  of  berries  and  a  great 
variety  of  garden  vegetables.  Here  are  found  forest-trees  in  great 
variety,  the  oak,  the  hickory,  the  pine,  the  elm,  the  beech,  the  fir,  the 
cedar,  and  the  maple. 

The  warmer  regions  of  the  temperate  zones  produce  a  great  va- 
riety of  what  are  called  tropical  fruits  and  plants ;  such  as  oranges, 
lemons,  figs,  olives,  sugar-cane,  cofl'ee,  rice,  etc. 

Plants  of  the  Frigid  Zones. — In  these  zones,  all  trees,  except  birches, 
beeches,  alders,  and  a  few  others,  almost  entirely  disappear.  Vege- 
tation is  exceedingly  scanty ;  but  heath,  moss-plants,  and  lichens,  are 
abundant  on  the  rocks,  and  grass  grows  during  the  summer.  Such  is 
the  power  of  the  sun  at  this  season,  that  plants  spring  up,  blossom, 
produce  their  seed,  and  die,  in  about  six  weeks. 

In  that  part  of  the  Arctic  region  which  borders  on  the  north  tem- 
perate zone,  barley  and  oats  flourish  in  the  valleys.  Vegetation  ceases 
in  the  northern  hemisphere  in  about  latitude  76°,  in  the  southern 
hemisphere  in  latitude  59°. 

Perpendienlar  Dlstribntion  of  Plants. — Plants  have  a  perpendicular  dis- 
tribution, in  an  order  corresponding  to  their  distribution  in  zones  of 
latitude.  Thus,  we  find  on  a  high  mountain  range  within  the  tropics, 
the  lower  part  covered  with  palms,  orange-trees,  sugar-cane,  etc. ;  the 
middle  with  oaks,  elms,  firs,  and  similar  trees;  the  higher  part  with 
birches,  mosses,  and  lichens. 

Animals  of  the  Torrid  Zone. — This  zone  is  as  full  of  animal  as  of  vege- 
table life ;  the  influence  of  heat,  light,  and  abundance  of  vegetation, 
tending  to  its  increase.  The  minuter  beings, — insects,  reptiles,  birds, 
etc.,  here  swarm  in  great  numbers ;  together  with  animals  of  gigantic 
size,  such  as  the  elephant,  camel,  rhinoceros,  giraffe,  tapir,  and  hippo- 
potamus. Here,  too,  is  the  region  of  numerous  animals  of  prey,  the 
lion,  tiger,  puma,  and  hyena, — the  vulture  and  condor, — ^the  rattlesnake 
and  boa  constrictor. 

Among  the  remarkable  species  of  the  African  tropical  regions,  not 
mentioned  above,  are  the  crocodile  ot  the  Nile,  the  baboon,  the  go- 
rilla, and  a  great  variety  of  antelopes. 

Animals  of  the  Temperate  Zones. — The  temperate  zones  are  favorable 
to  herbivorous  animals, — as  the  horse,  ass,  ox,  buflalo,  deer,  and  sheep. 
Among  the  chief  beasts  of  prey,  are  the  wolf,  fox,  lynx,  bear,  and  otter. 

Animals  of  the  Frigid  Zones. — Among  the  most  conspicuous  animals 
may  be  mentioned  the  white  bear,  the  moose,  the  reindeer,  the  musk- 


12 


POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


ox,  the  white  fox,  the  polar  hare,  and  the  lemming.  Seals,  whales,  and 
walruses,  inhabit  the  ocean.  Among  the  birds  are  sea-eagles,  gulls, 
cormorants,  etc. 

LESSON    XV. 
Political  Geography. 

Political  Geography  treats  of  the  various  countries  on  the  earth's 
suiface,  their  people,  customs,  religion,  and  government. 

Bates  of  Hen, — The  human  species  is  divided  into  five  races ;  the 
Caucasian,  the  Mongolian,  the  American,  the  African,  and  the  Malay. 


Namee. 

Caucasian,  or  European, 
Mongolian,  or  Asiatic,     . 


Est.  Number. 

450,000,000 
600,000,000 


Nsmefl. 

American,  or  Indian, 
AiHcan,  or  Negro, 
.     40,000,000 


Est.  Number. 

10,000,000 
80,000,000 


The  Caaeasian,  or  White  Race  are  distinguished  by  their  fair  skin,  fine 
and  long  hair,  full  high  forehead,  regular  features,  and  symmetrical 
form.  They  inhabit  South-western  Asia  (including  Arabia,  Persia, 
and  Hindostan),  the  north  of  Africa,  and  most  of  Europe,  and  have 
extended  their  dominion  to  the  greater  part  of  the  Western  Continent, 
to  South  Africa,  Eastern  and  Southern  Australia,  and  New  Zealand. 

The  Mongolian,  or  Yellow  Baee  have  a  sallow  olive  complexion ;  long, 
black,  straight  hair ;  a  square  head,  low  forehead,  broad  and  flat  cheek- 
bones, short  nose,  and  eyes  small,  pointed,  and  obliquely  set. 

The  Mongolian  is  the  largest  of  the  five  races,  constituting  nearly 
one-half  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth.  Its  headquarters  are  in  East- 
ern and  Central  Asia,  whence  it  has  penetrated  into  parts  of  Europe — 
Finland,  Lapland,  Turkey,  and  Hungary.  The  Esquimaux  (es'ke-mo) 
tribes,  along  the  coast  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  are  also  of  Mongolian  origin. 

The  Ameriean,  op  Copper-eolored  Race  are  characterized  by  long,  black, 
straight  hair,  dark  and  deep-set  eyes,  high  and  prominent  cheek-bones, 
an  aquiline  nose,  and  receding  forehead.  This  race  includes-  all  the 
native  tribes  of  North  and  South  America,  except  the  Esquimaux. 


The  African,  or  Black  Bate  have  woolly  hair,  a  long  and  narrow  head, 
low  forehead,  large  and  prominent  eyes,  thick  lips,  broad  and  flat 
nose,  high  cheek-bones,  and  prominent  jaws.  It  consists  of  the  native 
tribes  of  Africa  (south  of  Abyssinia  and  the  Great  Desert),  of  Austra- 
lia, New  Guinea,  and  New  Caledonia. 

The  Malay,  or  Brown  Bace  are  distinguished  by  a  tawny  skin ;  coarse, 
lank,  black  hair ;  a  low  and  broad  forehead,  large  mouth,  short  broad 
nose,  and  eyes  obliquely  set.  They  occupy  the  Malay  Peninsula  and 
most  of  the  islands  of  Oceania. 

Social  Condition. — Mankind  is  divided,  as  respects  social  condition, 
into  four  classes, — Enlightened,  Civilized,  Half-civilized,  and  Savage. 

Those  nations  that  have  made  the  most  progress  in  art  and  science, 
in  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  are  called  Enlightened. 

Those  nations  that  have  made  considerable  progress  in  the  arts 
and  sciences,  in  agriculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  though  not 
so  much  as  the  Enlightened,  are  called  Civilized. 

Tliose  nations  whose  knowledge  of  the  arts,  sciences,  and  agricul- 
ture is  very  imperfect,  whose  commerce  is  limited,  and  whose  manu- 
factures are  few  and  inferior,  are  called  Half-civilized, 

Those  nations  that  are  unacquainted  with  the  arts  and  sciences, 
with  agi'iculture,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  and  depend  almost 
wholly  on  hunting  and  fishing  for  a  subsistence,  are  called  Savage. 

Systems  of  Bellglon. — The  principal  Systems  of  religion  are  the  Jew- 
ish, Christian,  Mohammedan,  and  Pagan. 

The  Jewish  faith  recognizes  the  Old  Testament  as  the  highest 
authority  in  matters  of  religion,  but  not  the  New. 

The  Christian  faith  recognizes  both  the  Old  and  the  New  Testa- 
ment as  authority  in  religious  matters. 

The  Mohammedan  faith  recognizes  one  God,  and  Mohammed  as 
his  "  last  and  greatest  prophet,"  who  substituted  for  the  Bible  a  book 
called  the  Koran. 

The  Pagan  faith  does  not  recognize  the  God  of  the  Bible,  but 
substitutes  a  variety  of  images,  birds,  beasts,  reptiles,  etc. 

NamoA.  E»t  Number. 

Jewish, 6,000,000 

Christian, 260,000,000 

Languages. — There  are  860  languages  spoken  in  the  world,  and 
about  6,000  dialects.  The  language  spoken  by  the  greatest  number  is 
the  Chinese ;  the  one  most  widely  spread  is  the  English. 

GoTcmment. — Government  is  that  form  of  rules  and  principles  by 
which  a  nation  is  governed.  The  supreme  power  of  a  government  con- 
sists of  three  parts ;  viz.,  the  Legislative,  which  enacts  the  laws ;  the 
Judicial,  which  determines  their  application  in  individual  cases;  and 
the  Executive,  which  puts  them  in  execution. 

Forms  of  Govemment. — There  are  three  distinct  forms  of  government ; 
viz.,  monarchical,  aristocratic,  and  democratic. 

A  monarchical  form  of  government  gives  the  supreme  power  to 
one  person,  who  may  be  styled  king,  queen,  emperor,  empress,  sultan, 
etc.  When  the  sovereign  is  limited  in  the  exercise  of  his  powers  by  a 
Constitution  or  Council,  the  government  is  called  a  Limited  Monarchy ; 
when  not,  it  is  an  Absolute  Monarchy. 

An  aristocratic  form  of  government  vests  the  supreme  power 
in  a  few  privileged  men,  styled  nobles  or  chiefs. 

A  democratic  form  of  government  vests  the  supreme  power  in 
rulers  chosen  by,  and  from,  the  whole  body  of  the  people,  or  by  their 
representatives  assembled  in  a  national  congress. 


N>me«. 

Eit  Number. 

Molianimedan,  .     . 

.       .       160,000,000 

Pagan,     .... 

.     .     665,000,000 

POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


18 


Aristocracy  may  lie  comliinea  with  monarcliy  and  democracy.  In  this  case,  the  kins  or 
qaeen  represents  the  monarchy;  the  nobles,  the  aristocracy;  and  the  commons,  or  repre- 
sentatives chosen  by  tlie  people,  the  democracy.    t^««h  is  the  government  of  Great  Britain. 

Polltltal  DiTlsions  of  the  Eartli. — The  political  divisions  of  the  earth 
are  empires,  kingdoms,  republics,  states,  cities,  towns,  etc. 

An  Empire  is  a  country  governed  by  an  Emperor. 

A  Kingdom  is  a  country  governed  by  a  King  or  Queen. 

A  Republic  is  a  country  governed  by  men  who  are  chosen  by  the 
people.  A  union  of  democratic  republics  is  styled  a  Federal  Demo- 
cratic Republic ;  such,  is  the  political  title  of  the  United  States. 

A  St.ite  is  a  division  of  country  which  has  an  independent  govern- 
ment for  the  regulation  of  its  own  affairs,  and  muy  or  may  not  be 
united  with  other  divisions  like  itself  under  a  general  government. 

A  Duchy  is  a  country  governed  by  a  Duke.  A  Grand  Ducliy  is  a 
country  governed  by  a  Grand  Duke.  A  Principality  is  a  country  gov- 
erned by  a  Prince.  An  Electorate  is  a  country  governed  by  an  Elec- 
tor.    A  Landgraviate  is  a  country  governed  by  a  Landgrave. 

Remark. — In  Germany,'  certain  princes  formerly  elected  the  emperor,  and  Elector  was 
one  of  their  titles.    Landgrave  signiflea  earl  or  count. 

Empires,  kingdoms,  states,  etc.,  are  generally  divided  into  Coun- 
tie.?.  Parishes,  Distncts,  Shires,  Provinces,  Departments,  or  Cantons. 

A  Township  is  a  division  of  a  county. 

A  Village  is  a  small  collection  of  liouses  and  inhabitants. 

A  Town  is  a  large  collection  of  houses  and  inhabitants. 

A  City  is  an  incorporated  town  ;  that  is,  a  town  invested  by  law 
with  certain  rights  and  privileges  which  it  did  not  before  possess. 

The  Capital  of  a  country  is  the  city  in  wliich  the  officers  or  legis- 
lature meet  to  make  laws.  Tlip  Metropolis  of  a  country  is  its  chief 
city,  or  that  whicli  contains  the  greatest  number  of  inhabitants. 

The  chief  magistr.\te  of  a  Republic  is  called  President.  The 
chief  officer  of  a  Republican  State  is  called  Governor.  The  chief  of- 
ficer of  a  city  is  called  Mayor. 


LESSON    XVI. 
Folltical  Geography— Contlmied. 

Chief  Branehrs  of  Industry. — The  chief  branches  of  industry  are  acri- 
culture,  manufactures,  commerce,  and  mining. 

igrienltnre  is  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  the  purpose  of  produc- 
ing veiretables,  fruits,  grain,  etc.  It  is  carried  to  great  perfection  in 
the  British  Isles,  also  in  Central  and  Western  Continental  Europe,  and 
in  many  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Mannfattnres  are  articles  made  from  raw  materials  by  the  hand  or 
machinery  ;  as,  cloth  from  wool,  or  linen  from  flax.  Animal,  vegetable, 
and  mineral  productions,  in  their  natural  state,  are  called  raw  materials. 
The  countries  most  noted  for  manufactures,  are  Great  Britain,  Holland, 
Belgium,  Germany,  Switzerland,  France,  and  the  United  States. 

Commerte  is  the  exchange  of  goods,  and  is  either  Foreign  or  Inland. 
Foreign  commerce  is  the  trade  which  one  nation  cariics  on  with 
another.  Inland  commerce  is  the  trade  between  itnlividuals  of  the 
same  nation.  The  countiies  most  noted  for  commerce  are  Great  Britain, 
the  United  States,  France,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Ru.^^sia. 

Articles  sent  out  of  a  country  in  tlie  course  of  trade  are  called 
Exports.  Articles  brought  into  a  country  in  the  course  of  trade  are 
called  Imports. 

Minins. — Mining  is  the  business  of  digging  into  the  earth  to  obtain 
mineral  productions ;  such  as  gold,  silver,  coal,  salt,  ct3. 


Directions  for  Memorizing  the  Contents  of  a  Map. 

Countries. — Begin  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  map,  mention  the 
countries  which  are  situated  along  the  northern  border,  next  those  on 
the  eastern,  then  those  on  the  southern,  and  lastly  those  on  the  west- 
ern.   When  there  are  countries  in  the  interior,  mention  them  last  of  all. 

Capitals  and  otiier  Cities. — Mention  the  capitals  and  other  cities  in  the 
same  order  as  above,  naming  those  in  or  near  the  center  last. 

Islands. — Begin  at  the  north-west  corner  of  the  map,  look  along  the 
coast  and  some  distance  from  it,  taking  an  easterly,  southerly,  v/esterlv, 
and  northerly  course,  and  mention  the  islands  as  you  find  them. 

Peninsulas  and  Capes. — Commence  at  the  same  corner  of  the  map  as 
before  directed,  and  look  along  the  northern  coast,  then  the  eastern, 
next  the  southern,  and  lastly  the  western,  and  name  the  peninsulas  and 
capes  in  the  order  you  meet  with  them. 

Mountains. — Follow  the  directions  given  for  memorizing  cities. 

Seas,  Gnlfs,  Bays,  Straits,  Sounds,  and  Channels. — In  mentioning  these 
divisions,  observe  the  directions  given  above  for  capes. 

Blvers. — I.  Mention  first  those  rivers  which  empty  into  bodies  of 
water  on  the  north,  then  those  which  flow  into  bodies  of  water  on  the 
east,  next  those  which  empty  into  bodies  of  water  on  the  south,  and 
lastly  those  which  flow  into  bodies  of  water  on  the  west. 

II.  Whenever  you  mention  a  river,  see  whether  it  has  any  branches ; 
if  so,  name  them  before  passing  to  the  next  river  in  order. 

HI.  If  the  river  runs  a  northerly  or  a  southerly  course,  name  its 
eastern  branches  first,  beginning  with  the  one  nearest  the  source  of  the 
main  river,  and  then  the  western  branches  in  like  manner. 

IV.  If  the  main  river  runs  an  easterly  or  a  westerly  course,  name 
its  northern  branches  first,  beginning  as  before  directed. 

Lakes. — Lakes  are  to  be  memorized  in  the  same  order  as  rivers ; 
that  is,  those  lakes  whose  outlets  lead  into  northern  bodies  of  water 
first,  and  so  on.     Lakes  having  no  outlets  mu.'t  be  mentioned  last. 

Remark.— rhvficnl'and  polilical  divisions  which  are  connected  only  with  islands,  are 
to  be  mentioned  after  those  situated  on,  or  connected  with,  the  main-land.  For  example,  in 
mentioning  the  straits  of  North  America,  Davis  Strait  should  be  named  after  the  others,  be- 
cause it  is  not  connected  with  the  main-land  of  North  America. 


To  THE  Teacher. — It  is  impossible  to  give  an  idea  of  the  relative  size  of  coun- 
tries from  maps  alone.  Owing  to  tbeir  diversity  of  form  and  irregular  outlines, 
even  were  the  maps  on  the  same  scale,  we  could  not  hope  to  convey  any  correct 
notion  of  their  actual  or  comparative  size.  There  is  but  one  way  of  doing  thi.s. 
With  the  map  hung  up  before  his  class,  let  the  teacher  dictate,  in  round  numbers, 
the  area  of  the  different  grand  divisions  and  countries  in  square  miles,  till,  by  re- 
peating the  numbers  after  him,  each  pupil  has  thoroughly  committed  them  to  mem- 
ory. Let  the  teacher  then  impress  these  numbers  on  the  minds  of  his  pupils  by 
making  them  compare  the  countries  learned, — by  asking  how  many  times  larger  or 
smaller  one  is  than  another,  what  two  are  nearly  of  the  same  size,  etc.  By  devot- 
ing to  this  exercise  a  few  minutes  after  each  regular  recitation,  the  absolute  and 
comparative  size  of  all  the  countries  on  the  globe  can  be  readily  mastered,  not  only 
without  difficulty,  but  with  interest  and  pleasure  on  the  part  of  the  learner. 

The  following  order  is  suggested : — 


Continents  and  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Earth. 
The  Chief  Divisions  of  North  America. 
The  Political  Divisions  of  British  America. 
The  States  of  the  United  States. 
Review :  compare  all  the  countries  learned. 
The  Chief  Divisions  of  South  America. 
The  Chief  Divisions  of  .Europe. 


The  Chief  Divisions  of  Asia. 
The  Chief  Divisions  of  Africa. 
Review :  compare  all  the  countries  learned. 
The  larger  Islands  of  the  West  Indies. 
Th''  larger  Islands  of  Oceania. 
Review:  compare  all  the  countries  and  isl- 
ands thus  far  learned. 


EXPLANATION. 
The  small  letters  on  the  fl.igs  in  this  work,  are  designed  to  indicate  the  color  of  their 
stripes,  etc.    Thus  B.  Is  blue ;  Y.,  yellow ;  G.,  green ;  R.,  red ;  and  W.,  white. 


I 


*S1^^    ^tfra    Frig-id    Zorf^^/^i 


/ 


■^.■: 


W.i'-^AtfCa 


(.K\M:I!AI,    yrKSTlOSS    on     TIIK    MAI'     or    THK    WORLD. 

WJim  c'.n  ilic  Iw.i  ii.imispli.Ti'.s  rp|)ip.«cii  ?        Tlif  mtirf  .mrfa<-e 
„r ihr  r.irlli ■        Wli:.l    i.s  sf.lwl.'.I    Id  dividp    lU.'  »;lol..- jiUo  llie  ^ 
K:isli'iii  :iii.l  111!' WoslPin  Hi'iuijaplii'ii' '.'     Th'-  iiieritluui  2"° .,  o^ 
in:it  ojtiif  fii-ridi.ai  oJOreenwhli.        Wli.tl  ijinn.l  ili-vj-    ^ 
«ii.ii  lipsv^'iliyi"  'i"di  lifiiiiis|)lMMPS  y     What  islaiiil  ?    <'^^;^>5 

Wlial  ffninil  divi.«i()i\.-i  iil'  Mm  railh  Ui>  wlinlly  ^W 
in   Ihf   VVpf>l.'i-n  li.'lMrsphci-.'?         Wh.Tl    Iwci    Wo  A,' 
wli.illy  ill  llii'  l';;i»l'Mii  lli-.mis|iliiMi.  ■.'     In  wliii   ,^ 
l„.nu.^|ili.T..  .lo.v  .iivii-ly  nil   i.C    Asim     ''•" '•'_^o^>//     /^'^■^/■A' 

'L'h ll^;l    iiii|i(ii-l:iul    |inrl    ill'  Oii':iiii:\  V       '/^      v 

lliiw  i.<  llii'  AiiUii-rlii-  I'.Tjiliiieiil  .silu.il- 
I'd  .'  KiiiliM-liy  sl.njid  V  (Viahajii  l.Miitl  .' 

Vn  wli;il    iliiectioii    is  Kiuojif        /f^ 
liiijii    .Voilli    Ami'J-ii'ii  V        Iviiviipp        /^ 
ti-ojii   Sdulli    .\-Uieiirii  V      Kiu-opi 
Cnmi  Atvii-i  V  K.iiiuji.e  IJuin  A.sin  .' 
Kuio|ii-  fiinii    AusUhJiii?       1" 
wlial  (Ihvcliaii  is  Niutli  A hihi- 
Lcii    Ivoili    Afiii:i  .'  Mortli 

Aineiii-ii  li-iuu  AsiM  V      Nmlli 
Aiju'i-irn  f]-oju  Kni-iiiif  '.'      N^. 

V 

.\niKi-i("i      lin.Hi      Austi':tli:i  ?     q 

Wlial  yT.-linl    iliV-Lsiiius    .^ 
pKtiMicI    .SIJII.1I1  111'  till'   ("iliui- 
liii  '  Wliii'Ji  Up   wluiUy    .-, 

luil-Tji   nf  rilP   pqiiator'.'      lu     ;- 

wliHl    2,1  iiics  is  Soitli  .AjiiPi--  .„!    :     n  -  -""Vyv      V  lljlu 
u-.\  '.'   ihiiojip  '.'    Asia ■;    .Ans- 
iTaJia  '.'  Atiipii  ?  Soutli  A-iiiPi- 
ipa  ■'  WJi:i1  uliuiil  ilivLsinns  .up 
I'liisspil  Jiy  IliP  Tjojiii-  I'l'  I 'ail: 
rrr  .'      Dy  iliP  Tiiijiir  ol' (.'a]irj-       '^\\ 
11)111.'    By  till' eniiJitoj' '.'   In  wlial 
/.OKI'  is  ritp  «'rpnlpi-  pjui  of  Sinilli 
AiiipHfa  *.'        Tlip   ol-palpi-  paii    nl' 
Noi*tb  AniPiifa  '.'  NVv,    ^\^^^^    P' 

(.S,v  Uft-h.ni.J  Cli.iH.)         WJ.al       Wy'^-'AV.* 
VkjiiiLs  ]ifi"vail  ill  llii'  iini-th  liiiliil  zoup  .' 
hi  tlip  simtli  tiiiiiil  /.imp?         <1ji  wJiidi       JN 


r  ©J  'J 

.Si 
AND  TBi   IV 


'4 


%^ 


r^'^ 


>^ 


tf^ 


'^ 


■ijW 


?k 


K    i« 


-J*-- 


.^, 


fl, 


'tade-Sluci 


\ 


^ 


LAmpxi-cR  1? 


E       -  A, 


[asig«oT:» 


fK'f. 


I        ,A   .,A 


^..      ^ 


"t:^ 


■O.M«%i-       W' 


,_*....\<- 


pi(  of 


'ilH/l'f  ' 


gOJ-OM  IIA 


V?- 


^^. 


.^CS'jj 


Br  i^M 


-t-w- 


I  * 
1/ 


\ 


ill  what  hilitiulr  i^  tlic  i-efi;ioii  hI"  Ciiiuis  in  tlie       rA 
AUautir  /       bi  tJif  Pftiillr  ?         What  is  tin-    vc^imx      -^^ 
of  lJie  xiioji.somis'.' 

W-hnt  pari  <»f  XorUt  Aiueric:i  is  visited   by  Piutli- 
<[ii:\ke^7      Whril   p:uis  itl'  J>ouTK  Aiiieiir:i  ?        Wlial   pail  ol'    "'^i^^ 
K.iunjie  .'      Of  A  sin  .*      Of  Afwrii  ?      Of  AiistiMli.i  .-      Wh«1    island 
in  rhp   imrlk  AlJantir  is    noii»<I    fiu*   its    i';(rtlupi;ikps  :nnl  volriuiopji'; 
[u  M-bal  SMJJiPs  .ire  puHhuiinltPs  rare  V 


STole 


•        Mnuntaji  i 

Deserts 
(\vaiiCi  < 


Thf  ihfht  rurvfd  linKg,  <vtww^</  dte^  Otx  i 
indiMtr.  the  time  of 


sop- 


lejo  i2Jo 


CChai't  Showiaif  tlie 
DISTRIBUTION    Or    THt     WINDS 
„      «       fcCTIVt      VQLCANpE 

:        r- 


-^^LSoioth    Frie-id    Z53^ 


REblON      *ipFi 


R  E  G  (  U  N     OF     t  ^i 


"s^NORTH  EASTl 
Reg)p'l!(.<S!C*<.l,!iii.  in  terrup*rd^''5a^^'iv  Violent^ 


lc«n!a(i 


U  A  >t3^  e      wind? 


0-) 


F>  /"^i       a  / 


,  ^J>wj»(}|gf  Cipri«« 


-\ '  Yn  ''ttfe — & — ^^v^''*!^"  r^v"" 

■       i  i\        :       ^^  \M 

lABLE       WINDS      CHI  E  FLY    I  NORTH-  WESTERiLY 


k' 


NORTI 


W^' 


WW 


©lEEiD 


flON     OF    THF.  ^,o 

fimRlElfTS„ 


In. wiuit  directiou  do  tli^e  diief  jiioiunadu j.-aii)i;fs  tjt'tlio  W  ostejii  Coiiliiieirt  ex:teud? 

HiTw  arp  dtp  lrrwlaiid.«  aiifl  pJaiiu*  of  Uit'  worltl  sluxwji  oji  thi-  .iuaj>  V      Iforw, 

tlxe  de.sfii'ts?    TJie  momitaiiL**  aiul  tn])lc-laiul.s  V    Wiiw?  are  the  pmi- 

cipnJ  lo-vrlaiids  and  piaiiis  ot'Xottli  Amoo-ica  V     Uefscribp  Tiip  sui" 

fftce  of  the  Tiw^teiaijiiu-t  of  isfiftlj  mul  SoiitJi  Aiiirj-icH.    /z  w 

wogiip  TiihlP'hijids  n-iiverst'd  btnuountum-raitgeti.  ALoir::," 

wiKri  idvt^-s  arn  tliejmjicipallijwjiuid  jOainsfrfSoirtii 

Ajjifirim  ?   Jn-vrlmt  tlii'ectijaLU.doJiio.**t  of  l]ip Jiioini - 

taiii-jraiig^'s  of  J'hii-o]je  iiuil.Aaia  RxieudV 

_    WJiflt  _i^  t]it'  nliiij-aclei-  of  tlie  ^rpm-p.r  jiai-i  of 

tJie  suvfn.-i'  ol' Asia  ?    Of  A&ica  7    (tf  Aiis- 

iridi:i  .'    WJi.nr  isthc  chflrflrtrar  of  the  siu'- 

facf  of  tlio  iiortlienij*art  ctf  Asia  7  Th*» 

i^re.itei*  j>arf  of  Bn.«.sia  iii  JKiinojie  V 

"^CUar  ^-ajid  diTiaioii  is  jiotpd  for  its 

r>_u  TvijHt  ivntcjr.s  would  a  jii»r.**ttii 

s;iil.  iu  a  voyaiiVfi'iUu^PwViu*h 

TO  Aiistj-alL^,  TJii  <'tt>>e  td't.TOod- 

H<i])p ?      Wliat  is  tJip   sailiuii:- 

fListajXTi'    hptvn^ou  tliPSP  two 

I  tinrliflt -vrrttHJ's  TN-oiUd  :i  pei"- 

^    .-yiji  s;til.  jii  n  Troya^»*  fi'tuu 

"l^     J^Ci'w  York  to  thp  Saiidwirli 

^'.     Islajiilsr    via    Tajj**    HrmiV 

^    Vroiu  X  oiido.H  to  Japan..  tj;i 

c      Capp  of  ( jood  Itoji*"  V  "Wiflrt 

Z     run-piittirjWT*  alon^tlipvierft- 

pni  fo:u»l  of  Soutli  Anil 'lien  V 

Wiiere  is  tliP  pqiiatttrial  J  Irili: 

rnri*eiit7         Howr    don.**    tlu» 

(ii-pat    KquatoiHal    ('iiiTPtit  k^^ 

lho  Atibuitir  flow-'       Betvrprai 

vluit  i-oiitiucuts.  and  iuvimt  di- 

fOcUojUf  does  tlip  Equatorial  Cur- 

reut  of  tlip  Judiaji  Orean  flow'.' 

Dpscribp  the  Giilf  Strpajit-    Tlu*  -Ta  • 

paji  TiuTP-ut . 

^Sep  Hffht-hiiTtdCfMJf-      By  wJiat  i-aoe 

is  jnost  of  A'iiaiiilialtilpd'.'  Atost  of  Aii>- 

/  /        ^^yhCr  ///  -^      trnlia  ?      Jdo.ni  of  Afi-ica  ?     TJk^   iuu-d»tu-n 

^^Y^y?^   ~by^V    part  of  AfiTJ'a'.'     "Wlien*  do  tlip  Esqitbiiaiix: 

Jin??    ToTTliat  i-aci'  do  dipy  ]>eloiig:?   ^Vfiat  is 

tlip  jiircvailuifif  race  iu  tlie  V.  .S.  ?       Iu  Alexico  ? 

OjLthe  nonst  of  South  AuLPTiin?      IViiatis  thehiffh- 

V       est  jLOrtheriL  hitiludp  p\nu-  rfafli'*d  \fy  explorer;*'.'     82 

^=^*^  :^0  .  btj  Ur.  Hane.     Hovr  ^init\'  detjrpps   is  that  iroiu  th.> 

uoith  jjolp  ?      \Vh.at  i«  tliP  lua:liest  soutlieru  latitude  pvpv  j-pach- 

78°  10*.  bif  CapfBoss.     How  niaiw  de^iees  i.«  that   fioiu  the 

south  polp? 


16 


MAP    DRAWING. 


LESSON     XVIII. 
MAP      DRAWING. 

The  system  of  Map  Drawing  presented  some  years  ago  in  connec- 
tion with  this  Series  of  Geograpliics,  in  a  set  of  Cards  adapted  to  its 
Maps,  has  proved  so  popul<ar  and  useful  an  auxiliary  in  impressing  on 
the  learner's  mind  the  outlines  of  difforeut  countries  and  the  relative 
position  of  their  most  important  localities,  that  it  is  thought  not  out 
of  place  to  give  some  instruction  on  the  subject  in  this  volume,  par- 
ticularly appropriate  to  those  who  are  furnished  with  the  Cards  in 
question,  but  designed  to  bring  the  exercise  within  the  reach  of  all, 
whether  thus  provided  or  not. 

The  system  here  set  foith,  requiring  no  acquaintance  with  mathe- 
matical terras  or  geometrical  problenip,  has  been  found  practicable 
and  attractive.  It  may  be  conmienced  even  with  Primary  Classes, 
and  will  train  the  eye  and  hand,  while  it  interests  the  pupil  iu  the 
subject  and  aids  in  imparting  geographical  knowledge. 
COPYING  FROM  THE  MAPS. 

The  simplest  exercise  is  for  the  pupil,  with  a  map  before  liim,  to 
reproduce  the  country  or  countries  it  represents.  lie  may  do  this  on 
Map  Drawing  Cards,  on  his  slate  or  ordinary  paper,  or  on  the  black- 
board. 

COPYISG  ON  MAP  DKAWIIVG  CAttDS.— Each  pupil  should  be  furnished 
with  a  set  of  Map  Drawing  Cards  prepared  to  accompany  this  volume, 
— of  the  same  size  as  its  maps,  and  having  the  meridians  and  parallels 
of  latitude  laid  down  on  them. 

Besides  these  there  are  needed,  1.  A  lead-pencil ;  No.  2  or  B  is 
the  right  grade.  2.  A  piece  of  India-rubber.  3.  A  pen  and  ink.  4. 
A  red  pencil.  5.  A  cake  of  Prussian  blue,  burnt  sienna,  and  vermil- 
ion. 6.  A  saucer.  7.  A  small  camel-hair  pencil.  8.  A  small  flat 
brush.  9.  A  twelve-inch  ruler,  divided  into  inches,  subdivided  into 
halves  and  quartere. 

Ontllning. — Having  placed  before  you  the  man  to  be  drawn,  and 
selected  the  corresponding  Card,  commence  the  outline  with  your  pen- 
cil at  the  upper  left-hand  corner.  Start  with  any  prominent  point  of 
coast  or  boundary  there ;  and,  observing  between  what  parallels  and 
meridians  it  is  situated,  make  a  dot  in  the  same  relative  position  on 
the  Card.  Following  the  coast  or  boundary  along  the  top  of  thp 
copy  toward  the  right,  locate  the  next  prominent  point  with  a  dot  in 
the  same  way,  and  connect  the  two  with  a  line  similar  to  that  which 
joins  them  in  the  copy. 

Proceed  in  this  way  from  one  point  to  another  till  you  reach  the 
right  si.le  of  the  map,  and  pursue  the  same  process  down  this  side  to 
the  lower  corner.  Then  go  back  to  the  starting-point,  work  down  the 
left  side,  and  so  along  the  lower  part  to  the  right.  By  observing  this 
order,  both  here  and  afterward,  in  filling  in,  you  will  avoid  soiling 
the  page  by  rubbing  your  hands  on  lines  previously  drawn.  Coasts 
are  represerted  by  continuous  lines ;  boundaries  that  separate  contigu- 
ous states,  by  dotted  lines. 

Do  not  use  compasses  to  measure  your  distances.  Accustom  the 
eye  to  this.  If  you  make  errors  at  first,  do  not  be  discouraged,  for 
you  will  soon  improve,  and  the  eye  is  greatly  benefited  by  the  exercise. 

Draw  slowly  and  with  care.  Do  not  bear  on  heavily.  As  each 
step  is  talcen,  compare  your  work  whh  the  model ;  if  anything  is 
wi'ong,  erase  it  with  rubber  and  draw  it  over.  Try  to  avoid  mistakes, 
however,  for  the  frequent  use  of  rubber  soils  the  paper. 


When  the  outline  is  finished  in  pencil,  go  over  it  with  pen  and 
ink.  If  there  are  islands  on  the  map,  they  must  be  taken  next  and 
treated  in  the  same  way  as  the  main-land,  their  positions  being  fixed 
by  their  distances  from  the  nearest  parallels  and  meridians.  Next  draw 
whatever  lakes  there  may  be  in  the  country  represented.  Then  draw 
the  boundary  lines  that  separate  the  different  states. 

Coloring. — Rub  the  cake  of  Prussian  blue  with  a  little  water  on  your 
saucer,  and  then  add  more  water  till  you  get  a  veiy  light  tint.  Fill 
the  flat  brush,  and  draw  it  once  hastily  over  such  parts  of  the  map  as 
represent  bodies  of  water  lying  outside  of  the  outline  just  drawn, — 
oceans,  seas,  bays,  or  gulfs.  There  must  be  no  .repainting,  or  the  pa- 
per will  be  blistered  and  the  shade  will  not  be  uniform.  Be  careful 
that  the  brush  does  not  pass  over  the  outline.  Minute  indentations  of 
coast  may  be  attended  to  afterwar<l  with  the  camel-hair  pencil.  Then 
cover  with  the  same  light-blue  tint  lakes  within  the  outline,  using  the 
camel-hair  pencil  where  it  is  necessary,  and  giving  but  one  coat. 

Having  finished  the  water  surface,  clean  your  saucer  and  brush, 
and  rubbing  the  cakes  of  burnt  sienna  and  vermilion  on  the  saucer, 
mix  these  colors  till  you  produce  a  tint  as  near  that  of  the  land  as  pos- 
sible. Apply  this  to  the  land  surface  in  the  mnnner  before  directed. 
Now  with  your  red  pencil  go  over  the  dotted  boundary  lines  already 
drawn. 

Filling  in. — Next  proceed  to  fill  in  the  details.  Were  this  done 
before  coloring,  there  would  be  danger  of  the  ink's  running.  Take 
one  class  of  things  at  a  time  ;  and,  first  drawing  all  of  that  class  wiih 
the  pencil  to  prevent  mistakes,  go  over  thcra  with  ink  before  proceed- 
ing to  the  next  class.     Observe  the  following  order : — 

PiiVEns. — Commence  at  the  source  and  work  toward  the  mouth, 
locating  each  prominent  point  by  observing  its  distance  from  parallel 
and  meridian.  Rivers  are  represented  by  waving  lines,  which  increase 
in  width  as  you  approach  the  mouth. 

Mountains. — To  represent  mountains,  make  a  scries  of  little  curves 
in  the  direction  in  which  the  range  runs.  Then  draw  a  number  of  fine 
lines,  radiating  from  these  curves, 
as  m  the  enjiraving.  Ihe  lugher  -lcMxkr/!il'-i!is^ 
the  mountains  are,  the  heavier  these  '  '"  ''■'''■''''■ 
lines   should   be.      For   mountain  mocntains. 

peaks,  draw  a  minute  heavy  circle,  and  fine  lines  radiating  from   it  in 
every  direction,  as  shown  at  the  right  of  the  above  engraving. 

Cities  and  Towns  must  be  located  according  to  capital-mark,  2**; 
their  distance  from  parallels  and  meridians,  and  their  town-makk,  ® 
position  relatively  to  the  rivers  already  drawn.  Denote  them  by  these 
characters,  distinguishing  capitals  from  other  places. 

Canals  and  Railroads  may  also  be  introduced,  if  desired.  For 
canals  draw  two  parallel  lines  very  close     canal,  — 

together;  and  for  railroads  the  same,  with     kailroad,     luiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMiiiiiii im 

cross  lines  at  small  intervals. 

Lrttering. — The  names  should  now  bc  inserted,  as  in  the  model. 
Use  for  this  purpose  a  fine-pointed  pen,  without  any  previous  pencil- 
ing, and  allow  a  little  more  space  for  the  names  than  is  required  in  the 
model.  If  necessary,  leave  out  some  of  the  less  important  places.  As 
a  general  thing,  you  will  find  it  best  to  use  the  same  arrangement  of 
names  that  you  find  in  the  map  you  arc  copying. 

Adopting  tlie  Sralr. — The  Cards  of  this  Series  are  specially  adapted 
to  the  maps  of  Cornell's  Grammar  School  Geography,  or  others  on 
the  same  scale.  They  can  be  used,  however,  for  copying  mnps  of  any. 
size.     When  there  is  much  difl'crcnce  in  the  scales,  instead  of  locating 


MAP    DRAWING. 


17 


a  point  by  its  actual  distance  from  parallel  and  meridian,  observe  its 
latitude  and  longitude  by  dividing  with  the  eye  the  space  between  the 
parallels  above  and  below  it,  and  the  meridians  on  each  side  of  it,  and 
place  it  in  the  same  latitude  and  longitude  on  the  card  by  making  a 
similar  division  of  the  space  there.  When  you  are  filling  in,  follow 
the  same  rule  for  locating  places. 

When  a  map  of  about  the  same  scale  is  to  be  copied,  the  draw- 
ing will  be  sufficiently  correct  without  going  into  these  calculations. 

Length  of  Lessons. — Do  not  attempt  all  this  at  one  sitting,  but  let 
it  be  divided  into  a  number  of  exercises,  equal  to  the  lessons  in  the 
Map  Studies,  Map  Questions,  and  Descriptive  Geography,  on  the 
grand  division  or  states  in  question, — so  that  the  Map  Drawing  may 
just  keep  pace  with  these  throughout  the  volume. 

While,  for  instance,  the  map  questions  and  descriptive  geography 
of  North  America  are  being  learned,  let  the  map  of  North  America 
be  drawn,  part  at  a  time.  The  northern  coast  may  constitute  one  les- 
son ;  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coast,  a  second  ;  the  Pacific  coast,  a  third ; 
the  islands,  a  fourth  ;  the  lakes,  a  fifth;  the  coloring,  a  sixth  ;  the  rivers, 
a  seventh ;  the  mountains,  an  eighth  ;  the  locating  of  the  cities,  a 
ninth  ;  and  the  lettering  may  suffice  for  several  lessons. — Better  do  a 
little  well,  than  a  great  deal  poorly. 

COPIDTG  ON  A  SLATE  OR  PAPER. — When  the  pupil  is  not  furnished 
with  Map  Drawing  Cards,  he  may  use  his  slate  or  ordinary  paper.  In 
this  case,  he  had  better  commence  with  small  divisions  of  territory, 
such  as  individual  states,  where  it  will  be  sufficiently  accurate  to 
represent  the  parallels  and  meridians  by  straight  lines  intersecting  at 
right  angles. 

Let  him  first,  with  the  aid  of  his  ruler,  lay  off"  an  oblong  figure  or 
square,  a  little  larger  than  the  state  he  is  about  to  draw.  Then  let 
him  locate  as  accurately  as  possible  (measuring  the  distances,  that  he 
may  have  them  correct)  the  parallels  and  meridians  that  cross  the 
state  in  the  map  he  is  copying,  and  mark  their  degrees  in  the  mar- 
gin. When  this  is  done,  the  pupil  has  made  his  own  Map  Drawing 
Card,  and  may  now  proceed  with  the  outline  as  before  directed. 

Example  in  Ontlinlng. — Let  it  be  required  to  draw  a  map  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, as  represented  on  the  map  of  the  Middle  States,  page  33. 

We  commence  by  ruling  off"  an  oblong  figure  a  Uttle  larger  than 


the  outline  of  the  state,  and  locate  the  parallels  and  meridians,  taking 
care  to  have  them  exactly  the  same  distance  apart  as  in  the  model. 

Looking  at  the  model,  we  find  that  the  most  north-westerly  point 
of  the  state  is  near  the  42d  parallel,  and  east  of  meridian  81°  about  one- 
fourth  of  the  distance  between  81  and  79.  Accordingly,  we  locate 
this  point  in  the  con'esponding  part  of  our  map,  at  A. 

The  next  prominent  point  toward  the  east  is  just  half  way  between 
the  two  meridians ;  and,  measuring  with  the  eye  the  distance  it  is 
north  of  42°,  we  locate  it  at  B,  and  connect  A  B  with  a  slightly  wav- 
ing line,  representing  the  lake  coast.  From  B  we  observe  that  the 
boundary  runs  directly  south  to  •  par.  42,  and  draw  it  accordingly. 
Then  we  follow  the  parallel  with  our  outline  till  we  reach  a  point  (D) 
about  as  far  west  of  meridian  75  as  A  is  east  of  meridian  81. 

The  next  point  at  which  the  general  direction  of  the  boundary 
changes  is  south  of  parallel  42,  a  little  less  than  one-third  of  the  dis- 
tance between  it  and  par.  40.  Measuring  with  the  eye  its  distance 
east  of  meridian  75,  we  locate  it  at  E,  and  draw  the  boundary,  mak- 
ing that  part  of  it  which  represents  the  Delaware  River  a  waving  line. 

The  next  prominent  point  is  about  as  far  west  of  meridian  75  as 
E  is  east  of  it,  and  somewhat  more  than  half  way  between  42  and  40. 
We  mark  the  point,  F,  and  connect  E  and  F  with  a  waving  line,  as  in 
the  model.  G  is  next  located  as  far  east  of  meridian  75  as  E,  and  the 
same  distance  north  of  parallel  40.  H  and  I  are  next  located,  and  the 
boundary  continued  to  these  points.  From  I  we  run  west  to  a  point 
(J)  as  far  east  of  parallel  81  as  A  is.  Then,  joining  J  and  A  with  a 
straight  line,  we  have  the  outline  complete. 


LESSON   m. 

MAP       DRAWING    (CONTINTJED). 

COPTEVC  OJr  THE  BLACK-BOARD. — The  single-page  maps  in  this  vol- 
ume are  about  10  inches  by  8.  When  copying  a  map  on  the  black- 
board, it  will  be  well  to  increase  the  scale. 

First  lay  off"  with  your  ruler  an  oblong  with  sides  2,  3,  or  4  times 
as  large  as  those  of  the  map  (as  may  be  required), — that  is  20  inches 
by  16,  30  by  24,  or  40  by  32.  Measuring  with  the  inch  divisions  of 
your  ruler,  mark  on  the  sides  of  this  oblong  the  points  where  the  par- 
allels of  latitude  and  meridians  represented 
in  the  map  will  fall,  allowing  two,  three,  or 
four  inches  for  one  in  the  model,  accord- 
ing as  you  have  doubled,  trebled,  or  quad- 
rupled the  scale.  Then  draw  the  parallels 
and  meridians  verj'  lightly  by  connecting 
these  points,  observing  that  the  meridians 
are  not  parallel,  but  approach  each  other  as 
they  draw  near  the  poles. 

At  first  it  may  be  well  for  the  teacher 
to  place  meridian  lines  and  parallels  on  the 
board  before  recitation,  the  pupil  to  com- 
mence with  the  outline.  After  a  time  he 
may  do  it  in  the  presence  of  the  class,  show- 
ing them  how  each  step  is  to  be  taken  ;  and 
finally  he  may  require  them  to  do  it  for 
themselves. 

The  aass  to  follow  on  their  Slates. — The 
whole  class  should  be  provided  with  slates, 
and  with   their  maps  before  them  should 


18 


MAP    DRAWING. 


follow  the  steps  taken  successively  on  the  board,  different  pupils  being 
called  to  the  board  at  intervals. 

Each  Step  to  be  described. — Before  locating  any  point  or  drawing  any 
line,  the  pupil  at  the  board  should  be  required  to  tell  what  he  is  about 
to  do. 

Thus,  in  beginning  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  he  should  say,  "  The 
most  north-westerly  point  of  Pennsylvania  is  in  about  latitude  42°  N. 
and  lono-itude  80J^°  W. ; "  he  then  locates  the  point,  any  error  that  he 
may  make  being  corrected  by  the  class.  He  then  goes  on,  "  The  next 
prominent  point  is  north-east  of  this,  in  about  lat.  80°  and  Ion.  ^^\°" 
and  locates  the  point  B.  "  Connetting  A  and  B,  we  have  the  lake- 
shore  of  the  state  ; "  he  then  draws  the  line.  So  he  proceeds,  stating 
each  step  as  he  takes  it. 

The  Scale  to  be  stated. — It  will  be  well  for  the  teacher  always  to  re- 
quire the  scale  of  the  map  to  be  stated.  If  the  drawing  is  made  on  a 
Card,  the  scale  can  be  told  by  measuring  with  the  ruler  an  inch  on  the 
scale  in  the  model,  and  seeing  how  many  miles  it  embraces.  If  the 
drawing  is  on  the  black-board,  this  number  has  only  to  be  doubled, 
trebled,  or  quadrupled,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Estimating  Dimensions,  DJstantes,  et«.  —  The  scale  being  known,  the 
teacher  may  put  a  variety  of  useful  questions  on  the  dimensions  of  the 
state  drawn,  the  distance  in  a  straight  line  between  its  principal  local- 
ities, etc.  Thus,  measuring  in  the  way  directed,  we  find  from  the 
map  on  p.  33  that  the  scale  on  which  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  is 
drawn  on  p.  1'7,  is  70  miles  to  the  inch.  As  then  it  is  2^  inches 
broad,  the  pupil  will  readily  find  that  the  state  is  about  2}  times  70, 
say  160,  miles  in  breadth  ;  and,  as  its  extreme  length  from  east  to 
west  is  about  4J  inches,  that  it  is  about  300  miles  long. 

In  like  manner  we  may  determine  the  distance  in  an  air-line  be- 
tween any  two  places.  We  find  with  our  ruler  that  from  Philadelphia 
to  Harrisburg  is  an  inch  and  a  quarter ;  which  makes  the  direct  dis- 
tance between  these  places  \\  times  70  miles,  or  about  90  miles.  So, 
between  Heading  and  Pittsburgh  we  find  a  space  of  3  inches,  which 
makes  the  distance  between  them  in  a  direct  .line  3  times  70  or  210 
miles. 

We  mav  measure  the  breadth  of  the  state  in  another  way.  Tlie 
northern  boundary  is  in  lat.  42°;.  the  southern  in  39§°.  The  breadth 
is  therefore  2^  degrees  of  latitude.  But  we  have  learned  that  everj' 
degree  of  latitude  is  equal  to  69J  miles.  Pennsylvania  is  therefore  2^ 
times  69 J  miles,  or  about  160  miles — a  result  which  agrees  with  that 
obtained  before  with  the  scale  of  miles. 

Different  Scales. — Where  there  is  sufficient  extent  of  black-board 
for  the  purpose,  several  pupils  may  be  called  up  at  once,  or  a  whole 
class  if  there  is  room,  and  locate  their  points  and  draw  their  lines  si- 
multaneously, stating  each  in  turn  the  steps  successively  taken.  When 
this  is  done,  it  will  be  well  to  have  different  scholars  use  difl'erent  scales. 

A  class  will  soon  acquire  such  facility  that  this  exercise  can  be 
speedily  performed.  The  same  state  or  grand  division  should  be 
drawn  over  and  over  on  different  scales  till  its  shape  is  made  perfectly 
familiar. 

DRAWING    FROM    MEMORY. 

Older  pupils,  who  have  had  experience  in  Map  Drawing,  will  find 
it  an  improving  exercise  to  try  to  draw  from  memory.  This  is  a  severe 
test  of  map  knowledge,  but  it  will  show  the  student  where  he  is  de- 
ficient, and  tend  to  impress  upon  his  muid  many  important  facts  which 
would  otherwise  be  likely  to  escape  him. 

A  map  should  not  be  drawn  from  memory  till  it  has  been  copied 


91                                      819 

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.X 

B 

Vt 

V 

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52 

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3 

1 

ST 

30 

f 

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8 

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in  the  manner  above  described  suflBciently  often  to  fix  in  the  mind  its 
shape  and  the  latitude  and  longitude  of  a  few  of  its  most  prominent 
points.  It  is  unnecessary,  indeed  it  is  impossible,  to  follow  every  mi- 
nute indentation  of  coast  or  slight  change  of  direction  in  the  boundary. 
It  is  enough  to  have  the  general  outline  correct. 

In  drawing  the  state  of 
Mississippi,  for  instance, 
it  will  only  be  neces- 
sary to  memorize  the  lat- 
itude and  longitude  of  the 
points  A,  B,  C,  D,  E, 
and  F;  to  remember 
the  slight  change  in  the 
direction  of  the  eastern 
boundary,  in  lat  32,  and 
that  the  Mississippi  Riv- 
er, the  western  boundary, 
crosses  the  91st  meridian 
a  little  north  of  parallel 
34  and  again  a  little  far- 
ther north  of  parallel  32. 
In  drawing  from  mem- 
ory, it  will  be  well  to  take 
countries  of  regular  out- 
line first ;  but  in  no  case 
should  the  exercise  be  at- 
tempted until  the  pupil 
is  thoroughly  prepared 
for  it  by  previously  copy- 
ing the  map^several  times,  if  necessary. 

In  all  cases,  after  a  sketch  is  made  from  memory,  the  pupil  should 
compare  it  with  the  map,  and  find  for  himself  wherein  he  has  gone 
wrong.  If  his  drawing  is  quite  inaccurate,  he  should  make  another 
attempt,  correcting  his  previous  errors. 

When  he  has  succeeded  tolerably  well  in  this  exercise,  it  will  be 
well  for  the  student  to  try  what  he  can  do  in  the  way  of  rapid  sketch- 
ing, without  the  aid  of  parallels  or  meridians.  Let  him  simply  draw 
a  figure  representing  as  nearly  as  he  can  the  outline  of  the  country  in 
question,  and  then  fill  in  its  principal  rivers,  towns,  etc.  Here  again  the 
benefit  will  lie  in  comparing  the  sketch  thus  drawn  with  the  map,  and 
ascertaining  wherein  the  proportions  or  the  positions  of  places  are  faulty. 
Example  on  page  19. — In  consequence  of  its  regular  outline.  South 
America  is  the  most  easily  drawn  of  the  grand  divisions.  Its  outline 
is  presented  on  page  19.  The  pupil  would  commence  at  the  most 
north-westerly  point,  A.  In  drawing  the  outline,  he  would  have  to 
locate  only  eleven  prominent  points,  denoted  in  the  figure  by  A,  B,  C, 

D,  E,  F,  G,  H,  I,  J,  and  K. 

In  connecting  two  points,  if  the  outline  does  not  run  in  the  gen- 
eral direction  of  a  parallel  or  meridian,  which  will  serve  as  a  guide,  it 
is  sometimes  an  assistance  to  draw  a  faint  straight  line  between  the 
points  on  both  model  and  copy,  so  that  the  deviations  from  a  straight 
line  may  be  more  clearly  shown  and  more  exactly  imitated.  When  the 
true  outline  has  been  drawn  and  traced  with  ink,  these  lines  may  be 
removed  with  rubber. 

Thus,  in  the  outline  on  p.  19,  the  points  B  and  C,  C  and  D,  D  and 

E,  F  and  G,  are  connected  with  straight  lines  to  serve  as  guides  in 
drawing  the  outline.  Similar  lines  having  been  drawn  on  the  model, 
the  deviations  of  the  coast-line  can  be  more  easily  imitated. 


(  nm^m  mmmmma  i 


20 


MAP    STUDIES    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 

SYSTEMATICALLY     AEEANGED. 

,  LESSON  XX. 

Conotrles. — ^Bound  each : — Eussian  America  (which  belongs  to  the 
United  States),  British  America,  the  United  States,  Mexico,  Balize 
(ba-lecz'),  Central  America,  and  Da'nish  America  (Greenland  and  Ice- 
land— describe  them  separately,  as  islands). 

Model.— The  tJnitcd  States  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  British  America,  east  by  the 
Atlantic  Ocean,  south  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico,  and  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Ottawa,  Washington, 
Mexico,  Balize, — Reykjavik  {rike' yah-vik),  and  Sitka. 

Model.— Ottawa  Is  situated  in  the  south-eastem  part  of  British  America. 

Important  Places  in  British  America  and  United  States. — State  the  situ- 
ation of  each : — Halifax,  St.  John,  Quebec,  Montreal,  Toronto,  New 
Westminster, — St.  Paul,  Chicago  (she-kaw'go),  Cincinnati,  Detroit, 
Cleveland,  Buffalo,  Albany,  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Balti- 
more, Richmond,  Charleston,  Savannah,  Mobile,  New  Orleans,  Galves- 
ton, Austin,  Brownsville,  San  Francisco,  Portland,  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
St.  Louis. 

Important  Places  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. — State  the  situation  of 
each: — Chihuahua  (che-wah'wah),  Monterey  (mon-to-ra'),  Vera  Cruz 
(va'rah  kroos),  Merida  (mer'e-dah),  Acapulco  (ah-kah-pool'ko),  Guada- 
jaxara  {(/wah-dah-lah.-hah'rali),  Mazatlan',  San  Luis  Potosi  {sahn  loo'is 
po-to'se),  La  Puebla  (lah  pweh'lah), — San  Jose  {ho-sa'),  Managua  {mah- 
nah'goo-ah),  San  Salvador,  New  Guatemala  (ffwah-ta-mah'lah),  and 
Comayagua  (ko-mi-ah' gwah). 


LESSON  XXI. 

[Rules  for  describing  the  natural  dlTlsions  of  the  earth  are  given  on  pages  5,  6.] 
Islands. — Describe  each  : — Parry  Islands,  Southampton,  Discoe, 
Newfoundland,  Anticosti,  Prince  Edward,  Cape  Breton  {hrit'un),  Ber- 
muda Islands,  West  Indies,  Revillagigedo  Islands  (ra-veel-yah-he-ha'do), 
Vancouver,  Queen  Charlotte  Isles,  Sitka,  Kodiac  (ko'de-ahk),  and  Nu- 
nivak  {noo^ne-vahk'). 

Peninsnlas. — ^Describe  each  : — ^Melville,  Nova  Scotia,  Florida,  Yuca- 
tan, California,  and  Alaska. 

Capes. — Describe  each: — Barrow,  Bath'urst,  Chidleigh  {chid'le), 
Sable,  Cod,  Hatteras,  Canav'eral,  Gracias  (gmh'se-ahs),  Corrientes,  St. 
Lucas,  Mendocino  {men-dose' no),  Flattery,  Elizabeth,  and  Prince  of 
Wales. 

Monntain  Ranges,  etc. — Describe  each  : — Alleghany,  Sierra  Madre 
(se-er'rah  mah'dra).  Sierra  Nevada  (na-vah'dah),  Cascade,  and  Rocky. 
— Mt.  St.  Elias,  Mt  Fairweather,  Mt.  Brown,  Mt.  Hooker,  and  Mt. 
Nelson. 

LESSON   XXII. 
Seas. — Describe  each : — Caribbean  (kar- rib-he' -an)  and  Behring. 

Gnlfs  and  Bays. — Describe  each  : — Coronation,  Boothia,  Hudson, 
James,  St.  Lawrence,  Delaware,  Chesapeake,  Mexico,  Campe'che,  Hon- 
duras, California,  San  Francisco,  Georgia,  Cook's,  Bristol,  and  Baffin. 

Straits. — ^Describe  each  : — Union,  Fury,  Hudson,  Belle  Isle,  Flori- 
da, Behring, — Prince  of  Wales,  Banks,  Barrow,  and  Davis. 


Sonnds  and  Channels. — ^Describe  each  : — Smith's,  Lancaster,  and  Mel- 
ville.— Kennedy,  Fox,  and  McClintock. 

Inlets. — Describe  each  : — Bathurst,  Wager,  and  Chesterfield. 

Lakes. — Describe  each  : — Little  Slave,  Athabasca,  WoUaston,  Deer, 
Great  Slave,  Great  Bear,  Winnipeg,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Superior,* 
Michigan,  Huron,  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Great  Salt. 


LESSON  XXIII. 


Rivers  In  Russian  and  British  America. — Describe  each  : — Kouskovim 
[koos-ko-veem,'),  Kwichpak,  Porcupine, — Mackenzie's,  Athabasca,  Slave, 
Peace,  Great  Fish,  Churchill,  Nelson,  Saskatch'awan,  Severn,  Assiniii- 
boin,  Red,  Winnipeg,  Albany,  Rupert's,  East  Main,  Great  Whale, 
Koksak,  St.  Lawrence,  Ottawa,  Saguenay  (sag-a-na'),  Eraser,  and 
Simpson. 

Rivers  In  the  Inited  States  and  Ifexico. — Describe  each  : — Hudson,f 
James,  Cape  Fear,  Santee,  Savannah,  Altamaha  {awl-ta-mO,  haw'),  Ala- 
bama, Mississippi,  Ohio,  Cumberland,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  Yellow 
Stone,  Big  Horn,  Nebraska,  Arkansas,  Canadian,  Red,  Trinity,  Colo- 
rado (col-o^ah'do),  Rio  Grande  {re'o  grahn'da),  Pecos  (pa'koce),  Colo- 
rado (West),  Gila  (he'lah),  Sacramento,  Columbia,  Clarke's,  Lewis, — 
San  Juan  {hoo-ahn'),  Balsas,  and  Santiago  {sahn^te-ah'go). 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 

PBOMISOUOnSLY     ARRANGED. 

LESSON  XXIV. 

I.  Bound  North  America.  Of  the  countries  of  North  America,  which  extends 
farthest  north-west  ?  Farthest  east  ?  Farthest  south  ?  Wliat  river  forms  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States?  What  lalces  in  British 
America  are  connected  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  What  river  is  their  final  outlet  ? 
What  cape  is  on  the  northern  coast  of  Russian  America  ? 

II.  What  strait  connects  the  Kamtchatlia  Sea  with  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  Bafiin 
Bay  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ?  Hudson  Bay  with  the  Atlantic  ?  What  large  island 
lies  in  Hudson  Bay  ?  What  is  the  southern  part  of  Hudson  Bay  called  ?  M'liat 
three  rivers  flow  into  James  Bay?  What  four  into  Hudson  Bay?  Of  these,  wliich 
is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Winnipeg?     Of  what  river  is  the  Saguenay  a  branch  ? 

III.  What  island  is  east  of  Baffin  Bay  ?  What  islands  east  ol  Greenland  ? 
Where  is  Upernavili  (oo-pur  iiA-vik)  ?  Mt.  Hecla  ?  What  mountain  range  is  in  Brit- 
ish America  ?  What  islands  are  off  the  western  coast  of  Russian  and  British  Amer- 
ica ?  What  lakes  in  British  America  are  connected  with  Hudson  Bay  1  What 
lakes  are  connected  by  the  Winnipeg  River  ?     By  the  Slave  River  ? 

IV.  Jn  what  direction  are  the  Bermudas  from  Iceland  ?  From  the  Bahamas  ? 
Washington  from  Sitka  ?  Ottawa  from  Mexico  ?  Riclimond  from  San  Francisco  ? 
New  Orleans  from  New  Westminster  ?  Philadelphia  from  Salt  Lake  City  ?  Pike's 
Peak  from  Mt.  Fairweather  ?  What  island  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  in  the  same  lati- 
tude as  Newfoundland  ?     What  islands  in  the  Pacific,  west  of  Mexico  ? 

V.  What  country  in  N.  America  is  crossed  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  What 
two  gulfs  ?  What  peninsula  ?  What  point  of  the  United  States  is  nearest  to  the 
Tropic  of  Cancer  ?  How  far  north  do  the  United  States  extend  ?  To  the  i9th  par- 
allel of  iV.  latitude.    About  how  far  south  ? 

VI.  Of  the  countries  of  North  America,  which  is  the  largest  ?  U.  S.  Which, 
next  in  size  ?  B.  A.  Which  is  the  smallest  ?  What  is  the  largest  island  of  North 
America?  The  longest  river  ?  Tlie  Mississippi.  The  largest  lake  ?  The  largest  gulf? 
The  largest  bay  ?   The  longest  range  of  mountains  ?   Tlie  highest  mountain  ?  St.  E. 


*  The  outlet  of  Lake  Superior  is  the  St.  Mary's  Eiver ;  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  Strait  of 
Mackinaw ;  of  Lake  Huron,  the  St.  Clair  Eiver ;  and  of  Lake  Erie,  the  Niagara  Eiver. 

+  The  Hudson  Kivcr  is  in  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  United  States,  flows  a  southerly 
course,  and  empties  Into  New  York  Bay.   Describe  the  other  rivers  according  to  tliis  model. 


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Q-       LongifadB    feaAt  y 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGUAPHY. 


1.  Pknnk. 

8.  Opoepnm. 

15.  Virpinia  deer. 

22.  Wliite-hcadcd  eagle 

3.  Racoonda. 

».  American  black  bear. 

16.  Elk. 

23.  Eared  owl. 

3.  Rattlcpiinko. 

10.  Black  wolf. 

17.  Opogsum  monee. 

24.  JlissiKfippi  kite. 

1.  Wolverine. 

11,  Bison. 

18.  FlvjiifT  BQiiinol. 

26.  Walrus. 

r>.  Wild  cat. 

12.  American  fox. 

19.  Black  Fqiiiml. 

2C.  Crested  seals. 

r».  Raccoon. 

13.  Musk  ox. 

20.  Canadian  porcnpine. 

27.  Polar  bear. 

7.  Canadian  owl. 

14.  Mustan;j«. 

21.  Yirj;iniagoat-8uckcr. 

28.  Greenland  wbale. 

a.  Agave  (Mexico). 

d.  Acacia. 

g.  Soqnoia  ^iirantcai. 

J.  Magnolia. 

ft.  Yucca  (      "     ). 

e.  norse-clicetnnts. 

A.  Spnice  flrs. 

h.  Cotton  plant. 

c.  Arrowroot. 

/.  Arctic  flrs. 

I.  Pine  forest. 

/.   Tobacco. 

LESSON  XXV. 
NORTH    AMERICxV 

Geograpliiral  Position,  ctt. — North  America  lies  west  of  Europe  and  east 
of  A.sia.  It  e.xteiids  from  about  the  eiglith  parallel  of  north  latitude  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  The  greatest  breadth 
of  North  America  is  3,000  miles,  and  the  extent  of  its  coast  22,000  miles. 

Pliyslfal  Fcstares. — The  surface  of  North  America  is  divided  into  five  phys- 
ical regions;  viz.,  the  Great  Northern  Plain,  the  Atlantic  Slope,  the  Great 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  the  Mexic'an  Table-land,  and  the  Pacific  Slope. 

The  Great  Northern  Plain,  lying  north  of  50°  of  north  latitude,  is  a  cold 
and  barren  waste,  gently  sloping  toward  tlie  Arctic  Ocean,  and  contain- 
ing numerous  lakes  and  rivers. 

Tlie  Atlantic  Slope  extends- from  the.  Alleghany  Mountains  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  and  includes  the"  region  drained  by  the  rivers  that  flow  into 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  New  Brunswick  to  Mississippi. 

The  Great  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  extends  fi-om  the  Alleghany  to  tlie 
Rocky  Mountains.  It  includes  the  vast  region  drained  by  the  Mississippi 
Itiver  and  its  tributaries. 

The  Mexican  Table-land  extends  from  Utah  to  Guatemala.  It  Separates 
the  rivers  that  emjity  into  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from 
those  that  flow  into  the  Gulf  of  California  and  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

The  Pacific  Slope  extends  from  the-  R»cky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific 
Oce.in,  and  includes  that  part  of  the  United  States  drained  by  rivers  that 


flow  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  slope  is  traversed  lengthwise  by  several 
mountain  ranges.  The  most  important  of  these  are  the  Cascade  Range, 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  some  of  whose  snow-clad  peaks  have  an  elevation 
of  about  three  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Inhabitants. — The  present  population  consists  of  Whites,  Negroes,  In- 
dians, and  Esquimaux.  The  Whites  arc  of  European,  the  Negroes  of  Afri- 
can, and  the  Esquimaux  of  Asiatic,  descent.  The  Indians  are  the  aborigines. 

History. — The  Continent  of  America  is  called  the  "New  World,"  from 
its  having  been  discovered  comparatively  recently.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
Eastern  Continent,  or  Old  World,  knew  nothing  respecting  this  portion  of 
the  globe,  when  Christopher  Columbus,  in  the  year  1492,  made  the.  voyage 
that  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  Guanahani  (gwah-nah-hah'ne),  or  Cat  Isl- 
and, now  called  St.  Salvador.  This  remarkable  man  was  a  native  of  Gen'- 
oa,  in  Italy.  In  his  third  voyage  he  discovered  a  portion  of  the  American 
Continent,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  River. 

The  first  explorer  of  Continental  North  America  was  John  Cabot',  a 
Venetian,  who,  accomjianied  by  his  son  Sebastian,  set  sail  from  England 
in  .June,  1497,  and  discovered  that  part  of  the  coast  of  British  America 
now  called  Lab'rador.  When  North  America  was  discovered,  it  was  a  wil- 
derness, inhabited  by  savage  tribes  subsequently  styled  Indians. 

RUSSIAN   AMERICA 

CfographiMl  Position. — Russian  America,  an  extensive  region,  the  interior 
of  which  is  little  known,  lies  in  the  north-westeix  part  of  North  America. 


BRITISH    AMKRICA    AND     DANISH    AMERICA. 


23 


Physical  Fcatnres — Those  port  ions  of  the  coast  wliich  border  on  Behr- 
ing  Sea  and  the  Pacific  are  higli  and  rocky,  but  ihe  Arc:ic  coast  is  gener- 
ally low  and  marshy.  In  the  south-eastern  part  there  is  a  mountain  range, 
of  which  Mounts  St.  Elias  and  Fairweatlier  are  the  loftiest  peaks. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  sterile,  and  the  climate  exceedingly  cold.  Fur- 
bearing  aninuils  and  fish  abound.  Grain  is  i)r()duced  in  the  south,  in  small 
quantities;  a  lew  trees,  mostly  i)iiies  and  birches,  are  found  on  the  hills. 

Inliabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Esquimaux,  Iiidians,  and 
Russian  traders.  The  country  was  once  a  colonial  possession  of  Russia, 
but  now  belongs  by  purchase  to  the  United  States. 

Mannfiictnrps  and  Fxports. — There  are  no  manufactures,  the  chief  employ- 
ment of  the  natives  being  hunting  and  fishing.  The  furs  which  they  take 
are  sold  to  the  Russian  fur-traders.     The  exports  are  furs  and  fish. 

SiTiiA,  on  the  Lsland  of  Sitka,  is  the  capital. 


-~ 1^: 


THE   UOUTU  OF  THE  SAaUENAT  BITEB. 

LESSON  XXYI. 

BRITISH   AMERICA. 

Cenjraplikal  Position,  etc. — This  country  comprises  all  the  nortliorn  con- 
tinental portion  of  North  America  except  the  Russian  Possessions,  andall 
the  islands  in  the  vicinity  except  (ireenland  and  Iceland.  It  extends  from 
the  Arctic  Ocean  on  the  north  to  the  United  States  on  the  si>uth,  and  from 
tlie  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

now  divided. — British  America  embraces  several  colonies  belonging  to 
the  British  crown  ;  viz.,  British  Columbia,  the  Iludscm  Bay  Company's  Ter- 
ritory, Canada  (consisting  of  the  provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec,  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  Nova  Scotia),  Newfoundland,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 

BRITISn  COLUHrei A. —British  Columbia  is  an  extensive  tract,  lying  be- 
tween the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  discovery  of  rich 
gold  districts  along  the  valley  of  the  Fi-azer  River  has  attracted  a  large 
number  of  settlers.  The  soil  is  good;  much  of  the  surface  is  covered  with 
dense  forests.    New  Westminster,  on  the  Frazer  River,  is  the  capital. 

THE  DDDSON  BAT  COMPAM'S  TEBRITORT,  or  Rupert's  Land,  comprises 
a  large  portion  of  British  America,  extending  from  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Labrador,  and  from  Canada  and  the  United  States  to  the  Arctic  Ocean. 

That  part  situated  south  of  Lake  Winnipeg  is  called  the  Red  River  Set- 
tlement. The  residents  of  this  regipn  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  Scotland, 
with  some  Indians  and  half-castes.  The  inhabitants  of  the  other  portion 
are  mainly  Indians  and  Esquimaux. 

Physical  Features.— The  greater  part  of  the  surface  consists  of  dense  for- 
ests, vast  swamps,  extensive  lakes,  large  rivers,  and  lofty  mountains. 

Soil,  etc.— In  the  northern  districts  the  soil  is  barren  ;  but  in  the  south 


it  is  toler.ably  fertile.  The  climate  is  so  cold  that  "wine  is  often  found  frozen 
in  a  solid  mass;  and  the  bays  and  lakes  are  covered  with  ice  during  half 
the  year.  Of  the  fur-bearing  animals,  which  are  here  numerous,  there  are 
upwards  of  twenty  difi'erent  kinds.  The  seas  and  lakes  abound  in  morses, 
seals,  cod,  etc.     There  are  indications  of  mineral  wealth  in  various  parts. 

Exports. — The  inhabitants  lieing  wlioUy  occupied  in  hunting  and  fishing, 
the  chief  exports  are  furs,  dried  and  salted  fish,  oils,  and  wajrus-ivory. 

YoHK  Factory,  a  settlement  on  Hayes  River,  is  the  capital  and  chief 
trading-station  of  the  teri-itory.  Foot-  GAiiiiY,  in  the  Red  River  Settle- 
ment, is  an  important  trading-post. 

DANISH   AMERICA. 

Ccograplilcal  Position,  etc. — Danish  America,  situated  east  of  British 
America,  comprises  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  some  smaller  islands. 

GREKMiAND  (supposed  to  be  an  itland,  though  its  northern  coast  is  un- 
known) lies  between  Baflin  Bay  and  tiie  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Physical  Features. — A  chain  of  mountains  is  supposed  to  extend  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  island.  Vast  glaciers  descend  to  the  shore,  and,  be- 
coming detached,  float  as  icebergs  into  the  adjacent  seas. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  barren,  and  the  climate  is  very  severe ;  July  being  the 
only  month  hi  which  there  is  no  snow.  Kitchen  vegetables  are  i)roduced 
in  the  southern  part.  Seals  inhabit  the  surrounding  seas,  and  are  of  great 
im[)ortance  to  the  Greenlaiiders,  supplying  them  with  food,  clothing,  etc. 

luhubitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Esquimaux,  engaged  in 
hunting  and  fishing.  Many  of  them  have  been  converted  to  Christianity. 
The  exports  (sent  chiefly  to  Denmark)  consist  of  eider-down,  skins  of  seals 
and- other  animals,  whalebone,  and  fish-oil ;  for  which  the  Greenlander  re- 
ceives various  manufactured  articles. 

ICELAND,  situated  in  the  Atlantic,  is  TOO  miles  west  of  Norway,  and 
200  miles  east  of  Greenland. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  About  .30 
volcanoes  have  been  discovered  on  this  island,  the  cliief  of  which  is  Ileda. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  barren,  and  the  climate  is  very  variable. 
The  longest  day  of  summer  and  the  longest  night  of  winter  last  each  about 
a  week;.    .The  aurora  ^^    __^ 

borealis  is  seen  in  Ice- 
land in  all  its  'bril- 
liancy. Notreesgrow 
on  the  island;  there 
are  only  a  few  stunted 
shrubs  and  mosses. 
Birds  are  plentiful, 
the  most  valuable  of 
which  is  the  eider- 
duck.  The  Geysers, 
or  boiling  springs,  are 
interesting  curiosi- 
ties. 

Inlinbitants,  etc. — 
The  inhabitants  are 
of  the  Scandinavian 
stock.  The  island  is 
ruled  by  an  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  king 
of  Denmark.  Luther- 
anism  prevails.  The 
leading  pursuit  is  cod- 
fishing. 

Exports. — The  ex- 
ports consist  chiefly 
of  knit  stockings,  oil. 
Is  a  small  town  on  the  south-western  coast. 


THE  CHEAT  OET8EB,  ICELAND. 


fish,  suljihur,  and  moss.    -Reykjavik,  the  capital, 


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26 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


BRITISH    PROVINCES    IN   NORTH   AMERICA. 


LESSON  XXXII. 

DOMINION    OF   CANADA. 

Geographical  Position. — Canada  is  situated  in  the  south-eastern  part  of 
Uritish  America,  and  embraces  the  provinces  of  Ontario,  Quebec,  New 
Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia. 

GoTernment. — Tlie  affairs  of  Canada  are  regulated  by  a  Governor-general 
appointed  by  the  Hritish  crown,  a  Council  selected  by  the  Governor,  and 
a  Parliament  consisting  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Commons.  The  Sena- 
tors are  appointed  for  life  by  the  Governor-general ;  the  members  of  the 
House  are  elected  by  the  people.  Each  province  has,  besides,  a  legislature 
of  its  own. 

PROVINCE  OF  ONTARIO. 

Gcograpliical  Position. — The  Province  of  Ontario,  formerly  called  Canada 
West,  extends  along  the  upjier  part  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  and  the 
great  lakes  which  separate  British  America  from  the  United  States. 

Piiysieai  Features. — This  province  is  traversed  by  ridges  of  table-land,  not 
high  enough  to  be  called  mountain  ranges.  The  region  between  Georgian 
Bay  and  the  upper  part  of  the  Ottawa  Kiver  is  considerably  elevated. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  though  the  climate  is  colder  than 
that  of  European  countries  in  the  same  latitude.  Table  fruits  and  various 
kinds  of  grain  are  among  the  chief  productions.  Wild  animals,  many  of 
which  are  valuable  for  their  fur,  abound  in  the  forests.  Maple-trees  are 
numerous,  from  which  a  considerable  quantity  of  sugar  is  olitained. 


HAKma  HAPLB  SCOAB  IN  CANADA. 

Inliabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  settlers  from  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  with  their  descendants.  Some  native.  In- 
dians yet  remain  on  the  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  Protestantism. 

TraTeiing  Facilities. — The  towns  of  the  province  are  connected  by  good 
roads.     Several  lines  of  railway  are  completed ;  others  are  in  progress. 

JIannfactnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  receiving  considerable  atten- 
tion.    Grain,  flour,  timber,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  furs,  and  fish,  are  exported. 

Cities. — Ottawa,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ottawa  River,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  Rideau  {re-do')  Canal,  is  the  capital  of  British  America. 

Kingston,  at  the  north-east  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  the  great 
depot  of  government  steamers,  and  of  the  boats  employed  on  the  Rideau 


Canal.     It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  is  the  naval  arsenal  of  Great  Brit- 
ain in  this  quarter. 

ToEONTo,  located  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  extensively 
engaged  in  trade.  Hamilton,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  is  an  impor- 
tant commerci{^l  city.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Great  Western  Railroad, 
which  extends  across  the  province,  from  Niagara  to  the  Detroit  River. 

PROVINCE  OF  QUEBEC. 

Geograplileai  Position. — The  Pro\ince  of  Quebec,  formerly  called  Canada 
East,  extends  in  a  north-easterly  direction  from  the  Ottawa  River,  which 
separates  it  from  Ontario,  to  Labrador  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  diversified  with  hills,  plains,  and  valleys. 

Soil,  etc. — In  the  extreme  north,  the  soil  is  too  barren  for  cultivation, 
but  along  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  it  is  quite  fertile.  The  climate  is 
very  cold,  for  the  latitude.  The  markets  in  winter  present  a  strange  ap- 
pearance ;  every  thing  is  frozen.  The  productions  are  like  those  of  Ontario. 

Natnrai  Curiosities. — Eight  miles  from  Quebec  are  the  celebrated  Falls  of 
Montmorency.  The  Montmorency  is  a  small  river,  which,  in  its  onward 
course  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  descends  a  precipice  of  about  250  feet. 

These,  and  the  Falls  of  Chaudiere,  in  a  river  of  the  same  name,  2J  miles 
above  its  mouth,  are  the  chief  natural  curiosities  belonging  exclusively  to 
Canada.  It  has,  however,  a  share  in  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  the  most  stu- 
pendous cataract  in  the  world. 

Inhabitants. — A  large  proportion  are  French  settlers  and  their  descend- 
ants, who  are  engaged  chiefly  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  lumbering.  Most 
of  the  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics. 

TraTciing  Facilities. — Good  roads  are  found  in  the  settled  districts,  and 
railroads  connect  the  cliief  cities  with  those  of  the  United  States ;  but  com- 
merce is  carried  on  mainly  by  means  of  lakes,  rivers,  and  canals. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  rapidly  increasing.  Tlie 
leading  exports  are  timber,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  furs,  and  fish. 

Cities. — QuEnEo,  a  strongly  fortified  city,  styled  "the  Gibraltar  of  Amer- 
ica," is  situated  partly  on  a  plain,  along  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  LawrencOt 
and  partly  on  a  promontory  350  feet  in  height, — being  thus  divided  into 
an  Upper  and  a  Lower  Town.  The  principal  buildings  are  in  the  upi)er  and 
fortified  part  of  the  city.  The  harbor  is  accessible  to  ships  of  the  line,  and 
vessels  of  the  largest  burden  can  come  up  to  the  wharves. 

"The  Plains,  or  Heights  of  Abraham,"  is  the  name  given  to  the  entire 
promontory  lying  between  the  St.  Charles  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the 
eastern  extremity  of  which  the  citadel  of  Quebec  stands.  This  spot  is 
memorable  in  history  for  the  battle  fought  in  1Y59,  which  resulted  in  the 
fall  of  the  two  Generals — Wolfe  and  Montcalm. 

MoNTKKAL,  the  chief  emporium  of  trade  between  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  is  situated  on  an  island  of  the  s'ame  name  in  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 
It  is  well  buOt,  and  contains  many  splendid  public  edifices ;  among  these  is  a 
Roman  Catholic  cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  North  America. 
Its  extensive  wharves  surpass  those  of  any  other  city  on  the  continent. 

A  tubular  iron  bridge,  nearly  two  miles  in  length,  crosses  the  St.  Law- 
rence at  this  place. 

Three  Rivers,  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Canada,  lies  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  junction  of  the  St.  Maurice  River.  The  St. 
Maurice  divides  into  three  channels  at  its  mouth ;  hence  the  name  of  the 
town.    Its  inhabitants  are  mostly  of  French  descent. 


LESSON   XXXIII. 

PROVINCE  OF  NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


Geographical  Position. — New  Brunswick  extends  from  the  Restigouchfi 
River  on  the  north,  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  on  the  south,  and  from  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  and  Northumberland  Strait  to  the  St.  Croix  (kroi)  River. 


THE    BRITISH    PROVINCES    IN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


27 


Physleal  Features. — The  surface  is  varied ;  in  the  eastern  part  it  is  gen- 
erally level,  but  along  the  Bay  of  Fundy  rocky  and  uneven.  But  a  small 
portion  has  been  cleared ;  the  rest  is  covered  with  dense  forests. 

Soli,  ete. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Potatoes  are  largely  cultivated ; 
manganese,  iron,  and  coal  abound.     The  fisheries  are  exceedingly  valuable. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  of  English  and  Irish  descent,  and  for 
the  most  part  Protestants. 

JlannfiWtnrcs  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are,  of  late,  receiving  attention. 
The  chief  employments  are  the  timber-trade  and  the  fisheries.  The  exports 
are  timber,  dried  fish,  gypsum,  and  grindstones. 

Cities. — Frepericton,  the  capital,  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  St.  John's 
River.  The  streets  are  wide,  and  nmch  space  is  devoted  to  garden-plots. 
St.  JonjT,  the  largest  town,  stands  on  a  steep  slope,  separated  by  a  project- 
ing rock  into  two  portions.    Its  fine  harbor  is  defended  by  several  forts. 

PROVINCE  OF  NOVA  SCOTlA. 

Geograpliical  Position. — Nova  Scotia  is  a  peninsula  lying  south-east  of  New 
Brunswick,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  an  isthmus  14  miles  wide. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  diversified  and  well  watered.  The 
coasts  contain  many  inlets,  some  of  which  form  excellent  harbors. 

Soil,  etc. — There  are  some  highly  fertile  districts,  but  these  are  of  limited 
extent ;  only  a  small  part  of  the  peninsula  is  under  cultivation.  The  win- 
ters are  very  severe,  the  sunnners  short  and  hot.  Fogs  are  frequent  along 
the  coast.  Grain  and  potatoes  are  the  staple  crops.  The  principal  resources 
of  the  colony  are  the  timber,  plaster,  and  coal  trade,  and  tlie  fisheries. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  population  is  composed  mainly  of  European  emi- 
grants and  their  descendants.     Protestantism  is  the  prevailing  religion. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Little  attention  is  given  to  manufactures. 
The  leading  exports  are  lumber,  fish,  coal,  gypsum,  grindstones,  whale  and 
seal  oil,  and  furs. 

Cities. — Halifax,  the  capital  of  Nova  Scotia,  is  situated  on  the  south- 
eastern coast.  It  possesses  an  extensive  dock-yard,  and  is  the  principal 
naval  station  of  Great  Britain  in  North  America. 

Liverpool,  on  the  south-eastern  coast,  about  70  miles  from  Halifax,  car- 
ries on  a  flourishing  trade  in  lumber  and  fish. 

THE  ISLAND  OF  NEWFOUNDLAND. 

Geographical  Position. — This  island,  a  colony  of  British  America,  lies 
south-east  of  Labrador,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of  Belle  Isle. 

Physical  Features. — The  eastern  part  consists  principally  of  low  hills,  the 
western  is  high  and  rooky.  The  interior  is  hilly,  and  is  interspersed  with 
small  rivers  and  lakes. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  ill-suited  to  agriculture,  but  pasturage  is  abundant. 
Tlio  climate  in  the  winter  is  severe ;  and  during  a  great  part  of  the  year 
fogs  are  prevalent.  The  fisheries  are  the  chief  reliance  of  the  inhabitants. 
Cod  are  taken  in  great  numbers  by  English,  French,  and  American  fisher- 
men, on  the  celebrated  Banks  of  Newfoundland,  which  lie  in  the  Atlantic, 
south  of  the  island,  and  are  over  600  miles  in  length. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Irish.  The  Roman  Catholic 
religion  prevails.  The  colony  is  ruled  by  a  Governor  appointed  by  the 
British  crown,  and  a  local  legislature. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  are  limited  to  a  few  arti- 
cles of  warm  woolen  clothing.  Ship-building  is  carried  on  to  a  small  ex- 
tent ;  but  the  materials  are  imported  from  New  Brunswick.  The  exports 
are  mainly  the  produce  of  the  fisheries. 

St.  John's,  the  capital  of  the  island,  is  on  the  south-eastern  coast. 

LABRADOR,  a  large  peninsula,  is  included  in  the  government  of  New- 
foundland.    Over  a  thousand  vessels,  from  the  neighboring  provinces  and 


the  United  States,  visit  the  eastern  coast  of  Labrador  every  year, 
purpose  of  taking  whales,  cod,  salmon,  and  herring,  which  there 
The  resident  inhabitants  are  mainly  fur-traders  and  seal-catchers, 
a  Moravian  establishment,  is  the  chief  settlement. 


for  the 

abound. 

Nain, 


CATCUIKG   SEALS  ON   TUE   COAST  OF  LABRASOB. 


THE  ISLAND  OF  CAPE  BRETON. 

Geographical  Position. — This  island,  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  lies  north- 
east of  Nova  Scotia,  of  which  province  it  foi-ms  a  part. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — -The  surface  is  broken,  and  the  island  is  very 
irregularly  shaped,  being  almost  divided  by  an  arm  of  the  sea,  called  Bras 
d'Or  (hrah  dor).  The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  less  severe  than  on  th< 
main-land.     Fish  and  coal  are  the  chief  exports. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  are  mostly  emigrants  from  the  Hebrides 
and  their  descendants.     Fishing  is  the  leading  object  of  pursuit. 

Sydney,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  island,  on  Syd 
ney  Bay.    In  the  vicinity  are  extensive  beds  of  bituminous  coal. 


PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND. 

Geographical  Position. — This  insular  colony  of  Great  Britain  lies  east  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  north  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — The  surface  is  level  and  well  watered ;  the  soil 
fertile.  The  pastures  are  rich,  timber  is  abundant,  and  the  fisheries  arc 
extensive.    Excellent  oysters  are  found  on  the  coast. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  French  and  Scotch  de 
scent.  The  chief  pursuit  is  agriculture ;  the  principal  exports  are  agricul- 
tural products,  timber,  dried  and  pickled  fish. 

Charlotte  Town,  the  capital,  is  situated  near  the  southern  coast.  Manj 
of  the  inhabitants  are  extensively  engaged  in  ship-building. 

BERMUDA,  or  SOJIERS  ISLES.— This  group,  consisting  of  about  300  smal 
islands,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  is  situated  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  60C 
miles  east  of  South  Carolina.  Many  of  these  isles  are  so  small  and  barrer 
that  they  have  neither  inhabitants  nor  name.  The  largest  of  the  group  is 
20  miles  long,  and  2  in  breadth.  On  the  inhabited  islands,  fruits  of  botl 
temperate  and  tropical  regions  are  raised. 

VANCOUVER  ISLAND.— This  island  is  separated  from  the  main-land  of 
British  America  by  the  Gulf  of  Georgia.  Coal,  hmestone,  and  timber,  are 
said  to  be  abundant.  The  interior  of  the  island  is  hilly,  the  soil  well  wa- 
tered, and  the  coasts  contain  several  good  harbors.    Victoria  is  the  capital. 


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80 


MAP    STUDIES    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES, 

SYSTEMATICALLY      AKEANGED. 

LESSON    XXXIV. 

states.— Bound  each: — Vermont,  New  Hampsbire,  Maine,  Massa- 
cliusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut. 

Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  of  each : — Montpelier,  Concord, 
Augusta,  Boston,  Providence,  Newport,  Hartford,  and  New  Haven. 

Important  Piaces  in  Termont. — State  tlic  situation  of  eacli  :— St. 
Albans  (awl'banz),  Island  Fond,  Newbury,  Norwich,  Woodstock, 
Windsor,  Bellows  Falls,  Brattleboro,  Bennington,  Rutland,  Brandon, 
Middlebury,  Vergenncs,  and  Burlington. 

Important  Places  In  New  Hampshire  and  Maine. — Lancaster,  Colebrook, 
Dover,  Portsmouth,  Exeter,  Manchester,  Nashua,  Keene,  Lebanon, 
Hanover,  Haverhill  (ha'ver-il),  Andover, — Cal'ais,  Eastport,  Machias 
(maich-i'us),  Ellsworth,  Bangor,  Belfast,  VVaterville,  Rockland,  Thom- 
aston,  Gardiner,  Bath,  Brunswick,  Lewiston,  Portland,  Saco  (saw'ko), 
Biddeford,  York,  Bethel,  Andover,  Fanuington,  Norridgewock,  and 
Dover. 

LESSON    XXXY. 

Important  Places  In  Hassaehnaetts. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Wil- 
liamstown,  Greenfield,  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Newburyport,  Gloucester 
(glos'ter),  Salem,  Lynn,  Charlestown,  Roxbury,  Plymoutli,  Barnstable, 
Now  Bedford,  Fall  River,  Taunton,  Worcester  (woos'ter),  Springfield, 
Sheffield,  Pittsfield,  and  Northampton. 

Important  Places  in  Rliode  Island  and  Connecticut. — Smithfield,  Paw- 
tucket,  Bristol,  Kingston,  East  Greenwich  [green'ich), — Salisbury 
(saioh'ber-e),  Windsor,  Stafford,  Stonington,  New  London,  Norwich. 
Middletown,  Bridgeport,  Norwalk,  Stamford,  Danbury,  W^aterbuiy, 
and  Litclifield. 

Islands. — Describe  each :—  Moose,  Jit.  Desert,  Fox,  Nantucket,  and 
Martha's  Vineyard. 

Capes. — ^Describe  each  : — Small  Point,  Elizabeth,  Ann,  and  Cod. 

Honntains. — Describe  each  : — Green,  White. — Washington,  Wa- 
cbusett  (waw-chu'set),  Holyoke  (liole'rjokc),  and  Tom. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 

Bays. — ^Describe  each  : — Passamaquoddy,  Macliias,  Penobscot,  Casco, 
Massachusetts,  Cape  Cod,  Buzzard's,  and  Narragansett. 

Lakes. — Describe  each  : — Memphrema'gog,  Eagle,  Grand,  Schoodic 
(nkoo'dik),  Chesun'cook,  Pemadum'cook,  Moosehead,  Uraba'gog, 
Scba'go,*  and  Winnipiseogee  {win-ne-pe-sok'e). 

Rivers. — Describe  each  : — Otter,  Winooski,  Lamoille,  Missis'qne,  St. 
Croix  {kroi),  W.  Machias,  Union,  Penobscot,  Mattawamkeag,  Piseat'a- 
quis,  Kennebec,  Sandy,  Androscoggin,  Saco,  Piscat'aqua,t  Salmon 
Falls,  Merrimac,  Pemigewasset  {pem-eje-rvos'set),  Winnipiseogee, 
Con'toocook,  Nashua,  Taunton,  Blackstone|  or  Pawtucket,  Thames, 
Qiiinebaug',  Shetncket,  Connecticut,  Ashuelot  (ash'wc-loi),  Miller's, 
White,  West,  Deerfield,  Westfield,  Farmington,  and  Housatonic 
(lioo-sa-ton'ik). 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  EASTERN  STATES, 

PBOMISOUOfSLY     ARKANGKD. 

LESSON    XXXVII. 

I.  Mention  the  Eastern  States.  By  what  other  name  are  these  states  known  f 
77ie  New  England  •Stalts.  What  three  Eastern  States  border  on  Canada?  What 
three,  on  New  York?  What  four,  on  the  Atlantic?  Which  Eastern  State  bor- 
ders on  New  Brunswick  ?  Which,  on  Long  Island  Sound  ?  Which,  on  Lake 
Champlain  ?     Which  has  the  greatest  extent  of  cojjst  on  the  Atlantic  ? 

II.  Of  what  state  is  Montpelier  the  capital  ?  What  is  the  most  southerly  place 
in  Vermont,  on  the  Connecticut  ?  What  is  the  largest  place  on  Lake  Champlain  f 
JB.  Uow  far  is  it  from  the  capital  of  the  state  to  Burlington  ?  About  40  milen  by 
railroad.  What  five  towns  in  Vermont  are  on  the  Connecticut  ?  What  four,  on  Otter 
Creek  ?    What  river  foims  the  boundary  between  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  ? 

III.  What  city  is  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire ?  On  what  river?  Sailing 
down  the  Merrimac  from  Concord,  what  important  places  would  you  find  on  the 
right  bank?  What,  on  the  left ?  In  what  state  is  Newburyport ?  Mention  the 
chief  seaport  of  New  Hampshire.  What  manufacturing  city  is  about  12  miles 
north-west  of  Portsmouth  ?  What  manufacturing  town  la  about  the  same  distance 
from  Portsmouth,  south-west  ? 

IV.  Name  the  largest  lake  in  New  Hampshire.  What  rivers  flow  into  the 
Merrimac  below  the  Winnipiseogee  ?  Among  what  mountains  does  the  Saco  River 
rise  ?  In  what  lake,  the  Androscoggin  ?  The  Kennebec  ?  Why  is  Augusta  called 
the  capital  of  Maine  ?  W^hat  seaport  is  at  the  head  of  Penobscot  Bay  ?  What 
seaport  is  on  the  south-western  side  of  that  bay  ? 

V.  What  do  you  suppose  has  made  Portland  the  largest  city  in  Maine  ?  Mention 
the  places  on  the  Androscoggin  River.  On  the  Kennebec.  AVhat  places  are  situ- 
ated opposite  to  each  other  on  the  Saco  ?  What  seaport  is  situated  on  the  east- 
ernmost frontier  of  the  United  States  ?  E.  On  what  island  is  it,  and  in  what  bay  ? 
What  port  is  near  the  mouth  of  AVest  Machias  River  ? 


LESSON   XXXVIH. 


♦  The  outlet  of  Sebago  Lake  is  the  Prescnmecnt  River. 

t  The  Piscataqua  is  formed  by  the  Salmon  Falls  and  the  Cocheco  River. 

X  The  BlackBtone  empties  into  the  Providence  River,  which  flows  into  Narragansett  Bay. 


I.  What  rivers  flow  into  the  Kennebec?  What  place  is  on  the  Sandy  Elver? 
Mention  the  chief  lakes  of  Maine.  What  bays  indent  the  coast  of  Maine  ?  What 
capes  are  near  the  entrance  of  Casco  Bay  ?  On  what  waters  would  you  sail  in 
going  from  Eastport  to  Boston  ?  See  scale  of  miles,  and  tell  the  direct  distance 
between  these  places. 

II.  Of  what  state  is  Boston  the  capital  ?  What  important  city  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston  ?  C.  What  manufacturing  city  is  situated  on  the  north-eastern  shore 
of  Massachusetts  Bay?  L.  What  commercial  city  a  few  miles  north-east  of 
Lynn  ?  S.  AVhat  noted  manufacturing  places  are  on  the  Merrimac,  in  Massachu- 
setts ?     What,  on  the  Taunton  ?    T.  and  F.  R. 

III.  What  river  crosses  Massachusetts  ?  What  places  in  Massachusetts  are  on 
the  Connecticut  ?  What  mountains  are  near  the  Connecticut  ?  What  bays  indent 
the  coast  of  Massachusetts  ?  What  capes  on  the  coast  ?  In  what  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts is  Worcester  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  ?  For  its  manufactures.  What  is 
the  largest  manufacturing  city  in  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  ?  P. 

IV.  What  cities  are  alternately  the  capital  of  Rhode  Island  ?  What  other 
state  has  two  places  where  the  legislature  meet  ?  What  rivers  cross  Connecticut 
from  north  to  south  ?  In  what  state  docs  the  Connecticut  rise  ?  The  Housatonic  ? 
W^hat  rivers  form  the  Thames  ?  What  three  states  border  on  Connecticut  ?  What 
two,  on  Rhode  Island  ?     AVhat  bays  indent  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  ? 

V.  What  city  is  situated  on  Buzzard's  Bay  ?  What  manufacturing  town  a  few 
miles  north  of  Providence  ?  On  what  river  is  it?  AVhat  other  town  on  this  river, 
in  Rhode  Island  ?  For  what  is  Smithfield  celebrated  ?  For  Us  limestone  quarrifK. 
What  city  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames  ?  N—Ji.  What  city  is  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames  ? 

VI.  Mention  the  places  in  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound.  On  the  Con- 
necticut River.  On  the  Thames.  What  three  places  lie  near  the  western  boundary 
of  Connecticut  ?  AVhat  two  islands  in  the  Atl.mtic,  south-east  of  Buzzard's  Bay  ? 
To  what  state  do  they  belong  ?  Of  the  Eastern  States,  which  is  the  largest  ? 
AA^hich,  the  smallest  ?     AVhich  extends  farthest  north  ?     AVhieh,  farlhest  south  ? 


32 


MAP    STUDIES    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  MIDDLE  STATES,  MARY- 
LAND, VIRGINIA,  AND  WEST  VIRGINIA, 

BTBTEMATIOALLT      ARRANGED. 

LESSON  XXXIX. 

states. — ^Bound  each : — New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Penn- 
sylvania,— Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia. 

Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  of  each : — ^Albany,  Trefiton,  Do- 
ver,* Harrisburg, — ^Annapolis,  Richmond^  and-  Wheeling. 

Important  Places  Id  New  Tork.?— State  the  situation  of  each  : — Roches- 
ter, Oswego,  Watertown,  Ogdensburg,  Plattsburg,  Whitehall,  Saratoga 
Springs,  Schenectady,  Troy,  Hudson,  Kingston,  Poughkeepsie  (po- 
kip'se),  Newbmg,  West  Point,  Sing  Sjng,  New  York,  Bing'hamton, 
Owego,  Ithaca,  Elmira,  Bath,  Olean  (o-le-an'),  Dunkirk,  Buffalo,  Lock- 
port,  Batavia,  Gcneseo,  Geneva,  Auburn,  Syracuse,f  Hamilton,  Rome, 
TJtica, — Brooklyn.  Jamaica,  Oyster  Bay,  Greenport,  and  Sag  Harbor. 


LESSON  XL.         » 

Important  Places  In  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Pennsylvania. — State  the 
situation  of  each  : — Paterson,J  Jersey  City,J  Newark,^  Elizabeth,  New 
Brunswick,  Atlantic  City,  Cape  Island  City,  Vincland,  Salem,  Cam- 
den, Burlington,  Princeton, — Wilmington,  Smynia,  Milford,  Lewes 
(lu'is),  Georgetown.   ' 

Eric,  Warren,  Coudersport  {kow'derz-port),  Athens,  Carhondale, 
Scranton,  Wilkesban-e  (wilks'bar^e),  Easton,  Pottsville,  Reading  {red'- 
inff),  Philadelphia,  Lancaster,  York,  Carlisle,  Washington,  Pittsburgh, 
Alleghany,  Newcastle,  Meadville,  Oil  City,  Williamsport,  Danville, 
Lewiston,  and  HoUidrysburg. 

Important  Places  In  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia. — State  the  situ- 
ation of  each  : — Cumberland,  Ilagerstown,  Havre  de  Grace  (hav'er  de 
grass),  Easton,  Cambridge,  Salisbury,  Frederick,  Baltimore, — ^Win- 
chester, Alexandria,  Fredericksburg,  Petersburg,  Portsmouth,  Norfolk, 
Danville,  Lynchburg,  Salem,  Abingdon,  Jefferson ville,  Staunton,  Char- 
lottesville,— Grafton,  Romney,  Martinsburg,  Harper's  Ferry,  Beverly, 
Lewisbnrg,  Princeton,  Guyandotte  [ghi-an-dot'),  Charleston,  Point 
Pleasant,  Parkersburg,  and  Buckhannon. 

Islands. — ^Describe  each : — ^Long  and  Staten.§ 

Capes. — Sandy  Hook,  May,  Henlopen,  Charles,  Henry, — and  Mon- 
tauk  Point. 

LESSON  XLI. 

Honntains. — Describe  each  : — Adirondack  (ad-e-ron'dak),  Catskill, 
Blue  Ridge,  and  Alleghany. 

Bays. — ^Describe  each  : — New  York,  Delaware,  and  Chesapeake. 

Laltcs. — ^Describe  each  : — Erie,  Ontario,  Seneca,  Cayuga,  Owaseo, 
Oneida,  George,  Champlain,  Otse'go,  and  Chautauqua  {sha-taw'qua). 

Bivers  of  the  Middle  States. — Describe  each : — Niagara,  Genesee,  Os- 
wego,! Seneca,  Black,  Oswegatchie,  Racket,  Saranac,  Hudson,  Mo- 
hawk,— Rar'itan, — Delaware,  Lehigh,  Schuylkill,  Susquehanna,  Che- 
nango, Chemung,  Conhocton,  Tioga,  West  Branch  of  Susquehanna, 

•  Dover  is  eilnated  on  Jones  Creek. 

+  Syracuse  Is  sitnatcd  on  Onondaga  (pn-on-daw'ga)  Lake. 

X  See  small  Map  of  a  Part  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

%  Stalcn  Island  is  snrroundcd  by  New  York  Bay,  the  Narrows,  and  Staten  Island  Sound. 

I  The  Oswego  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Seneca  and  the  Oneida  Kiver. 


Juniata  (jocHne-a/i'ta),  Monongahela,  Alleghany,  Clarion,  Conewaiigo 
Creek,  Oil  Creek,  and  French  Creek. 

Rivers  of  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia. — Describe  each  : — Chop- 
tank,  Patuxent,  Putoraac,  Monoc'acy, — Shenando'ah,  Rappahannock, 
Rapidan,  York,  Mattap'ony,  I'amunky,  James,  Appomattox,  Nottaway, 
Meherrin,  Staunton,  Dan, — Big  Sandy,  Guyandotte,  Great  Kanawha, 
Greenbrier,  Gauley,  Elk,  and  Little  Kanawha. 


QUESTIONS  ON  MAP  OF  THE  MIDDLE  STATES,  ETC., 

PKOMI8CrOTI8I.T     AEJgANOKD. 

/;.  LESSON  XLII. 

I.  Name  the  Nflfrthcm  or  Middle  States.  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  B.,  and  P.  To  what  di- 
vision do  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  VFcst  Virginia  belong  ?  To'the  Southern  States. 
What  two  Middle  States  border  on  Lake  Erie  ?  What  three,  on  tlie  Atlantic  ? 
What  two  islands,  forming  part  of  New  York,  border  on  the  Atlantic  ?  L.  and  S. 
What  two  states  border  on  Delaware  Bay  ?     What  two,  on  Chesapeake  I3ay  ? 


^[afakt  pjf  ifiiVVTonK:  feiniiw  jkkskx. 


j;niMaai-tJ!fgOTVlvm%i 


II.  What  two  cities  in  New  Jersey  are  opposite  New  York  »  ■  H.  mid  J.  C. 
What  city  on  Long  Island  is  opposite  New  York  ?  Between  what  rivers  is  New 
York  situated  ?  J7i£  Hudion  and  the  East  River.  What  waters  are  connected  by 
the  East  River?  Long  Island  Sound  and  y.  Y.  Bay.  What  strait  is  south  of 
N.  Y.  Bay  ?     Describe  Long  Island  Sound.     How  is  Long  Branch  situated  ? 

m.  Which  two  Middle  States  have  the  most  sea-coast  ?  Which  has  no  sea- 
coast?  What  capes  are  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay?  Of  Delaware 
Bay  ?  Name  the  principal  places  on  Long  Island.  On  the  Hudson  Kiver.  On 
the  Mohawk.  On  the  Delaware.  On  the  Susquehanna.  On  the  Potomac.  On 
the  James.     On  the  Ohio,  in  West  Virginia.     Where  is  the  Dismal  Swamp  ? 

IV.  What  is  included  in  the  cily 
limits  of  Philadelphia?  77ie  entire 
county,  in  which  are  several  towns  and 
villages.  Name  some  of  these  places. 
Between  what  two  rivers  is  Philadel- 
phia located  ?  What  city  in  N.  Jersey 
is  opposite  Philadelphia  ?  What  two 
rivers  form  the  Ohio  ?  What  city  is 
at  their  junction  ?  Wliat  ridges  trav- 
erse part  of  Pennsylvania  ?  What  is 
the  largest  city  in  New  Jersey  ?  A\ 
In  Delaware  ?  IT.  In  Maryland  ?  In 
Virginia?  if.  In  West  Virginia?   H'. 

V.  What  rivers  empty  into  Lake 
Ontario  ?  Into  the  Alleghany  River  ? 
Into   the   Susquehanna?     Into  the 

Delaware?  Into  the  Potomac?  Into  Chesapeake  Bay?  Into  the  Ohio,  from 
AVest  Virginia ?  In  what  direction  is  Norfolk  from  Baltimore?  From  Petersr 
burg?     Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Middle  States  ?     Which  the  smallest  ? 


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MAP     STUDIES    AND     GENERAL     QUESTIONS. 


37 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 

SYSTEM  ATIOALI-Y     AEBANGED. 

LESSON  XLVIII. 

states.— Bound  each :  — Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Ohio, 
Kentucky,  Missouri,  I'owa,  Illinois,  and  Indiana. 

Capital  Citifs. — State  the  situation  of  each : — St.  Paul,  Madison,* 
Lansing,  Columhus,  Frankfort,  Jefl'erson  City,  Des  Moines  {de  moin), 
Springfield,  and  Indianapolis. 

Important  Places  In  Minnesota,  Wlseonsln,  and  Michigan. — State  the  situa- 
tion of  each  : — Fond  du  Lac,  St.  Anthony,  Minneapolis,  Shak'opee, 
Red  Wing,  Wabasbaw  (toaw' bashaw),  Faribault  {far-e-bo'),  Wino'na, 
Manka'to,  Breckinridge,  Crow  Wing,  St.  Cloud,  Monticello. 

Superior,  Green  Bay,  Appleton,  Oshkosh,  Fond  du  Lac,  Sheboygan, 
Milwaukee,  Wau'kesha,  Racine  (ras-seen'),  Keno'sha,  Beloit,  Janes- 
ville.  Mineral  Point,  Prairie  du  Chien  {pra're  du  sheen),  La  Crosse, 
Galesville,  Chippewa  Falls,  Grand  Rapids. 

Ontonag'on,  Marquette  {mar-ket'),  Saut  St.  Mary  {soo  sent  ma're), 
Saginaw,  Corunna,  Port  Huron,  Pontiac,  Detroit,  Ann  Arbor,  Ypsilan'ti, 
Monroe,  A'drian,  Jackson,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  Rapids,  Grand  Haven. 


LESSON  XLIX. 

Important  Places  In  Ohio  and  Kentucky. — State  the  situation  of  each : — 
Toledo,  Tiffin,  Sandus'ky,  Cleveland,  Ravenna,  Wooster,  Canton,  Steu- 
benville,  Zanesvillo,  Marietta,  Athens,  Chillicothe,  Portsmouth,  Cincin- 
nati, Dayton,  Springfield,  Bellefontaine,  Lima,  Mt.  Vernon,  Newark, — 
Padu'cah,  Henderson,  Owenboro,  Hawesville,  Louisville,  Bardstown, 
Covington  (cuv'ing-tun),  Maysville,  Pikeville,  Barboursville,  Glasgow, 
Russellville,  Hickman,  Danville,  and  Lexington. 

Important  Places  In  Mlssonri  and  Iowa. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — 
Hannibal,  Mexico,  St.  Charles,  St.  Louis,  St.  Genevieve  (jen-e-veev'), 
Cape  Girardeau  {je-rar-do'),  New  Mad'rid,  Hartville,  Forsyth,  Spring- 
field, Carthage,  Bolivar,  Harrisonville,  Independence,  Lexington,  Wes- 
ton, St.  Joseph,  Glasgovir,  Boonville,  Heruiann. 

Algo'na,  Waverly,  Cedar  Falls,  Dubuque  (du-booke'),  Cedar  Rapids, 
Davenport,  Iowa  City,  Muscatine,  Fairfield,  Burlington,  Fort  Madison, 
Ke'okuk,  Ottumwa,  Oskaloosa,  Afton,  Council  Bluffs,  Sioux  (soo)  City, 
Fort  Dodge,  and  Boonesboro. 


LESSON   L.  _. 

Important  Places  In  Illinois  and  Indiana. — State  the  situation  or^ach  : — 
Galena,  Dixon,  Rockfort,  Wauke'gan,  Chicago,  Jo'liet,  Kankakee  [kan- 
kaio'lce),  Danville,  Mt.  Carmcl,  Shawneetown,  Cairo  (ka'ro),  Kaskaskia, 
Salem,  Illinois  Town,  Alton  (awl'tun).  Jacksonville,  Quincy,  Carthage, 
Rock  Island,  Peru,  Lacon,  Peoria,  Blooraington,  Decatur,  Vandalia. 

Michigan  City,  South  Bend,  Fort  Wayne,  Richmond,  Lawrence- 
burg,  Madison,  New  Albany,  Evansville,  Vincennes  (vin-senz'),  TeiTC 
Haute  (ter'reh  hote),  La  Fayette,  Logansport,  Crawfordsville,  Greencas- 
tle,  and  Blooraington. 

Islands. — Describe  each  : — Apostle,  Royale  {roy'al),  and  Beaver. 

*  Madiaon  is  situated  on  an  isthmas  between  Laices  Mcndota  and  Mono'na. 


Bays. — Kewee'naw,  Green,  Grand  Traverse,  and  Saginaw. 

Strait. — Describe  it : — Mack'inaw. 

Lakes. — Describe  each  : — Traverse,  Otter  Tail,  Red,  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  Rainy,  Vermilion,  Superior,  Michigan,  Winnebago,  Houghton 
(ho'tun),  Huron,  St.  Clair,  Erie,*  Itasca,  Leech,  Mille  Lacs,  Pepin 
(pip'in),  Peoria,  and  Big  Stone. 


LESSON  LI. 

Rivers  that  flow  toward  the  Great  Lakes. — ^Describe  each  : — Red  River  of 
the  North,  Red  Lake,  Rainy  Lake,  St.  Louis,  St.  Mary,  Menom'onee, 
Fox,  Wolf,  St.  Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  Grand,  Maske'gon,  Manis'tee, 
Au  Sable  (o  sahbl),  Saginaw,  Flint,  St.  Clair,  Detroit,!  Raisin,  Mau- 
raee,  St.  Joseph's,  St.  Mary's,  Sandusky,  and  Cuyahoga  {ki-orho' ga). 

Elvers  that  flow  toward  the  Ohio. — Describe  each  :— Muskingum,  Ver- 
non, Scio'to,  Miami  (nie-ah'me),  Wabash  (waw'bash),  Sugar  Creek, 
White,  Tippecanoe,  Embarras,  Little  Wabash,  Big  Sandy,  Licking, 
Kentucky,  Salt,  Green,  Cumberland,  and  Tennessee.J 

Bivers  that  flow  toward  the  Mississippi. — ^Describe  each  : — Ohio,§  Big 
Muddy,  Kaskaskia,  Illinois,  Kankakee,  San'gamon,  Salt  Creek,  Fox, 
Spoon,  Rock,  Wisconsin,  Black,  Chippewa,  St.  Croix,  Ruin, — Crow, 
Minnesota,  Cannon,  Root,  Upper  Iowa,  Iowa,  Red  Cedar,  Skunk,  Des 
Moines,  Raccoon,  Salt,  Missouri,^  Chariton,  Grand,  Nodaway,  Boyer, 
Little  Sioux,  Big  Sioux,  Osage',  Gasconade,  and  Mar'amec. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  WESTERN  STATES, 

PEOMISOnODSLT     ARBANGED. 

LESSON  LII. 

I.  What  states  are  classed  as  Western  States  ?  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Illitwis,  Indiana,  and  all  the 
states  west  of  the  Mississippi  River  except  Louisiana  and  Texas.  What  state  borders 
on  Lake  Huron  ?  What  states  border  on  Lake  Superior  ?  On  Lake  Michigan  ? 
On  Lake  Erie  ?  On  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  ?  On  the  west  bank  ?  On 
the  Ohio  ?     What  state  has  the  greatest  extent  of  lake  coast  ? 

n.  What  river  separates  West  Virginia  from  Kentucky  ?  Kentucky  from  In- 
diana ?  Kentucky  from  Missouri  ?  Kentucky  from  Illinois  ?  Iowa  from  Wiscon- 
sin ?  What  lakes  are  in  Minnesota  ?  What  lake  is  in  Wisconsin  ?  What  moun- 
tain in  Missouri  ?    Where  are  the  Pictured  Rocks  ?   Where  is  Mammoth  Care  ? 

in.  Name  the  principal  places  in  Ohio,  on  Lake  Erie.  In  Wisconsin,  on  Lake 
Michigan.  In  Illinois,  on  the  Mississippi.  In  Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi.  In  In- 
diana, on  the  Ohio.  What  place  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  is  directly  opposite 
St.' Louis?     Davenport?    :Sew  Albany?     Covington? 

IV:  Which  of  the  rivers  of  Ohio  belong  to  the  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  M., 
SL  J.,  St.  M.,  8.,  and  C.  Which,  to  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi?  Name  the  east- 
ern branches  of  the  Mississippi,  north  of  the  Ohio.  The  western  branches,  north 
of  the  Missouri.     The  southern  branches  of  the  Missouri,  in  Missouri. 

V.  What  city  is  the  metropolis  of  Ohio?  Ci.  Of  Kentucky?  Lou.  Of  Mis- 
souri ?«.i.  Of  Wisconsin  ?  if«7.  Oflowa?-D«.  Of  Illinois  ?  C/m.  01  Mich- 
igan ?  D.  What  places  in  Iowa  are  on  the  Missouri  River  ?  What  places  in  Mis- 
souri on  that  river?  Name  the  principal  places  in  Kentucky.  Which  is  the 
largest  of  the  Western  States  ?  Cal. 

*  The  outlet  of  Lake  Erie  is  the  Niagara  Kiver. 

t  The  Detroit  River  runs  from  Lalie  St.  Clair  to  Lake  Erie. 

X  See  Map  of  the  United  States,  for  the  entire  course  of  this  riyer. 

I  The  Ohio  is  formed  hy  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela,  in  western  Pennsylvania. 


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40 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


LESSON  LIX. 

Area  In  eqaare  milee,  3,480,000.       Popnlation,  82,000,000. 
CAPITAL    CITY — ■WASHINGTON. 

Gengrapbleal  Position.  —  The  United 
States  occupy  the  central  part  of  North 
America,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific,  and  from  British  America  to 
tiie  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Mexico. 

Extent  of  Coast. — Tlie  shore  on  the  At- 
lantic, including  indentations,  measures 
0,186  miles,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  3,407 
mOes,  and  on  the  Pacific  2,281  miles. 
The  shore-line  of  the  great  northern 
lakes  is  about  3,600  miles. 


FLAG  OF  THE  UNITED  BTATES. 


Comparati?e  Size. — The  United  States  are  nearly  ten  times  as  large  as 
Great  Britain  and  France  combined;  and  only  about  one-tenth  smaller 
than  the  whole  of  Europe. 

Physical  Fcatnrcs. — The  surface  is  divided  by  the  Alleghany  and  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  into  three  principal  sections ;  the  Atlantic  or  Alleghany 
Slope,  the  Pacific  or  Rocky  Mountain  Slope,  and  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Inhabitants,  et«. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  Whites,  Negroes,  and  In- 
dians. The  Negroes  number  about  4,500,000 ;  the  Indians,  about  400,000. 
There  is  no  established  church ;  all  sects  are  tolerated,  and  all  have  equal 
privileges. — No  other  country  has  increased  in  population  so  rapidly  and 
steadily  as  the  United  States. 

History. — The  first  permanent  English  settlement  was  made  at  James- 
town, Virginia,  in  1607.  In  1775,  there  were  thirteen  colonies,  with  a 
population  of  nearly  three  millions.  The  inhabitants,  feeling  aggrieved  by 
the  injustice  of  the  British  Parliament  in  taxing  them  without  their  con- 
sent, determined  to  throw  off"  allegiance  to  the  mother  country.  Accord- 
ingly, on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  they  declared  their  independence.  This 
gave  rise  to  a  seven  years'  war,  which  resulted  in  the  acknowledgment  of 
the  independence  of  the  colonies  by  the  British  Government  in  1788. 

The  present  Constitution  was  ratified  in  1788. 

Goremment. — The  government  is  a  federal  democratic  republic.  The 
legislative  or  law-making  power  is  vested  in  Congress,  which  consists  of  a 
Senate  and  a  House  of  Representatives.  This  body  meets  at  Washington, 
on  the  first  Monday  in  December. 

The  Senate  is  composed  of  two  members  from  each  state,  elected  by  the 
Legislatures  of  the  same  for  six  years.  The  members  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives are  chosen  by  the  people  of  the  several  states  every  second  year. 
Each  state  is  entitled  to  one  Representative  for  every  127,000  inhabitants. 

Each  territory  may  send  one  delegate  to  Congress,  who  has  the  right 
to  debate  on  matters  pertaining  to  his  territory,  but  cannot  vote. 

The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  President,  who,  with  a  Vice-Presi- 
dent, is  elected  every  four  years  by  Electors  chosen  either  by  the  people  or 
by  the  state  Legislatures.  The  President  is  commander-in-chief  of  the 
army  and  navy.  With  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate,  he  makes  treaties, 
appoints  civil  and  military  ofiicers,  levies  war,  concludes  peace,  etc. 

The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  Supreme  Court,  which  sits  once  a  year 
at  Washington.  Each  state  has  its  own  separate  government,  consisting 
of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  Assembly,  a  Governor,  etc.,  who  regulate  all 
aifairs  except  such  as  belong  to  the  general  government.  The  states  are 
for  the  most  part  divided  into  counties,  and  the  counties  into  townships. 

How  dlTided. — The  United  States  comprise  thirty-seven  states,  ten  ter- 
ritories, and  one  district.  The  states  are  divided  into  four  sections ;  the  East- 
ern or  New  England,  the  Northern  or  Middle,  the  Southern,  and  the  Western. 


THE    STATE    OF    VERMONT. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state,  the  most  north-westerly  of  the  New 
England  section,  lies  between  New  York  and  New  Hampshire. 

Physical  Featores. — The  surface  is  generally  mountainous  and  well  wood- 
ed. The  Green  Mountains  traverse  the  state  from  north  to  south.  Hence 
the  name  of  Vermont,  vert  in  French  signifying  green,  and  mont  mountain. 

SoU,  etc — The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  fertile,  and  the  hills  aflTord  excellent 
pasturage.  The  climate  is  cold,  but  healtliy.  The  staples  are  wheat,  but- 
ter, cheese,  wool,  maple  sugar,  and  live-stock.  Iron,  marble,  slate,  and 
granite,  are  the  chief  mineral  products. 

Natnral  Cnriositles. — The  most  noted  natural  curiosities  are  Bellows  Falls, 
on  the  Connecticut,  and  Great  Falls,  on  the  Lamoille  River. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  was  settled  by  the  English.  The  soldiers 
of  Vermont  bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  Revolution,  and  were  known 
as  "  Green  Mountain  Boys."     Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit. 

Manafactnres  and  Exports.  —  Manufactures  are  not  extensive.  Mineral 
products,  lumber,  live-stock,  cheese,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  maple  sugar, 
are  exported. 

Towns. — MoNTPELiKR,  the  capital,  on  the  Winooski  or  Onion  River,  car- 
ries on  an  active  trade.  Bitkungton,  the  most  populous  and  commercial 
town  in  the  state,  is  finely  situated  on  a  branch  of  Lake  Champlain.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  University  of  Vermont.  Windsor  and  Bkattleboro  lie  on 
the  Connecticut ;  the  former  is  noted  for  its  fine  site  and  beautiful  scenery, 
the  latter  for  its  manufactures.    Rutland  is  an  active  business  center. 

Bennington,  in  the  south-western  corner  of  the  state,  is  memorable  for 
the  battle  fought  there  in  1777,  in  wliich  a  detachment  of  Burgoyne's  array 
was  defeated  by  General  Stark.  Middlebuht,  on  important  manufactur- 
ing town  on  Otter  Creek,  is  the  seat  of  Middlebury  College.  Marble  is 
obtained  in  great  quantities  from  a  quarry  near  the  town. 

NEW    HAMPSHIRE. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  between  Maine  and  Vermont,  and 
extends  from  Canada  to  Massachusetts. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  except  in  the 
south-eastern  part,  which  is  either  level  or  gently  undulating.  New  Hamp- 
shire has  only  18  miles  of  sea-coast,  and  but  one  good  harbor. 

The  White  Mountains  proper  extend  no  more  than  20  miles,  but  de- 
tached groups  of  the  chain  stretch  as  far  south  as  Connecticut.  Mount 
Washington  is  the  loftiest  peak,  and  the  Notch,  where  the  Saco  River  makes 
its  way  through  the  mountains,  is  an  object  of  great  interest  to  touri.sts.  On 
account  of  its  magnificent  scenery,  New  Hampshire  is  often  styled  "  the 
Switzerland  of  America." 


LAKE  WINNn'ISBOUEE,   N 


Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  not  generally  fertile,  but  the  hills  aftbrd  very  fine 
pasturage.  The  climate  is  severe,  yet  healthy.  The  chief  productions  are 
grain,  potatoes,  butter,  cheese,  wool,  maple  sugar,  bees'-wax,  and  honey. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


41 


Granite  abounds,  and  hence  New  Hampshire  is  called  "the  Granite  State." 
Iron  is  also  found. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  English  descent.  The 
first  settlements  were  made  near  Portsmouth,  in  1623.  The  leading  in- 
dustrial pursuits  are  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  lumbering. 

ManDfactnrcs  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  extensive,  chiefly  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  leather,  and  iron.  The  principal  exports  are  lumber, 
live-stock,  wool,  fish,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  granite. 

Jlties,  ete.— CoNOOED,  the  capital  of  the  state  and  a  great  railroad  center, 
lies  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Merrimac.  Manchester,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Merrimac,  the  most  important  city  of  the  state,  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures ;  as,  also,  are  Nashua  and  Exetek.  Hanovkk,  near  the  Connecti- 
cut, is  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College. 

DovEK,  the  oldest  town  in  the  state,  on  the  Cocheco  River,  carries  on 
extensive  cotton  manufactures.  PoRTSMonTn,  the  only  seaport  of  New 
Ilampsliire,  is  built  on  a  beautiful  peninsula,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Pis- 
cataqua,  three  miles  from  the  ocean. 


MT.   KATAHDIN,   UAINK   (THE  LOFTIEST  SUMMIT  IN   THE   STATE). 


LESSON  LX. 

THE    STATE    OF    MAINE. 

Geographkal  Position. — Maine,  the  most  north-easterly  state  in  the  Union,  ■ 
lies  between  New  Brunswick  and  New  Hampshire,  and  extends  from  Can- 
ada to  the  Atlantic.     It  has  a  sea-coast  of  1,000  miles. 

Physical  Featares. — -Maine  contains  numerous  detached  elevations,  but  no 
mountain  range.  It  abounds  in  lakes ;  nearly  one-tenth  of  its  surface  is 
covered  with  water. 

Soil,  etc.— The  soil  is  best  adapted  to  grazing.  The  most  fertile  portions 
lie  in  the  valley  of  the  St.  John's,  and  between  the  Penobscot  and  the  Ken- 
nebec. The  climate  is  subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ;  the  win- 
ters are  long  and  severe.  Among  the  most  important  productions  are  grain, 
potatoes,  wool,  butter,  cheese,  bees'-wax,  and  honey.  The  great  staple  is 
lumber.     The  chief  minerals  are  iron,  limestone,  granite,  and  slate. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  British  descent.  A  few 
Indians  still  inhabit  some  of  the  islands  in  the  Penobscot.  The  chief  pur- 
suits are  agriculture,  lumbering,  the  coasting  trade,  and  the  fisheries. 
From  its  abundance  of  suitable  timber,  Maine  has  become  the  greatest 
ship-building  state  in  the  Union. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Maine  is  not  so  largely  engaged  in  manufac- 
tures as  some  others  of  the  Eastern  States.  The  fisheries  are  extensive.  Fish, 
lumber,  butter,  cheese,  lime,  marble,  granite,  and  ice,  are  the  chief  exports. 

Cities,  etc.— Augusta,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  which 
is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge.  Portland,  the  first  city  in  the  state  in  popu- 
lation, wealth,  and  commerce,  stands  at  the  west  end  of  Casco  Bay. 


Bangok,  oa  the  right  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  is  the  greatest  lumber 
depot  in  the  world.  Eastpoet,  on  Moose  Island,  is  also  an  important  lum- 
ber depot. 

Belfast,  a  seaport  town,  is  largely  engaged  in  ship-building,  commerce, 
and  the  fisheries.  Bath,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kennebec,  ranks  seventh 
among  the  cities  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  importance  of  its  shipping. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  extends  from  New  York  on  the  west, 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  on  the  east. 

Physical  Features. — The  north-eastern  and  middle  portions  are  hilly ;  the 
south-eastern,  level  and  sandy  ;  the  western,  mountainous.  Two  ridges  of 
the  Green  Mountain  Range  from  Vermont  traverse  the  state,  and  furnish 
an  abundance  of  picturesque  scenery. 

Soil,  etc — The  soil,  though  not  generally  favorable  to  agriculture,  yet  by 
the  industry  of  the  inhabitants,  has  been  made  to  yield  a  rich  return.  The 
most  fertile  portions  are  the  valleys  of  the  Connecticut  and  the  Housatonio. 
The  climate  is  severe  in  winter ;  the  summers  are  exceedingly  pleasant. 
The  chief  products  are  Indian  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  butter,  and  cheese.  Sien- 
ite,  granite,  marble,  and  limestone,  are  the  most  abundant  minerals. 

BTatnral  Cnriosities. — Among  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Natural  Bridge 
on  Hudson's  Brook ;  the  Ice  Hole  in  Stockbridge,  a  deep,  romantic  ravine, 
where  ice  remains  the  year  round ;  and  an  immense  rock,  of  40  tons,  in  the 
village  of  New  Marlborough,  so  nicely  balanced  that  a  finger  can  move  it. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  was  first  settled  at  Plymouth,  December 
20th,  1G20,  by  a  company  of  English  Puritans,  whom  religious  persecution 
had  driven  to  Holland.  The  leading  pursuits  are  commerce,  manufactures, 
and  the  fisheries.    In  commerce,  this  state  ranks  second  only  to  New  York. 

nanofactares  and  Exports. — In  manufactures,  Massachusetts  exceeds  every 
other  state  in  the  Union.  It  produces  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  leather, 
boots  and  shoes,  woodenware,  tinware,  paper,  carpeting,  etc.  These,  with 
granite,  marble,  ice,  whale-oil,  and  fish,  are  the  principal  exports. 

Cities. — Boston,  the  capital,  is  the  great  metropolis  of  New  England, 
and  the  second  commercial  city  in  the  Union.  It  stands  at  the  head  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  near  the  confluence  of  the  Charles  and  the  Mystic 
River.  Its  wharves  and  warehouses  are  on  a  scale  of  magnitude  surpassed 
by  no  other  city  of  equal  population. 

Cambridge  and  Charlkstown  are  connected  with  Boston  by  bridges. 
The  former  is  the  seat  of  Harvard  University ;  the  latter  contains  the  cele- 
brated Bunker  Hill  Monument,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  battle-field. 

SPErNGFiELD,  a  flourishing  city  on  the  Connecticut,  contains  a  U.  S.  Ar- 
senal. Worcester,  an  important  railroad  center,  lies  in  a  valley  surrounded 
by  beautiful  hUls.  Lowell  and  Lawrence  are  celebrated  for  the  amount 
and  variety  of  their  manufactures.  Lynn  is  noted  for  the  manufacture 
of  shoes. 

Salem  has  a  good  harbor,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in  commerce. 
New  Bedford,  on  a  branch  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  has  more  tonnage  employed 
in  the  whale  fishery  than  any  other  port  in  the  Union. 

IVAIVTUCKET  AND  MABTHi'S  VDiETARD.— These  islands,  forming  part  of 
Massachusetts,  are  separated  from  the  main-land  by  Vineyard  and  Nan- 
tucket Sound.    The  inhabitants  are  largely  engi^ed  in  the  whale  fishery. 

RHODE   ISLAND. 

Geographical  Position.- This  state  lies  south  and  west  of  Massachusetts. 

Physical  Features.- On  the  coast  it  is  level,  but  in  the  west  hilly.  Nu- 
merous small  streams  afford  water-power  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Soil,  etc.— Along  the  bay,  and  on  the  islands,  the  soil  is  fertile.  Rhode 
Island  is  noted  for  fine  cattle,  apples,  and  butter.  Coal,  iron,  Umestone, 
and  marble,  are  found  to  some  extent. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  British  descent.  The 
first  settlement  was  made  at  Providence,  in  1086,  by  Roger  Williams.    The 


42 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


leading  objects  of  pursuit  are  manufactures,  commerce,  cattle-rearing,  and 
the  dairy. 

Mannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Rhode  Island,  in  proportion  to  population, 
ranks  first  among  the  United  States  in  cotton,  and  second  in  woolen,  manu- 
factures. These,  with  cattle,  butter,  cheese,  and  apples,  are  the  chief  exports. 

Cities,  et«. — Peovidenoe  and  Newport  are  the  capitals.  The  former,  on 
an  arm  of  Narragansett  Bay,  is  the  largest  city  in  the  state ;  it  is  extensively 

engaged  in  com- 
merce and  manu- 
factures, and  is 
distinguislied  for 
its  educational  in- 
stitutions. 

Newport  is  sit- 
uated on  Rhode 
Island,  a  beautiful 
island  in  Narra- 
gansett Bay,  from 
which  the  state 
received  its  name. 

,      .:     :   ,   M,.UN«S,  NWPOBT,  B.  I.  NcWpOrt     is      OnC 

of  the  most  celebrated  watering-places  in  the  Union ;  its  harbor  is  among 
the  best  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States. 

Pawtucket  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  and  ma- 
chinery ;  BiusTOL,  for  its  good  harbor  and  coasting-trade. 


LESSON  LXI. 

THE   STATE   OF    CONNECTICUT. 

Geograpliieal  Position.— Connecticut,  the  most  south-westerly  of  the  New- 
England  States,  lies  between  New  York  and  Rhode  Island. 

Pliysieai  Features.— Much  of  the  surface  is  hilly.  The  state  is  crossed  by 
a  succession  of  groups  and  eminences.  There  is  an  abundalice  of  water- 
power,  though  but  few  of  the  rivers  are  navigable. 

Soil,  ele.— The  soil  is  fertile,  and  in  the  eastern  part  is  best  adapted  to 
grazing.  The  climate,  though  subject  to  sudden  changes,  is  remarkably 
healthy.  The  chief  productions  arc  Indian  com,  oats,  potatoes,  butter,  cheese, 
and  live-stock.    The  principal  minerals  are  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  marble. 

•  Inliabitants,  ete.— The  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  British  origin.    The 
chief  pursuits  are  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  the  whalc-fisliery. 

Mannfactnrcs  and  Exports.— The  manufactures  are  varied  and  extensive, 
consisting  of  wooden,  copper,  iron,  tin,  and  brass  ware ;  hats,  shoes,  coaches, 
a  variety  of  hardware,  combs,  buttons,  etc.  These  constitute  the  principal 
exports.  The  foreign  commerce  of  the 
state  is  carried  on  mainly  through  the 
ports  of  Boston  and  New  York. 

Cities. — IlAETFonD  and  New  IIaveii 
are  the  capitals.  At  the  former.  Trinity 
College  is  located.  New  Haven,  on  a 
branch  of  Long  Island  Sound,  is  one  of 
the  handsomest  cities  in  the  Union,  and 
the  seat  of  Yale  College.  It  is  known  as 
"  the  City  of  Elms." 

NoKwicn,  on  the  Thames,  and  Bridge- 
port, on  an  arm  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
are  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures. 
New  London,  on  the  Tiiames,  throe  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  Sound,  has  a 
fine  harbor,  and  sends  out  numerous  whalers.  Middletown,  at  the  head 
of  ship  navigation  on  the  Connecticut,  is  the  seat  of  Wesleyan  University. 


THE   FALLS  AT  NOBWIOH. 


NEW   YORK. 

Geograpliieal  Position. — New  York,  the  most  northerly  of  the  Middle 
States,  lies  directly  west  of  New  England. 

Pliysicai  Features. — New  York  presents  a  great  variety  of  surface.  The 
eastern  part  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  tlie  Adirondack,  Catskill,  and 
Shawangimk  (ahong'gum)  Mountains.  The  western  part  is  generally  level 
or  undulating. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  is  various.  The  most  fertile  districts  are  in  the 
western  part,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  the  Mohawk.  The 
winter  is  long  and  severe  in  the  north,  but  is  much  milder  in  the  south- 
eastern part. 

Wheat  is  the  staple.  The  other  important  products  are  oats,  potatoes, 
buckwheat,  rye,  barley,  grass-seeds,  orchard  products,  maple  sugar,  bees'- 
wax,  honey,  dairy  produce,  wool,  and  live-stock.  Iron  ore  is  abundant, 
and  salt  springs  are  numerous.     Valuable  mineral  deposits  are  found. 

Natural  Cnriosities.— The  Falls  of  Niagara,  in  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
are  about  22  miles  below  Lake  Erie,  and  14  miles  above  Lake  Ontario. 
The  mighty  volume  of  water  which  is  the  outlet  of  the  great  lakes,  is  here 
precipitated  over  a  ledge  of  rocks  IGO  feet  in  height,  forming  the  grandest 
cataract  in  the  world.  The  Cohoes  Falls,  in  the  Mohawk,  about  two  miles 
above  its  mouth,  are  exceedingly  romantic.  The  Genesee  Falls  are  in  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  at  Rochester.  The  Catskill  Falls,  180  feet  high, 
and  Trenton  Falls,  in  West  Canada  Creek,  are  objects  of  great  interest. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  Hudson  River  was  discovered  by  Henry  Hudson 
in  the  year  1G09 ;  the  first  permanent  settlements  were  made  by  the  Dutch 
at  Fort  Orange,  now  Albany,  and  New  Amsterdam,  now  called  New  York 
City.  The  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  Europeans  and  their  descendants. 
The  leading  pursuits  are  commerce,  agriculture,  and  manufactures.  In 
commerce  and  agriculture  this  state  ranks  the  first  in  the  Union. 

Uannfactsres  and  Exports.— Though  New  York  is  largely  engaged  in  man- 
ufactures, she  does  not  equal  some  of  her  sister  states  in  tliis  respect.  The 
exports  consist  mainly  of  domestic  produce. 

Cities. — Albany,  the  capital,  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
145  miles  from  New  York  City,  in  a  fovorable  position  for  trade,  being 
connected  by  the  Erie  Canal  with  the  great  western  lakes,  and  by  the  Hud- 
son with  the  ocean.  Trot,  six  miles  north  of  Albany,  lies  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Hudson.  The  transhipment  of  goods,  and  manufacture  of  machinery, 
nails,  stoves,  cars,  etc.,  form  the  principal  business  of  the  place. 

New  York,  the  chief  commercial  emporium  of  the  New  World,  is  situ- 
ated on  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Hudson  and  the  East 
River,  about  18  miles  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  island  is  13J  miles  in 
length,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  a  little  over  2  miles.  The  wharves  on 
both  sides  are  crowded  with  the  vessels  of  all  nations.  New  York  contains 
a  great  number  of  imposing  public  edifices.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
water  brought  from  the  Croton  River,  a  distance  of  over  40  miles,  by  means 
of  an  aqueduct  which  cost  $9,000,000. 

RoonESTER,  on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee,  not  far  from  Lake  Ontario, 
has  an  almost  unlimited  water-power,  which  is  extensively  used  by  flour- 
ing-raills  and  other  inanufacturing  establishments.  Oswego  is  largely  en- 
gaged in  trade  with  Canada. 

Buffalo  is  the  great  entrepot  between  the  northwest  and  the  states  of 
the  Atlantic  sea-board.  Stracuse  is  the  seat  of  the  most  valuable  salt 
manufactories  in  the  United  Statgs.  Utica,  on  the  Mohawk,  and  Poitgh- 
KEEPsiE,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Hudson,  midway  between  Albany  and 
New  York,  are  important  trading  and  manufacturing  places. 

LONG  ISLAND. — This  island,  forming  a  part  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
is  separated  ti-om  the  main-land  by  a  strait  called  the  East  River,  and  by 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Physleal  Features,  ete. — A  ridge,  nowhere  exceeding  300  feet  in  height, 
traverses  the  island  from  .east  to  west.    Long  Island  is  important  for  its 


THE     UNITED    STATES. 


43 


market  products ;  the  numerous  bays  that  indent  the  coast  abound  in  fine 
fish,  oysters,  and  clams. 

Cities. — Bhooklyn,  the  principal  seaport  on  the  island  and  third  city  in 
the  Union  in  population,  is  situated  at  its  western  extremity,  opposite  New 
York  City.     It  is  finely  built  and  contains  a  U.  S.  Navy  Yard. 

STATESf  ISLAND. — This  island,  forming  a  part  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
lies  in  New  York  Bay,  about  sis  mUes  south-west  of  New  York  City. 

Physieal  Features,  ete. — The  northern  part  of  the  island,  called  Richmond 
Hill,  is  elevated  about  300  feet  above  the  ocean.  The  villages  along  the 
shores  contain  many  splendid  country-seats  of  New  York  citizens.  The 
fisheries  on  the  coast  are  very  valuable. 


LESSON   LXII. 

THE   STATE   OF   NEW   JERSEY. 

Geographieal  Position. — New  Jersey  occupies  a  peninsula,  situated  south 
of  New  York  and  east  of  Pennsylvania. 

Physical  Features. — In  the  central  and  northern  parts,  it  is  undulating, 
hOly,  or  mountainous.  The  entire  eastern  coast,  from  Sandy  Hook  to 
Cape  May,  is  sandy,  and  broken  here  and  there  by  small  inlets. 

Soil,  etc. — In  the  north,  the  soil  is  well  adapted  both  to  tillage  and  pas- 
turage. The  central  and  southern  sections  of  the  state  are  light  and  sandy. 
The  climate  is  somewhat  milder  than  that  of  New  York.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  grain,  orchard  and  market  products,  butter,  cheese,  cider,  and 
live-stock.    The  principal  minerals  are  bog-iron  ore,  zinc,  and  marl. 


LONG  BRANCH,  NBW  JEBSET. 

Natural  Curiosities. — The  Passaic  Falls,  in  a  river  of  the  same  name,  near 
Paterson,  are  about  70  feet  in  height.  The  scenery  in  the  vicinity  is  re- 
markably picturesque. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  was  first  settled  by  the  Dutch,  at  Bergen, 
in  1614,  and  the  present  population  embraces  many  of  their  descendants. 
The  chief  pursuits  are  agriculture,  manufactures,  and  mining. 

Ilanafattiires  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  are  varied  and  important ; 
among  them  are  cotton,  wool,  iron,  paper,  leather,  brick,  glass,  and  earthen- 
ware.    The  leading  exports  are  orchard  and  market  products,  and  leather. 

Cities. — Teentojj,  the  capital,  has  abundant  water-power  from  the  Falls 
of  the  Delaware,  and  is  becoming  one  of  the  first  manufacturing  places  in 
the  state.  Newark  is  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  city.  It  is  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  paper-hangings,  clothing,  carriages, 
etc.     Patersox  ranks  next  to  Newark  in  population  and  manufactures. 

Jersey  City,  situated  opposite  to  New  Y'^ork,  and  New'  Brunswick,  on 
the  Raritan,  have  considerable  trade  and  manufactures.  The  former  is  one 
of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  of  travel  in  the  Union ;  the  latter  is  the  seat 
of  Rutgers  College.    Cape  Island  City,  on  Cape  Island,  is  one  of  the  most 


celebrated  watering-places  in  the  United  States ;  as  also  is  Atlantic  City, 
which  lies  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  state,  and  is  connected  with 
Camden  by  railroad. 

DELAWARE. 

Geographical  Position. — Delaware,  the  smallest  state  in  the  Union  except 
Rhode  Island,  lies  south-west  of  New  Jersey. 

Physical  Featnres. — It  is  generally  level,  but  in  the  northern  part  some- 
what hUly.    There  are  no  mountains  in  the  state. 

Soil,  etc — In  the  north,  and  along  the  shore  of  Delaware  Bay,  the  soil  is 
rich ;  in  the  southern  part,  it  is  light  and  sandy.  The  climate  is  generally 
mUd,  and  highly  favorable  to  agricultural  pursuits.  The  staple  productions 
are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  butter.  Bog-iron,  and  a  fine  sand  suitable  for 
the  manufacture  of  glass,  are  the  most  important  mineral  products. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  was  first  settled  in  1627,  by  the  Swedes  and 
Finns.  About  one-fourth  of  the  present  inhabitants  are  colored.  Manu- 
factures and  agriculture  form  the  leading  pursuits. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  of  powder,  paper,  flour, 
and  cotton,  are  very  extensive.  The  exports  consist  chiefly  of  flour,  lum- 
ber, sand  for  the  manufacture  of  glass,  and  great  quantities  of  peaches. 

Cities,  etc. — Dover,  the  capital,  situated  on  Jones  Creek,  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  with  Philadelphia,  mainly  in  flour; 

Wilmington,  the  most  populous  city  in  the  state,  is  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures, and  contains  a  U.  S.  Arsenal.  Newark  is  the  seat  of  Delaware 
College.  Lewes,  on  Delaware  Bay,  is  a  place  of  resort  during  the  bathing 
season.  It  lies  opposite  the  Delaware  Breakwater,  which  was  constructed 
at  an  expense  of  over  $2,000,000,  as  a  shelter  for  shipping  in  bad  weather. 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

Geographical  Position. — ^This  state  lies  south  of  New  York,  and  west  of 
New  Jersey,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Delaware. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  great  AUeghanian  Chain,  which  passes  through 
this  state  in  several  ridges,  forms  naturally  three  distinct  regions ;  viz.,  the 
eastern,  or  Atlantic  slope;  the  western  table-land,  declining  toward  the 
Ohio ;  and  the  mountainous  region  of  the  center. 

Soil,  etc. — ^The  soil  is  generally  good,  particularly  in  the  valleys.  The 
climate,  though  changeable,  is  exceedingly  healthy.  Among  the  varied 
productions  of  this  state  may  be  mentioned  grain,  orchard  fruits,  potatoes, 
butter,  wool,  and  live-stock.  Pennsylvania  stands  first  among  the  states 
in  abundance  of  coal,  iron,  and  petroleum. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  territory  of  Pennsylvania  was  granted  to  WUliam 
Penn,  a  celebrated  English  Friend,  who  made  his  first  settlement  in  1682, 
where  Philadelphia  now  stands.  The  population  afterward  received  nu- 
merous additions  of  Germans  and  Irish.  The  leading  pursuits  are  agricul- 
ture, mining,  and  manufactures. 

JHaDnfaetnres  and  Exports. — Pennsylvania  ranks  fourth  among  the  states 
of  the  Union  in  foreign  commerce,  and  among  the  first  in  extent  and  va- 
riety of  manufactures.  Her  exports  consist  mainly  of  flour,  Indian  corn, 
lard,  butter,  coal,  iron,  and  petroleumi 

Cities,  etc. — Harrisbubg,  the  capital,  is  delightfully  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  contains  many  handsome  public  buildings. 

Philadelphia,  the  metropolis  of  Pennsylvania,  stands  between  the  Del- 
aware and  the  Schuylkill  River,  five  miles  above  their  confluence.  It  is 
remarkable  for  the  regularity  and  cleanliness  of  its  streets,  the  neatness  of 
its  dweUings,  and  the  excellence  of  its  benevolent  and  educational  institu- 
tions.   The  commerce  and  manufactures  of  Philadelphia  are  very  extensive. 

Easton,  situated  at  the  junction  of  several  canals,  is  the  seat  of  exten- 
sive manufactories,  and  a  large  inland  trade  between  the  coal  and  iron  re- 
gions and  the  eastern  markets.  Lancaster,  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  is 
in  the  heart  of  a  very  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  region.  Reading  is  the 
third  city  in  the  state  in  population  and  manufactures.  Erie,  on  Lake 
Erie,  has  an  excellent  harbor. 


44 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


PiTTSBHEGH  is  Situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  the  Monon- 
gahela,  which  here  unite  to  form  the  Ohio.  Its  commerce  is  large,  and 
its  manufactures  are  more  extensive  than  tliose  of  any  other  city  in  the 
state  except  Philadelphia. 


THB  IXrtHATA  KIVER,  FEKN8TI,TAKIA. 


MARYLAND. 


Geographical  PosltloD. — Maryland,  the  most  north-easterly  of  the  South- 
ern States,  is  situated  south  of  Pennsylvania. 

Physical  Features. — Maryland  includes  three  distinct  regions: — 1.  The 
Eastern  Shore,  which  lies  east  of  the  Susquehanna  River  and  Chesapeake 
Bay ;  2.  The  part  hetween  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Potomac ;  3.  The 
mountainous  district  of  the  north-west.    The  surface  along  the  bay  is  level. 

Soil,  etc — The  soil  in  the  valleys  of  the  northern  and  middle  parts,  is 
highly  fertile ;  that  of  the  eastern,  and  part  of  the  western  shore,  is  less  so. 
The  climate  in  the  north  is  healthy  and  pleasant ;  in  the  south  the  winters 
are  milder,  but  the  summers  are  hot,  moist,  and  unhealthy.  The  staples  are 
tobacco,  wheat,  and  Indian  corn.    The  mineral  products  are  iron  and  coal. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  first  settlers  were  English.  Agriculture,  com- 
merce, and  manufactures,  engage  the  attention  of  the  people. 

Blannfactnres  and  Exports. — Among  the  leading  manufactures  are  cotton 
and  woolen  goods,  iron,  leather,  glass,  shot,  and  powder.  The  chief  articles 
of  foreign  export  are  flour,  grain,  pork,  and  tobacco. 

Cities,  etc. — Annapolis,  the  capital,  about  three  miles  from  Chesapeake 
Bay,  contains  a  United  States  Naval  Academy,  and  a  State  House  in  which 
the  old  Continental  Congress  held  some  of  its  sessions. 

Baltimore,  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  on  a  bay  which  sets  up  from 
the  Patapsco  River,  is  pleasantly  situated  and  regularly  laid  out.  It  is  or- 
namented with  numerous  monuments,  and  is  therefore  called  "  the  Monu- 
mental City."  It  is  distinguished  for  being  the  greatest  market  for  tobacco 
in  the  United  States,  and  the  principal  flour  market  in  the  world.  Cum- 
berland stands  next  to  Baltimore  in  population,  and  is  noted  for  its  trade 
in  coal.  Frederick  City  ranks  third  in  population,  and  second  in  wealth 
and  commercial  importance.    Haqerstown  has  considerable  trade. 


LESSON  LXIII. 

THE   STATE   OF   VIRGINIA. 

Geographical  Position. — Virginia  lies  south  of  West  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land, and  north  of  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina. 

Physical  Features. — It  is  divided  into  three  sections: — 1.  The  tide-water 
district,  bordering  on  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic ;  2.  The  Piedmont 
(peed'mont)  district,  extending  from  the  head  of  tide-water  on  the  rivers, 
westward  to  the  Blue  Ridge ;  3.  The  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
the  Alleghanies. 


Soil,  etc. — In' the  tide- water  district,  the  soil  is  poor,  except  along  the 
rivers ;  the  Piedmont  section  is  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  Indian  com, 
tobacco,  and  cotton ;  the  valley  district  is  generally  fertile. 

Along  the  coast  the  climate  is  hot  and  moist,  while  it  is  cool  and  healthy 
in  the  mountain  districts.  The  staple  products  are  wheat,  corn,  flax,  live- 
stock, and  tobacco.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant ;  salt  and  snlphor  springs 
are  nnmerons. 

Katnral  Cariosities. — The  Natural  Bridge,  over  Cedar  Creek,  near  its  junc- 
tion with  the  James  River,  about  120  miles  west  of  Richmond,  is  one  of  the 
greatest  natural  curiosities  in  the  world.  This  bridge  of  limestone  rock 
spans  a  chasm  90  feet  in  width,  at  an  elevation  of  215  feet  above  the  creek. 
Wier's  Cave,  about  18  miles  north-east  of  Staunton,  is  also  a  noted  natural 
curiosity.  It  extends  2,500  feet  into  the  ground,  and  contains  about  20 
large  rooms,  besides  numerous  passages  and  galleries. 

Inhabitants,  etc — Virginia  was  first  settled  by  the  English,  from  whom 
the  present  inhabitants  have  mainly  descended.  The  first  permanent  Eng- 
lish settlement  in  our  country  was  made  at  Jamestown,  30  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  James  River,  in  1607.    The  leading  pursuit  is  agriculture. 

Bbnafactarcs  and  Exports. — This  state  is  not  noted  for  manufactures.  Its 
principal  exports  are  tobacco,  flax,  com,  flour,  and  oysters. 

Cities,  etc— RiCHiioxD,  the  capital  of  Virginia,  on  the  James,  is  built  on 
several  hills  which  command  a  prospect  of  great  beauty  and  grandeur. 
This  city  has  an  abundance  of  water-power,  which  is  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  flour,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  ironware. 

Norfolk,  on  the  Elizabeth  River,  eight  miles  above  its  entrance  into 
Hampton  Roads,  is  the  chief  commercial  port  of  Virginia.  Portsmocth, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  same  river,  is  noted  for  its  fine  harbor. 

Petersburg,  on  the  Appomattox,  is  a  flourishing  town,  and  esjjorts 
large  quantities  of  flour  and  tobacco.  Alexandria,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Potomac,  seven  miles  below  "Washington,  is  a  place  of  considerable 
trade.  Ltnchburg,  finely  situated  on  elevated  ground,  is  one  of  the  busi- 
est and  wealthiest  towns  in  the  state. 

WEST   VIRGINIA. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  between  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
on  the  east,  and  the  Big  Sandy  and  the  Ohio  River  on  the  west. 

Physical  Features. — The  eastern  part  is  mountainous,  and  the  western 
gradually  slopes  toward  the  Ohio  and  the  Big  Sandy.  Magnificent  scenery 
abounds. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  in  most  parts  of  the  state  is  susceptible  of  cultiva- 
tion, and  the  climate  is  pleasant  and  healthful.  The  leading  productions 
are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  other  cereals.  Coal,  iron,  salt,  and  petro- 
leum, are  abundant. 

Natnral  Curiosities. — The  Hawk's  Nest,  on  New  River,  is  unsurpassed  in 
grandeur.  It  is  an  immense  pillar  of  rock,  rising  1,000  feet  perpendicu- 
larly on  all  sides  but  one,  where  it  is  connected  by  a  narrow  passage  with 
the  table-land  in  the  rear. 

A  number  of  medicinal  springs  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  are 
much  frequented ;  of  these,  the  White  Sulphur  are  the  most  celebrated. 

Inhabitants,  etc— This  state,  prior  to  1862,  formed  part  of  the  old  state 
of  Virginia,  and  its  inhabitants  have  mainly  descended  from  the  English, 
who  were  the  original  settlers.     The  leading  pursuit  is  agriculture. 

Mannftctares  and  Exports.- This  state  is  not,  as  yet.  noted  for  its  manu- 
factures.   Its  chief  exports  are  coal,  iron,  and  petroleum. 

aties,  etc— Wheeling,  the  capital,  is  the  most  important  city  on  the 
Ohio  between  Pittsburgh  and  Cincinnati. 

Parkersburg,  on  the  Ohio,  and  Martixsburg,  on  the  line  of  the  Bal- 
timore and  Ohio  Railroad,  are  active  business  centers.  Charleston  on  the 
Great  Kanawha,  Morgantown  on  the  West  Fork  of  the  Monongahela,  and 
Grafton  on  the  East  Fork  of  the  same  river,  are  places  of  considerable  trade. 

Harper's  Ferry,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Shenandoah  and  the  Poto- 
mac, is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


46 


NORTH   CAROLIXA- 


GMgnpklta]  FhIUh. — This  state  lies  between  Yii^inia  on  the  north  and 
8oath  Carolina  and  Georgia  on  the  south. 

Phydcal  Fntnts.— Xorth  Carolina  is  divided  into  three  sections: — 1. 
The  eastern,  consisting  of  a  h>w,  sandr  plain,  abounding  in  marshes  and 
shallow  lakes.  2.  The  middle  section,  which  is  hillr.  3.  The  western 
section,  which  is  mountainous.  The  coast  is  skirted  bj  low  sand^  islands, 
surrounded  by  shoals,  which  render  navigation  exceedingly  dangerous. 

The  Great  Dismal  Swamp,  partly  in  this  state  and  partlr-in  Virginia, 
has  an  area  of  over  100,000  acree^  covered  mostly  with  cedar,  pine,  and 
cypress  trees. 

Sail,  etc — Much  of  the  low  sandy  section,  which  extends  from  the  coast 
aboat  60  miles  inland,  is  covered  with  vast  forests  of  pitch  pine,  that  fur- 
nish, not  only  lumber,  but  tar,  turpentine,  and  resin.  In  the  interior,  the 
aoil  is  highly  favorable  to  agricultural  pursuits.  In  the  summer,  the  cli- 
mate is  hot  and  unhealthy  on  the  coast,  but  cooler  and  more  salubrious  in 
the  elevated  districts.  Cotton,  rice,  and  indigo,  flourish  in  the  eastern 
lowlands;  grain,  fruits,  etc.,  in  the  higher  grounds.  The  staples  are  In- 
dian com,  tobacco,  and  sweet  potatoes. 

This  state  is  rich  in  minerals,  especially  gold. 

lahakitaats,  etc — ^The  first  English  settlement  in  America  was  made  on 
Roanoke  Island,  near  the  entrance  to  Albemarle  Sound,  in  1585,  under  the 
auspices  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Subsequently  the  colonists  became  dis- 
conraged  and  returned  to  England;  but  in  1&50  permanent  settlements 
were  made  by  emigrants  from  Virginia.  The  leading  pursuit  is  agricul- 
ture ;  mining  and  manufactures  receive  considerable  attention. 

laaaCutarrs  ud  Experts. — Cotton,  iron,  and  leather,  are  manufactured. 
Agricultural  products,  tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine,  are  the  chief  exports. 


■AEnS  TJkS  n  X  MOITH  CABOLCU  RXS  TOMMSft. 

Cities,  etf. — ^Raixigh,  the  capital,  lies  about  6  miles  west  of  the  Neuse 
River,  in  an  elevated  and  healthy  situation.  Wilmixgtox,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  is  the  largest  and  chief  commercial  city  in 
the  state.  FATkrit\iiiE  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  trade ;  it  has  ample 
water-power,  which  is  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  flour. 

Nkwbees,  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  exports  lumber,  grain,  tar, 
pitch,  turpentine,  and  rean.  BEArroBT  has  the  best  harbor  in  the  state. 
Cbaelotte,  in  the  west  of  the  state,  is  rapidly  growing,  in  consequence  of 
its  nearness  to  the  gold  mines.  A  mint  is  establi^ed  here,  for  coining  the 
gold.  Chapel  Hnx,  28  miles  from  Raleigh,  is  the  seat  of  the  University 
of  Xorth  Carolina. 


LESS05  LXIV. 

THE   STATE   OF   SOUTH   CAROLINA. 

GcagrapUcal  Pasitin. — South  Carolina  lies  between  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia  ;  from  the  latter  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah. 

Pbysifal  Fratarts. — The  coast,  from  80  to  100  miles  inland,  is  covered 
with  forests  of  pitch  pine,  interspersed  with  numerous  swampy  tracts. 
Toward  the  west,  the  surface  rises,  forming  a  very  pleasant  country,  diver- 
ged by  hin  and  dale,  forest  and  stream.  The  coast  is  skirted  by  low 
islands,  on  which  live  oaks,  pines,  and  palmettoes  abound,  and  sea-island 
cotton  and  other  articles  are  rdsed. 

MI,  etc — South  Carolina  has  ax  distinct  varieties  of  soQ: — 1.  Tide 
swamp,  devoted  to  the  culture  of  rice.  2.  Inland  swamp ;  to  rice,  cotton, 
com,  etc  3.  Salt  marsh;  to  long  cotton.  4.  Oak  and  pine  lands;  to 
long  cotton,  com,  etc.  5.  Oak  and  hickory  lands ;  to  short  cotton,  com, 
indigo,  etc.  6.  Pine-barrens ;  to  fruits,  vegetables,  etc.  The  climate  is  like 
that  of  North  Carolina,  but  warmer.  Cotton  and  rice  are  the  staples. 
Gold,  iron,  and  lead,  are  the  most  important  minerals. 

labakHaats,  etc — ^Among  the  original  settlers,  who  were  mostly  English, 
were  some  Scotch,  Germans,  and  French  Huguenots.  The  leading  objects 
of  pursuit  are  agriculture  and  commerce. 

■aBBfiutans  tmi  Expatls. — Manufactures  are  not  extenave.  The  chief 
exports  are  cotton,  rice,  lumber,  and  naval  stores.  More  rice  is  exported 
from  this  state  than  from  all  the  other  states  in  the  Union  together. 

Cities,  etc — CoLnraiA,  the  capital,  is  laid  out  with  wide  streets,  beanti- 
fully  omamented  with  trees.  The  site  of  the  city  is  elevated,  afibrding  fine 
views  of  the  surrounding  country,  which  is  in  the  highest  state  of  culture. 
The  South  Carolina  College  is  located  at  this  place. 

Chaklestox,  the  metropolis  and  principal  seaport,  is  situated  on  a  pe- 
ninsula between  the  Ashley  and  the  Cooper  River,  which  unite  below  the 
dty  and  form  a  spacious  harbor,  about  seven  miles  from  the  Ocean.  Many 
of  the  houses  are  omamented  with  verandahs  reaching  from  the  ground  to 
the  roof,  and  surrounded  by  orange-trees,  magnolias,  palmettoes,  etc. 

Geobgktows,  on  the  west  side  of  Winyaw  Bay,  is  noted  for  its  coast- 
ing trade;  Cajtoex,  on  the  Wateree,  for  the  battles  fought  in  its  vi- 
cinity during  the  Revolution.  HAJCsrEG,  a  noted  cotton  mart,  on  the 
Savannah,  is  connected  with  Augusta,  Georgia,  by  a  bridge. 

GEORGIA. 

Gcagnphln]  Pa^tlM. — ^This  state  extends  from  Tennessee  and  JTorth 
Carolina  on  the  north,  to  Florida  on  the  south,  and  from  the  Savannah 
River  and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  to  Alabama  on  the  west. 

Physiol  Featarcs. — Along  the  coast,  the  land  b  low.  About  100  miles 
back  from  the  ocean,  it  begins  to  rise,  and  in  the  west  of  the  state  becomes 
hilly  and  mountainous.  The  coast  is  lined  with  low  islands,  which  are 
covered  with  rich  plantations,  and  produce  sea-island  cotton  in  great 
quantities. 

Sao,  etc — In  the  north  of  the  state,  the  vallej^  are  exceedingly  rich ;  in 
the  south,  are  the  tide  and  swamp  land^  favorable  to  the  growth  of  rice, 
and  about  60  miles  from  the  coast  pine  Lmds,  valuable  for  their  timber. 
The  middle  region  is  well  adapted  to  cotton,  tobacco,  and  grain. 

The  winters  are  pleasant,  but  the  summers  are  very  hot.  Sickness  pre- 
vails during  August  and  September.  Cotton  is  the  staple.  Rice,  Indian 
com,  tobacco,  and  sweet  potatoes,  are  extenavely  ctdtivated.  Cofiee, 
sugar,  and  tropical  fruits,  are  produced  in  some  districts.  Gold  is  found 
in  the  north  of  the  state,  and  iron  ore  in  various  sections. 

lakabitaats,  etc — Georgia  was  the  last  settled  of  the  original  thirteen 
states.  The  first  colony  was  established  by  General  Oglethorpe,  in  1733, 
on  the  site  of  Savannah.  The  present  inhabitants  are  engaged  chiefly  in 
agricultural  pursuits. 

Saaafaetares  aad  Exp«rts. — ^This  state  has  latterly  made  considerable  ad- 


46 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHT. 


varices  in  the  establishment  of  manufactures.    Those  of  cotton  and  iron 

are  the  most  important.     The 


chief  exports  are  cotton,  rice, 
lumber,  and  naval  stores. 

Cities. — MiLLEDGKviLLE,  the 
capital,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Oconee,  is  built  on  elevated 
ground  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
cotton  country,  and  is  the  center 
of  a  considerable  trade.  Sa- 
vannah, the  largest  and  chief 
commercial  city  in  the  state, 
lies  on  the  Savannah  Eiver,  18 
miles  above  its  mouth.  Its 
streets  are  regularly  laid  out, 
and  its  public  squares  are  much 
admired. 

Atlanta,  the  terminus  of 
four  of  the  principal  railroads 
in  the  stiite,  is  a  great  business 
center,  and  an  important  depot 
for  cotton  and  grain. 

Augusta,  231  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Savannah,  is  the 
depot  of  a  fine  tobacco  and  cot- 
ton country.    Columbus,  on  the 

PALLS  01-  TOCCOA,  NBAK   CI.AnKSVILLE,   OA.  ,^j^  ^^^^^  ^f  ^^^^  OhattallOOChce, 

and  Macon,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Ocmulgoo,  are  flourishing 
cities ;  large  quantities  of  cotton  are  shipped  from  these  places. 

FLORIDA. 

Gcograplilcal  Position,  etc.— This  state  occupies  a  peninsula  south  of  Ala- 
bama and  Georgia,  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Though 
the  length  of  sea-coast  is  over  1,000  miles,  there  are  few  good  harbors. 

Pliysical  Features. — Florida  is  generally  level,  there  being  no  mountains 
in  the  state.  In  the  south,  dense  marshy  thickets,  called  everglades, 
cover  the  surface  for  a  distance  of  160  mUes,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
sixty  miles. 

Soil,  ete.— The  soil  is  exceedingly  rich  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers ;  and, 
for  the  space  of  thirty  miles  from  the  coast,  there  is  scarcely  to  be  seen  a 
stone  weighing  more  than  two  or  three  pounds.  As  this  state  approaches 
within  a  degree  and  a  half  of  the  torrid  zone,  its  climate  is  almost  tropical. 
It  very  rarely  freezes.    The  air  is  pure  and  free  from  fogs. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton,  Indian  corn,  sugar-cane,  rice,  and  to- 
bacco. Tropical  fruits,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  pomegranates,  pine- 
apples, olives,  etc.,  are  abundant.  The  country  teems  with  game,  and  the 
surrounding  waters  yield  the  finest  fish.  Alligators  and  mosquitoes  abound 
on  the  shores  of  the  inlets  and  rivers. 

Inlia1)itants,  ete. — Florida  was  originally  settled  by  Spaniards,  and  did 
not  form  part  of  the  Union  till  1820,  when  it  was  purchased  from  Spain. 
St.  Augustine  was  settled  in  1564;  so  that  it  is  by  many  years  the  oldest 
city  in  the  United  States.  The  leading  pursuit  is  agriculture,  though  but 
a  small  part  of  the  state  is  under  cultivation. 

Dlaniifaetnres  and  Exports, — Florida  is  not  a  manufacturing  state.  The 
exports  consist  chiefly  of  agricultural  products. 

Cities,  etc. — Tallahassee,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  commanding  emi- 
nence, about  twenty  miles  north  of  its  port,  St.  Mark's ;  it  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  contains  several  public  squares.  Key  West,  on  an  island  of  the 
same  name,  is  the  most  populous  place  in  the  state,  being  the  key  to  the 
northern  passage  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  About  thirty  vessels  are  annually 
wrecked  on  this  part  of  the  coast ;  and  the  sale  of  what  is  saved  from 
them  constitutes  much  of  the  business  of  Key  West.  Salt  and  sponges  are 
exported  from  the  island. 


Pknsaoola,  on  Pensacola  Bay,  is  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  Flor- 
ida. Six  miles  below  the  city  is  a  U.  S.  Navy  Yard.  Appalachioola  is 
noted  for  the  shipment  of  cotton.  St.  Augustine,  on  Matanzas  Sound, 
about  two  miles  from  the  ocean,  is  distinguished  for  the  mildness  and 
healthiness  of  the  cUmate,  which  render  it  a  place  of  resort  for  invalids  in 
winter. 


LESSON  LXV. 

THE   STATE   OF   ALABAMA. 

Geograplilcai  Position,  ete. — This  state  lies  between  Tennessee  on  the 
north,  and  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south,  and  extends  from 
Georgia  to  Mississippi.    The  length  of  sea-coast  is  about  sixty  miles. 

Pbysleal  Features. — The  Alleghany  Range  terminates  in  the  northern 
part  of  this  state.  South  of  the  mountainous  district,  the  surface  gradually 
declines  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  the  extreme  southern  i)art  is  a  dead  level. 

Soil,  ete. — In  the  flats  between  the  low  mountains  in  the  north,  the  soil 
is  good.  The  central  part  of  the  state  consists  chiefly  of  fertile  prairies, 
and  the  southern  of  i)rairies  and  pine-barrens,  interspersed  with  alluvial 
river  bottoms  of  great  fertility.  The  climate  is  similar  to  that  of  Georgia. 
Running  water  is  rarely  frozen. 

Cotton  is  the  great  staple.  In  the  amount  of  cotton  annually  produced, 
Alabama  ranks  second  in  the  Union.  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rice,  live- 
stock, butter,  and  sweet  potatoes,  are  jiroduced  in  large  quantities.  Sugar- 
cane grows  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  state.  Iron,  coal,  and  marble, 
are  the  chief  minerals. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — This  state  was  settled  by  the  French.  Agriculture  is 
the  chief  employment  of  the  inhabitants. 

Mannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Cotton  manufactures  have  been  introduced 
with  considerable  success.  The  commerce  of  the  state  consists  chiefly  in 
the  exportation  of  articles  of  domestic  produce. 

Cities,  ete. — Montgomery,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  a  high  bluff  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Alabama  River,  and  is  surrounded  by  one  of  tlie  richest  of 
cotton  regions.  Mobile  is  the  largest  city  and  chief  commercial  mart  of  the 
state.  Steamboats  ply  between  this  port  and  New  Orleans,  by  way  of 
Lakes  Borgne  and  Pontchartrain. 

Tuscaloosa,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Black  Warrior, 
is  noted  for  its  active  trade  and  literary  institutions.  Florence,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Tennessee,  is  the  principal  shipping 
port  in  the  north  of  the  state. 

Huntsville,  an  important  placfe,  situated  a  few  miles  north  of  the  Ten- 
nessee, is  noted  for  its  handsome  buildings.  Wetumpka,  on  the  Coosa, 
and  EuFAULA,  on  the  Chattahoochee,  are  largely  engaged  in  the  cotton 
trade. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Geograplileal  Position.— Mississippi  lies  between  Tennessee  on  the  north, 
and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Louisiana  on  the  south,  and  extends  from  the 
western  border  of  Alabama  to  the  Mississippi. 

Pliysieal  Features.— In  the  north,  the  land  is  hilly  and  broken ;  in  the 
eastern  and  central  parts,  it  is  a  kind  of  tal)le-land,  descending  toward  the 
Mississippi.  In  the  south,  for  about  100  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  it 
is  mostly  level,  covered  with  pine  forests  and  cypress  swamps. 

Soii  ete.— The  valleys  of  the  northern  and  central  sections  are  exceed- 
ingly fertile.  In  the  south-east,  the  soil  is  mostly  sandy,  interspersed  with 
a  few  fertile  tracts.  The  summers  are  long  and  hot,  but  the  winters  are 
several  degrees  colder  than  in  the  Atlantic  states  of  the  same  latitude. 

Cotton  is  the  great  staple.  Indian  corn,  rice,  bananas,  sweet  potatoes, 
and  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  together  with  wool,  butter,  and  live-stock,  are 
among  the  chief  productions. 

Inliabltants,  ete.— This  state  was  first  settled  by  the  French,  at  Fort  Ro- 
salie (now  Natchez).     Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


47 


MannfaetBTCs  and  Exports. — Mississippi  is  not  a  manufacturing  state.  Its 
commerce,  which  is  carried  on  mostly  through  the  port  of  New  Orleans, 
consists  chiefly  in  the  export  of  cotton  and  other  agricultural  products. 

Cities,  tte. — .Jackson,  the  cai)ital,  is  a  thriving  place,  and  ships  about 
30,000  bales  of  cotton  annually.  Natchez,  the  largest  and  chief  commer- 
cial city  of  the  state,  stands  on  a  bluff  200  feet  high,  overlooking  the  Mis- 
sissippi. It  contains  many  handsome  buildings,  surrounded  by  gardens 
and  orange-groves.  Holly  Springs,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  is 
noted  for  its  educational  institutions. 

VioKSBtiRO,  400  miles  above  New  Orleans,  is  an  important  cotton  mart, 
exporting  100,000  bales  annually.  Columbus,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tom- 
bigbce,  which  is  here  bridged,  is  the  depot  of  an  extensive  region. 

I 
LOUISIANA. 

Geographieal  Posldon. — Louisiana  extends  from  Arkansas  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  from  Mississippi  to  the  Sabine  River. 

Physical  Features. — Tliis  state  has  no  mountains ;  nowhere  is  there  an 
elevation  of  more  than  200  feet.  The  southern  portion  of  the  state,  includ- 
ing the  great  Delta  of  the  Mississippi,  is  not,  for  the  most  part,  elevated 
more  than  ten  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is  annually 
inundated  by  the  spring  floods. 

Soil,  ett. — The  soil  is  various ;  only  one-twentieth  part  of  the  state  is 
under  cultivation.  The  richest  tract  is  a  narrow  belt  of  land,  from  one  to 
two  miles  in  width,  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi,  extending  from  150 
miles  above,  to  about  100  miles  below,  New  Orleans.  The  climate  is  like 
that  of  Mississippi.  Cotton  and  sugar-cane  are  the  great  staples.  Nine- 
tentlis  of  the  sugar-cane  produced  in  the  United  States  comes  from 
Louisiana.    Fruits,  such  as  oranges,  figs,  peaches,  etc.,  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state,  first  settled  by  the  French,  has  still  a  large 
French  population.  It  was  bought  from  France  in  1803  by  the  United 
States.     Agriculture  and  commerce  form  the  leading  pursuits. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — This  state  is  largely  engaged  in  the  mann- 
facturo  of  sugar  and  molasses.  Its  commerce  .consists  in  the  exportation 
of  sugar,  cotton,  and  other  articles  of  domestic  produce. 

Cities,  etc. — Baton  Koure,  the  capital,  stands  on  a  blnff  thirty  feet  high. 
Just  above  a  plain  occupied  by  rich  sugar-plantations,  splendid  villas,  and 
groves  of  tropical  fruit-trees.  NAioniioouES  and  Alexandbia  carry  on  an 
active  trade. 


mnr  obleans,  Louisiana. 

New  Obleans,  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  South-west,  is 
about  100  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi;  it  is  built  round  a 
bend  in  the  river,  and  is  hence  called  "  the  Crescent  City."  The  Levee, 
an  embankment  bnilt  to  prevent  the  river  from  inundating  the  city  at 
high  water,  forms  a  continuous  quay,  four  niiles  long  and  one  hundred 
feet  wide. 


TEXAS. 

Geographical  Position. — Texas  extends  from  New  Mexico  and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory on  the  north,  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Rio  Grande. 

Physical  Features. — The  country  along  the  coast,  for  a  distance  of  about 
fifty  miles  toward  the  interior,  is  level ;  then  comes  a  strip  200  miles  wide, 
which  is  undulating  ;  and  this  is  followed  by  a  mountainous  tract  in  the 
north  and  north-west.    The  coast  is  lined  with  low  islands. 

Soil,  etc. — There  are  few  countries  of  the  same  extent,  that  have  as 
little  unproductive  land  as  Texas.  The  climate,  free  from  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold,  is  mild  and  healthy.  Snow  is  seldom  seen,  except  on  the 
mountains.  Cotton  is  the  great  staple;  sugar-cane  thrives  well  in  the 
level  country ;  tobacco  and  indigo  flourish  with  but  little  care.  Wheat, 
com,  and  rice,  are  extensively  cultivated.  Fruits  of  almost  every  kind  are 
plentiful.  Vast  herds  of  buflaloes  and  wild  horses  wander  over  the  prairies. 
Useful  minerals  abound. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Texas  was  first  settled  by  the  Spanish,  in  1C92.  It  was 
formerly  a  Mexican  province,  but  achieved  its  independence  in  1836.  It 
remained  an  independent  republic  till  1845,  when  it  was  admitted  as  a 
state  into  the  Union.  Agriculture  and  the  rearing  of  live-stoct  form  the 
chief  pursuits  of  the  inhabitants. 

Mannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Texas  has  but  few  manufactures.  Cattle  and 
salt  are  exported  to  the  West  Indies.    The  chief  export  is  cotton. 

Cities,  etc — Austin,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  the  Colorado,  about  200 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Galveston,  the  most  populous  and  chief  commer- 
cial city,  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  Galveston 
Bay,-  carries  on  an  extensive  coasting  trade. 

Houston,  the  second  city  in  the  state  in  commercial  importance,  lies 
on  Buffalo  Bayou  (M'o),  about  45  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Galveston 
Bay.    Matagorda  and  Bbownsville  are  places  of  considerable  trade. 


LESSON  LXVI. 

THE   STATE   OF   MINNESOTA, 

Geographical  Position. — Minnesota  lies  west  of  Wisconsin,  and  extends 
from  Iowa  to  British  America. 

Physical  Features. — Though  there  are  no  mountains  in  the  state,  yet  it 
is  the  most  elevated  tract  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Hudson  Bay. 
The  surface  is  mostly  covered  with  prairies,  interspersed  with  numerous 
streams  and  lakes.    Parts  of  the  state  are  densely  timbered. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  in  the  river  valleys  is  excellent,  and  the  climate, 
though  somewhat  severe  in  winter,  is  remarkably  healthy.  The  chief  pro- 
ductions are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  and  potatoes.  There  is  but  little  mineral 
wealth  in  the  state. 

JVatnral  Cnriositics.— -Tlie  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi, 
are  an  object  of  great  interest  to  travelers.  The  perpendicular  pitch  of 
these  falls  is  seventeen  feet;  but,  including  the  rapids  above  and  below, 
the  entire  descent  in  a  mile  is  estimated  at  sixty-five  feet.  An  island,  at 
the  brow  of  the  precipice,  divides  the  current  into  two  parts. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  is  being  rapidly  settled  by  emigrants  from 
the  older  portions  of  the  Union  and  various  other  parts  of  the  world. 
The  leading  pursuits  are  agriculture  and  lumbering. 

manufactures  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  comparatively  limited,  but 
increasing.    The  exports  are  confined  to  agricultural  products. 

Cities. — St.  Paul,  the  capital  of  the  state,  an  enterprising  and  busy 
place,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Mississippi, 
about  3,000  miles  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  nine  miles  by  land  below 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  St.  Anthony  and  Minneapolis,  located  at  the 
falls,  are  rapidly  increasing  in  wealth  and  population. 


48 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


WISCONSIN.  i 

Geographieal  Position. — Wisconsin  lies  north  of  lUinois,  between  Lake 
Micliigan  and  the  Mississippi  Eiver. 

Physical  Features. — It  is  mostly  level  in  the  southern  and  central  parts, 
which  consist  of  prairie  and  timber  land.  There  are  no  mountains,  prop- 
erly so  called ;  but  several  ranges  of  hills  diversify  the  state. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  of  the  prairie  land  is  well  adapted  to  agricultural 
purposes,  as  also  are  the  "  oak  openings,"  or  lands  covered  with  a  scat- 
tered growth  of  oak.  The  pine  districts  in  the  north  and  west  are  not  so 
rich.  The  climate,  though  severe  in  winter,  is  equable  and  healthy.  The 
chief  agricultural  products  are  wheat,  Indian  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  butter, 
and  live-stock.    Lead  and  copper  ore  abound  in  the  south-western  part. 


THE   UNIVERSITr  OF   WISCONSIN, 

Inbabitants,  ete,— This  state  was  first  visited  and  settled  by  the  French. 
The  population,  which  has  grown  with  wonderful  rapidity,  consists  chiefly 
of  emigrants  from  the  eastern  section  of  the  Union,  and  from  various  parts 
of  Europe.    The  leading  industrial  pursuit  is  agriculture. 

Dlannfattares  and  Exports.— Wisconsin  is  not,  as  yet,  extensively  engaged 
in  manufactures.  Its  commerce  consists  mainly  in  the  exportation  of  wheat 
and  other  grains,  lumber,  and  lead. 

Cities. — Madisou,  the  capital,  is  pleasantly  located  on  an  isthmus  be- 
tween Lakes  Mendota  and  Monona.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin.  Milwaukee,  the  most  populous  city  of  the  state,  and  the 
chief  port  on  Lake  Michigan  except  Chicago,  is  the  commercial  mart  of  a 
rich  and  rapidly  improving  country. 

Racine,  at  the  moutii  of  the  Root  River,  has  one  of  the  best  harbors 
on  Lake  Michigan,  and  ranks  second  in  population  and  commerce.  Janes- 
viLLE  and  Wateetown  are  finely  situated  and  rapidly  growing,  having  an 
abundance  of  water-power  fi-om  the  Rock  River. 

MICHIGAN. 

Ceograpliical  Position. — Michigan  comprises  two  large  peninsulas;  the 
northern  situated  between  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan,  and  the  southern 
between  Lakes  Michigan  and  Huron. 

Piiysieal  Features. — The  northern  peninsula  is  much  diversified;  the 
southern  is  generally  level  or  rolling.  Michigan  has  a  lake  coast  more 
than  1,000  miles  in  length.    It  is  sometimes  called  "  the  Lake  State." 

Soii,  etc. — The  soil  of  the  northern  peninsula  is  rugged  and  poor,  abound- 
ing in  lofty  forests;  that  of  the  southern  is  generally  fertile.  Though  the 
climate  is  severe  in  winter,  in  summer  vegetation  comes  forward  rapidly. 
The  staple  products  are  grain,  hay,  garden  vegetables,  wool,  butter,  cheese, 
maple  sugar,  and  live-stock.    Fish  and  minerals  abound.    Valuable  salt- 


beds  are  found  along  the  Saginaw  Valley,  and  the  copper-mines  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  are  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Natnral  Cariosities. — The  shores  along  Lake  Superior  are  composed  of 
sandstone,  which  in  some  i)laces  has  been  worn  by  the  wind  and  water 
into  fancied  resemblances  of  ruined  temjdes,  castles,  etc.  The  most  noted 
specimens  of  this  character  are  the  "  Pictured  Rocks,"  about  sixty  miles 
west  of  the  Strait  of  St.  Mary.  They  extend  nearly  twelve  miles,  and  rise 
about  300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake. 

Inliabitants,  ete. — Michigan  was  first  settled  by  the  French,  at  Detroit, 
in  1G70.  Tlie  leading  industrial  pursuit  in  the  southern  peninsula  is  agri- 
culture ;  in  the  northern,  mining. 

Dlannfactnres  and  Exports. — Michigan  is  eminently  an  agricultural  state.- 
Its  manufactures  are  as  yet  limited,  but  are  rapidly  increasing.  The  chief 
exports  are  wheat  and  other  grains,  live-stock,  wool,  lumber,  and  copper. 

Gties,  ete. — Lansing,  the  capital,  situated  on  both  banks  of  the  Grand 
River,  is  the  center  of  an  active  and  increasing  trade.  Deteoit,  tlie  com- 
mercial emporium  and  largest  city  of  the  state,  is  admirably  situated  for 
commerce,  in  which  it  is  extensively  engaged.  Grand  Rapids  is  the  chief 
depot  for  tlie  northern  country,  and  lias  a  large  inland  trade. 

MoNuoK  is  tlie  principal  market  for  the  wheat  produced  in  the  vicinity. 
Adrian  contains  various  mills,  and  is  the  center  of  an  active  trade.  Kal- 
amazoo and  Ann  Aebok  are  flourisiiing  places ;  the  latter  is  the  seat  of  the 
State  University. 


LESSON  LXVII. 

THE    STATE    OF    OHIO. 

Ceograpliicai  Position. — This  state  extends  from  the  Ohio  River  to  Mich- 
igan and  Lake  Erie,  and  from  Pennsylvania  to  Indiana. 

Physleal  Features. — The  central  part  of  the  state  is  a  high  table-land, 
about  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  surface  in  general  is  un- 
dulating and  agreeably  diversified.    There  are  no  mountains. 

Soii,  ett. — Nine-tenths  of  this  state  is  susceptible  of  cultivation,  and 
nearly  three-fourths  exceedingly  productive.  The  climate  is  pleasant  and 
healthy.  The  staple'products  are  grain,  butter,  cheese,  wool,  orcliard  prod- 
ucts, maple  sugar,  tobacco,  and  live-stock.  Ohio  ranks  first  in  the  Union 
in  the  amount  of  wool  annually  produced.  Iron,  coal,  and  petroleum,  are 
abundant  in  the  south-eastern  part. 

Inliabitants,  ete. — This  region  reihained  in  possession  of  the  Indians  till 
five  years  after  the  Revolution,  when  General  Putnam,  with  a  company 
of  New  Englanders,  made  the  first  white  settlement  at  Marietta.  It  is 
now  the  third  state  in  the  Union  in  wealth  and  population.  Agriculture 
is  the  leading  pursuit.    Manufactures  and  commerce  also  receive  attention. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — The  chief  manufactures  are  those  of  woolen 
goods,  iron,  and  leather.  Among  the  exports,  which  are  sent  mostly  to 
New  Orleans  or  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  we  may  mention  flour,  grain,  Uve- 
stock,  wool,  cheese,  butter,  pork,  and  lard. 

Cities. — Columbus,  the  capital,  on  the  Scioto  River,  is  an  active  busi- 
ness center,  being  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  populous  country.  Cincinnati, 
the  largest  city  of  the  Western  States,  and  hence  called  "the  Queen  of  the 
West,"  is  located  in  a  beautiful  valley  on  the  Ohio,  and  is  distinguished 
for  the  extent  of  its  commerce,  the  variety  of  its  manufactures,  and  its 
literary  and  benevolent  institutions.  There  are  many  largo  vineyards  near 
the  city,  which  produce  wine  equal  to  that  of  France. 

Cleveland,  distant  about  200  miles,  by  water,  from  Bufliilo,  is  the  great 
commercial  emporium  in  the  north  of  the  state.  Toledo  is  noted  for  its 
fine  harbor  and  the  extent  of  its  commerce.  Sandusky,  on  Sandusky  Bay, 
three  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  is  an  important  commercial  city,  and  is  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  plaster  and  lime  trade.  Dayton  and  Zanesville  are 
flourishing  places,  distinguished  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  their  manu- 
factures. CuiLLicoTnE,  noted  for  its  beautiful  situation,  is  the  center  of 
trade  for  the  fertile  valley  of  the  Scioto. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


49 


KENTUCKY. 

Geographleal  Posiflon, — Kentucky  lies  north  of  Tennessee,  and  south  of 
the  Ohio  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio. 

Physical  Features, — The  surface  in  the  eastern  section  is  liiEy  and  moun- 
tainous ;  in  the  west,  it  is  generally  level. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  of  the  greater  part  of  the  state  is  celebrated  for  its 
fertility,  and  the  cUmate  is  mild  and  salubrious.  The  staple  products  are 
Indian  corn,-  flax,  hemp,  and  tobacco.  The  other  noted  productions  are 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  wool,  butter,  bees'-wax,  and  honey.  In  the  amount  of 
tobacco  annually  produced,  this  state  ranks  second  only  to  Virginia.  Coal 
and  iron  are  abundant,  and  salt  and  mineral  springs  are  numerous. 

IVatural  Curiosities. — Among  the  natural  curiosities  the  most  noted  is  tlie 
Mammoth  Cave,  situated  about  130  miles  south-west  of  Lexington.  This 
remarkable  cave  has  been  explored  for  a  distance  of  ten  mUes. 

Inhabitants,  cte. — Kentucky  originally  formed  part  of  Virginia ;  it  was 
first  explored  by  Colonel  Boone  and  his  companions,  in  1769.  The  chief 
industrial  pursuit  is  agriculture. 

llannfaetgres  and  Exports. — Kentucky  is  not  extensively  engaged  in  man- 
ufiictures ;  agricidture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  Cattle,  horses,  mules,  and 
swine,  are  raised  in  great  numbers,  and  sent  to  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States ; 
these,  with  corn,  tobacco,  cotton  bagging,  and  hemp  cordage,  form  the 
chief  exports. 

Cities. — Frankfort,  the  capital,  is  the  center  of  an  active  trade.  Louis- 
ville, on  the  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  is  the  metropolis.  To  enable  boats  to 
pass  around  the  rapids,  a  canal,  2J  miles  long,  has  been  constructed. 

Lexington,  the  oldest  city  in  the  state,  is  distinguished  for  its  literary 
and  scientific  institutions.  Covington,  a  flourishing  city,  stands  directly 
opposite  to  Cincinnati.    Newport  is  an  important  and  growing  place. 


A  SCENE   ON  THE   KENTUCKY  ItlVEB. 


TENNESSKE. 


Geographical  Position. — Tennessee  lies  south  of  Kentucky,  and  north  of 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi. 

Physical  Features. — Tliis  state  is  divided  into  East  Tennessee,  which  is 
mountainous, — Middle  Tennessee,  which  is  hilly, — and  West  Tennessee, 
which  is  generally  level. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  particularly  in  the  middle  and 
western  sections,  and  the  climate  is  mild  and  genial.  The  staple  products 
are  Indian  corn,  tobacco,  and  cotton.  Grain,  grass,  and  fruit,  are  abun- 
dant. Immense  numbers  of  swine  and  mules  are  raised.  The  chief  min- 
eral resources  are  iron,  copper,  and  coal. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Tennessee  was  first  settled  by  hardy  pioneers,  of  Eng- 
lish descent,  from  North  Carolina,  of  which  colony  it  originally  formed  a 
part.     Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Tennessee  is  not  noted  as  a  manufacturing 
state.     The  exports  are  live-stock,  fruits,  and  the  staple  products. 


Cities,  etc. — Nashville,  the  capital,  is  a  handsome  city,  and  the  seat  of 
an  active  trade ;  the  Cumberland  is  here  crossed  by  a  magnificent  suspen- 
sion bridge.  Memphis,  buUt  on  a  high  bluff,  is  the  most  important  city  on 
the  Mississippi,  between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans,  and  ships  large  quan- 
tities of  cotton.  Knoxville,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Holston,  and  Muhfreesboeo,  in  a  fertile  plain  ?0  mUes  from  Nashville,  are 
important  and  flourishing  places. 


LESSOlf   LXTIII. 

THE    STATE    OF    ARKANSAS. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  west  of  the  Mississippi  Eiver,  an^ 
extends  from  Missouri  on  the  north  to  Louisiana  on  the  south. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  low  and  marshy  in  the  east,  for  a  dis- 
tance of  100  mUes,  undulating  in  the  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the 
west. 

Soil,  etc. — Along  the  rivers,  the  soil  is  very  fertile ;  in  other  parts,  sterile. 
The  climate  is  healthy  and  temperate  in  the  west ;  in  the  east  and  south,  it 
is  moist  and  unhealthy.  The  staple  productions  are  cotton,  Indian  corn, 
and  live-stock.  The  chief  mineral  resources  are  coal,  iron,  copper,  lead, 
zinc,  gypsum,  manganese,  and  salt.  Hot  springs  are  numerous  along  tlie 
Washita  River.  Arkansas  is  stiU  the  abode  of  numerous  wild  animals, 
such  as  deer,  elks,  bears,  and  wolves. 

Natural  Curiosities. — Sixty  miles  from  Little  Rock  are  the  celebrated  Hot 
Springs,  about  100  in  number ;  they  are  much  resorted  to  by  invalids. 

Inhsbitants,  etc. — Arkansas  was  originally  settled  by  the  French.  The 
present  inhabitants  are  engaged  chiefly  in  agricultural  pursuits. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — This  state  is  not  extensively  engaged  in  man- 
ufactures.    The  staple  products  form  the  chief  articles  of  export. 

(Sties,  etc. — Little  Rook,  the  capital  and  largest  town,  is  the  business 
depot  of  a  wide  extent  of  country.  Camden,  a  flourishing  place  on  the 
Washita  Eiver,  ranks  next  to  the  capital  in  population.  Van  Buben  is 
the  chief  commercial  emporium.  Helena  and  Batesville  carry  on  a 
flourishing  inland  trade. 

MISSOURI. 

Gei^raphieal  Position. — This  state  borders  on  the  west  side  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  between  Iowa  and  Arkansas. 

Physical  Features. — North  of  the  Missouri  are  picturesque  hiUs,  inter- 
spersed with  extensive  prairies  and  shady  groves ;  south  of  the  river,  the 
surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  except  in  the  south-east,  where  it  is  low 
and  marshy. 

Soli,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  particularly  along  the  margin  of 
the  rivers.  The  climate,  though  variable,  is  healthy.  The  staple  produc- 
tions are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  hemp,  and  tobacco.  Fruits  grow  in  great 
profusion.  The  prairies  supply  excellent  pasturage  for  immense  numbers 
of  cattle.     Missouri  is  rich  in  lead,  iron,  coal,  and  copper. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Missouri  was  originally  settled  by  the  French,  but  the 
present  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  emigrants  from  the  other  states  in  the 
Union,  and  their  descendants.  The  leading  industrial  pursuit  is  agricul- 
ture.    Mining  is  carried  on  to  some  extent. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  increasing.  Among  the 
chief  exports  are  live-stock,  pork,  flour,  lead,  and  tobacco. 

Cities,  etc. — Jefferson  City,  the  capital,  has  a  highly  picturesque  situa- 
tion on  the  right  bank  of  the  Missouri.  St.  Louis,  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  about  20  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  and  1,200 
mUes  from  New  Orleans,  is  the  largest  place  in  the  state,  and  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  cities  in  the  Mississippi  valley.  It  contains 
numerous  costly  public  edifices,  and  extends  along  the  river  for  about  seven 
miles,  presenting  an  imposing  appearance. 


60 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


St.  Odarlks  is  finely  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri.  St. 
Genevieve,  on  the  Mississippi,  about  60  miles  below  St.  Louis,  is  the  ship- 
ping port  for  the  products  of  the  iron  works  at  Iron  Mountain.  Large 
quantities  of  copper,  load,  and  white  sand,  are  exported  from  this  place. 

Hannibal  is  rapidly  increasing  in  commercial  importance.  Independ- 
ence, located  about  five  miles  south  of  the  Missouri,  carries  on  consider- 
able trade,  being  the  place  where  many  of  the  emigrants,  on  their  way  to 
Oregon  and  California,  procure  their  outfit. 


HALT  OF  AH  XMISRANT  FABTT. 


KANSAS. 


Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  between  parallels  87°  and  40°  N. 
lat.,  and  extends  from  Missouri  to  Colorado. 

Physical  Features. — Kansas,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  rolling  prairie ; 
there  are  no  mountains  in  the  state. 

Soil,  etc. — Kansas  is  one  of  the  finest  grazing  states  in  the  "West.  There 
are  some  sandy  plains,  but  most  of  the  state  is  unsurpassed  in  fertility,  par- 
ticularly the  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Kansas.  The  climate  is  mild ; 
the  winters  are  short,  and  but  little  snow  falls.  The  great  staple  is  Indian 
corn.     Gypsum  and  coal  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants. — The  eastern  part  has  been  rapidly  settled  by  emigrants 
from  the  older  states,  and  the  population  is  still  increasing  very  fast.  In 
the  western  part  of  the  state  there  are  several  Indian  tribes'.  Agriculture 
is  the  chief  pursuit. 

Hannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  as  yet  limited.  The  prin- 
cipal exports  are  agricultural  products. 

Cities. — ToPEKA,  the  capital,  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Kansas  River. 
Leavenworth  and  ATomsoN,  on  the  Missouri,  and  Lawrence,  on  the 
Kansas,  are  important  business  centers.  Leavenworth  is  the  metropolis 
of  tlio  state. 

NEBRASKA. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  between  the  40th  and  the  43d 
parallel  of  north  latitude,  and  extends  from  the  Missouri  River  westward 
to  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

Physical  Features. — There  are  no  mountains  in  Nebraska.  The  surface 
is  little  else  than  one  vast  rolling  prairie,  here  and  there  diversified  by  a 
picturesque  stream,  and  affording  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  pasturage. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  is  deep  and  very  fer- 
tile ;  the  western  section  is,  for  the  most  part,  unproductive.    The  climate  is 


milder  than  that  of  the  Eastern  States  situated  in  the  same  latitude.  The 
leading  productions  are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  and  other  cereals.  Coal,  iron, 
and  limestone,  are  abundant.  Salt-springs  are  numerous  in  the  south- 
eastern part. 

Inhabitants. — The  population  is  rapidly  increasing  by  immigration.  The 
chief  industrial  pursuit  is  agriculture.  Hunting  and  trapping  furnish  em- 
ployment to  many. 

Hannfaetnres,  etc. — Manufactures  have  not,  as  yet,  received  much  atten- 
tion. This  state,  like  Kansas,  holds  an  important  position  as  the  tliorough- 
fare  of  a  large  western  emigration.  Railroads  are  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, which  wOl  greatly  extend  its  commercial  facilities. 

Cities,  etc — Lincoln,  a  place  recently  laid  out  in  the  south-eastern  part 
of  the  state,  is  the  capital.  Omaha,  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  and  the 
eastern  terminus  of  the  great  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Missouri  River.  Nebraska  City,  on  the  same  river,  is  largely  en- 
gaged in  transporting  freight  to  the  territories. 


LESSON    LXIX. 

THE   STATE   OF   IOWA. 


Geographical  Position. — Iowa  lies  north  of  Missouri,  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Missouri  River. 

Physical  Features. — The  general  surface  is  that  of  a  high,  rolling  prairie, 
there  being  no  mountains  in  the  state.  A  tract  of  table-land  divides  the 
waters  which  flow  into  the  Mississippi  from  those  that  empty  into  the  Mis- 
souri.    The  banks  of  the  streams  are  generally  skirted  with  wood. 

Soil,  etc. — ^The  soU  is  exceedingly  fertile  and  easily  cultivated,  except  in 
the  north-east,  where  it  is  rugged  and  rocky.  The  climate  is  temperate 
and  healthful.  The  staple  products  are  Indian  com,  wheat,  and  live-stock. 
The  lead-mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Dubuque  are  among  the  richest  in  the 
United  States.  Coal  is  abundant ;  iron  ore  and  copper  have  been  found 
in  considerable  quantities. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Iowa  was  settled  by  the  French,  and  formed  part  of 
the  Louisiana  purchase.  The  present  inhabitants  consist  mainly  of  emi- 
grants from  the  other  states  in  the  Union,  and  from  Europe.  Agriculture 
is  the  leading  pursuit.  Much  attention  is  paid  to  the  production  of  wool, 
and  the  raising  of  swine  for  market. 

Hannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Iowa  is  not  yet  extensively  engaged  in  man- 
ufactures, though  it  possesses  plenty  of  coal  and  an  abundance  of  water- 
power.    The  chief  exports  are  grain,  flour,  lead,  and  pork. 


THS  BOCKT  TOWBBB,  MBAB  DUBCQUE,   VPFEB  UIBSISSIFFI. 

(Sties,  etc — Dk8  Moines,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
is  the  capital.    Dubuque,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  the  earliest 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


51 


settlement,  and  now  the  metropolis  of  the  state,  is  the  great  depot  of  the 
mineral  region. 

Davenport,  on  the  Mississippi,  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  of  its 
finest  scenery,  is  an  important  and  growing  city.  Keokttk,  a  flourishing 
town,  lies  at  the  foot  of  what  are  called  the  lower  rapids  of  the  Mississippi, 
immediately  above  the  month  of  the  Des  Moines.  Burlington,  situated 
on  the  Mississippi,  and  connected  with  the  Illinois  shore  by  a  steam  ferry, 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Iowa  City,  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
state,  stands  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Iowa  Eiver,  80 
miles  above  its  mouth. 

ILLINOIS. 

Geograplii€aI  Position. — This  state  lies  south  of  Wisconsin,  and  east  of 
the  Mississippi  Eiver,  which  separates  it  from  Iowa  and  Missouri. 

Physical  Features. — By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  state  is  a  table-land, 
from  300  to  800  feet  above  the  level  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  sloping  toward 
the  south,  as  the  course  of  the  rivers  indicates.  There  are  no  mountains, 
but  vast  undulating  prairies  meet  the  eye,  decked  with  beautiful  wild 
flowers  of  almost  every  hue. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is,  for  the  most  part,  very  fertile;  the  climate  is 
healthy,  and  milder  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  States  lying  in  the  same  lati- 
tude. The  staple  products  are  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay,  butter,  cheese, 
and  potatoes.  Illinois  ranks  first  in  the  Union,  in  the  production  of  corn 
and  wheat. 

Lead  and  coal  are  the  chief  minerals,  and  iron  ore  is  found  in  many 
localities.  Salt-springs,  from  which  large  quantities  of  salt  are  manufac- 
tured, are  found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — This  state  was  settled  by  the  French.  Agriculture 
forms  the  chief  employment  of  the  present  population. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Illinois  is  not  distinguished  as  a  manufactur- 
ing state.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit,  and  the  advantages  of  the 
state  in  this  respect  are  unsurpassed  by  those  of  any  other  in  the  Union. 
Lead,  grain,  potatoes,  and  wool,  form  important  articles  of  export. 

Cities. — Springfield,  the  capital,  stands  near  the  center  of  the  state,  on 
the  border  of  a  large  and  beautiful  prairie.  Chicago,  the  most  populous 
and  chief  commercial  city,  lies  on  the  south-west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan, 
on  both  sides  of  the  Chicago  River,  with  an  elevation  of  only  about  five 
feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake.  Chicago  has  grown  with  almost  incred- 
ible rapidity,  and  is  the  great  shipping  depot  of  an  immense  region. 

Peoria,  at  the  outlet  of  Peoria  Lake,  is  an  important  commercial  city. 
QtjiNOY,  in  the  vicinity  of  a  rich  prairie,  is  actively  engaged  in  trade. 
Galena,  on  the  Fevre  River,  six  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Missis- 
sippi, is  the  metropolis  of  the  lead  region  of  northern  Illinois. 

INDIANA. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  between  Ohio  and  Illinois,  and 
extends  from  Lake  Michigan  and  Michigan  on  the  north,  to  the  Ohio 
River. 

Physical  Features. — There  are  no  mountains  in  the  state.  The  southern 
I)art,  near  tlie  Ohio,  is  hilly ;  and  the  south-western  section  is  somewhat 
rocky  and  broken.  The  remainder  of  the  state  is  generally  level,  and  is 
interspersed  with  extensive  prairies  and  rich  bottom-lands,  thickly  studded 
with  forests.    The  general  inclination  of  the  surface  is  toward  the  Ohio. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil,  for  the  most  part,  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  is  healthy 
and  mild  for  the  latitude.  Indian  corn  is  the  staple ;  in  the  amount  of 
wheat  produced,  Indiana  ranks  second  in  the  Union.  The  other  leading 
products  are  oats,  potatoes,  fruits,  butter,  live-stock,  wool,  and  maple  sugar. 
Of  minerals,  coal  and  iron  ore  are  the  most  important. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — This  state  was  settled  by  the  French.  In  1800,  in  con- 
nection with  the  present  state  of  Illinois,  it  was  erected  into  the  territory 


of  Indiana,  and,  sixteen  years  after,  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  an  in- 
dependent state.    Agriculture  forms  the  chief  employment. 

Ilannfactnres  and  Exports. — Though  this  state  possesses  ample  water- 
power,  it  is  not  as  yet  engaged  in  manufactures  to  any  great  extent.  An 
active  lake  and  river  trade  is  carried  on.  The  leading  exports  are  live-stock, 
pork,  beef,  lard,  Indian  com,  wheat,  and  wool. 

Cities,  ete. — Indianapolis,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  situated  in  the 
central  part  of  the  state,  is  the  terminus  of  several  railroads,  and  is  des- 
tined to  become  a  very  important  city.  New  Albany,  two  miles  below 
the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  is  more  extensively  engaged  in  steamboat-buUding 
than  any  other  port  on  the  river. 

Evansville,  on  the  Ohio,  the  southern  terminus  of  the  longest  canal 
in  the  United  States,  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  grain  and  pork 
of  south-western  Indiana.  Foet  Wayne  is  the  business  depot  of  a  highly 
fertile  district.  La  Fayette,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Wabash,  is  the  chief  grain  market  in  the  state.  Teebb  Hahtk  is  a  busy 
railroad  center,  and  Madison  is  noted  for  its  extensive  pork-packing  es- 
tablishments. 


LESSOlf  LXX. 

THE   STATE   OF   CALIFORNIA. 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  lies  south  of  Oregon,  and  extends  west- 
ward from  Nevada  and  Arizona  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physical  Features. — A  large  portion  of  the  state  is  traversed  by  mountain 
ranges.  The  great  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  extends 
from  north  to  south  about  500  miles ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Coast  Range.  On  the  western 
slope  of  the  former  are  the  principal  gold  mines. 

Soli,  etc. — The  soil  in  the  valleys  is  exceedingly  fertile.  The  year  is 
divided  about  equally  into  two  seasons — the  wet  and  the  dry,  the  former 
lasting  from  the  middle  of  November  to  the  middle  of  May.  Among  the 
chief  agricultural  products  are  barley,  wheat,  potatoes,  and  fruits.  The 
fruits  and  garden  vegetables  grow  to  a  remarkable  size.  Grapes  are  large- 
ly cultivated,  and  excellent  wine  is  made.    Fish  are  fine  and  plentiful. 

In  the  abundance  of  its  minerals,  particularly  gold,  California  takes  the 
lead  of  the  other  states.  The  quicksilver  mine  of  New  Almaden,  about  13 
mOes  south  of  San  Jose,  is  probably  the  richest  in  the  world. 

Natoral  Cnriosities. — Among  the  most  remarkable  curiosities  are  the  hot 
sulphur  springs,  about  90  miles  north  of  Benicia,  which  eject  boiling  water 
to  a  height  of  from  10  to  15  feet. — The  Falls  of  the  Yosemite  are,  as  far  as 
height  is  concerned,  the  greatest  cataract  in  the  world. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — California  was  first  colonized  by  the  Spanish.  In  1822 
it  became  a  province  of  Mexico,  and  in  1848  Mexico  ceded  it  to  the 
United  States.  The  present  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  emigrants  from 
other  parts  of  the  Union,  and  from  the  Old  World,  including  30,000  Chi- 
nese.   Mining  is  the  leading  pursuit. 

Of  late  years  this  state  has  made  rapid  progress  in  commerce,  and  it 
now  carries  on  an  extensive  trade,  not  only  with  the  Atlantic  States  by 
way  of  Panama,  but  also  with  the  Old  World,  by  means  of  steamers  that 
ply  between  San  Francisco  and  ports  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Pacific. 

Hannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  rapidly  multiplying. 
Among  the  leading  exports  are  gold,  silver,  and  wine. 

Cities,  ete. — Sacramento  City,  the  capital,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Sacramento  River,  is  a  noted  commercial  port,  being  accessible  to  large- 
sized  vessels.  San  Feanoisco,  the  great  commercial  metropolis  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  lies  on  the  west  side  of  San  Francisco  Bay.  The  entrance 
to  this  city  from  the  ocean  is  through  a  strait  four  miles  long,  called  the 
"Golden  Gate." 


62 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Makysville,  the  third  town  of  the  state  in  population,  and  Stookton, 
the  fourth,  are  respectively  the  centers  of  trade  for  tlie  northern  and  the 
southern  mining  districts.  Bbnicia,  situated  on  Karquenas  {har-ke'ndg) 
Strait,  contains  an  arsenal,  a  navy-yard,  and  large  docks  for  the  repairing 
of  steamers. 

OREOON. 

Geogiapliical  PositloD. — Oregon  lies  north  of  California  and  Nevada,  and 
extends  westward  from  Idaho  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physleal  Features. — Mucli  of  the  state  is  mountainous,  but  fertile  valleys 
abound.    Three  mountain  ranges  diversity  the  surface. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil,  except  in  the  eastern  portions,  is  fertile.  The  cli- 
mate is  mild  for  the  latitude.  Wheat,  orchard-fruits,  hay,  and  potatoes,  are 
the  staples.  Oregon  is  noted  for  forests  of  gigantic  pine  and  fir  trees.  Its 
mineral  resources  have  not  yet  been  developed,  but  gold  and  coal  have 
been  found  in  various  localities.    Salmon  abound  in  the  Columbia  Kiver. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  emigrants  from  the 
different  states  in  the  Union,  engaged  mainly  in  agriculture  and  lumbering. 

Dlannfactares  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  limited.  The  leading  ex- 
ports are  lumber,  orchard-fruits,  live-stock,  and  flour. 

Important  Places. — Salem,  the  capital, — Poetland,  the  metropolis  and 
chief  commercial  town, — and  Okkqon  Citt,  a  flourishing  place  possessing 
excellent  manufacturing  facilities, — are  all  situated  on  the  Willamette  River. 

NEVADA, 

Geographical  Position. — This  state  is  situated  south  of  Oregon  and  Idaho, 
between  Utah  on  the  east  and  California  on  the  west. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  chiefly  an  elevated  table-land ;  its  val- 
leys are  from  four  to  five  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Sou,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile  only  in  the  valleys.  Timber  is  scarce,  and 
there  are  no  large  rivers.  The  climate  is  pleasant;  the  atmosphere  is  pure, 
dry,  and  healthy.  Nevada  is  noted  for  its  rich  silver-mines,  which  form 
the  chief  source  of  wealth.     Gold,  coal,  iron,  and  salt,  also  abound. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  emigrants  from  the  older 
states.  Mining  forms  tlie  leading  pursuit;  agriculture  and  stock-raising 
also  receive  attention.  There  are  few  manufactures ;  the  leading  export 
is  silver. 

Important  Places. — Carbon  Citt,  near  Carson  River,  is  the  capital. 
ViEGiNiA,  the  commercial  metropolis,  is  an  important  depot  of  supplies  for 
the  mining  regions. 


LESSON  LXXI. 

WASHINOTON    TERRITORY. 

Geographical  Position. — Washington  lies  between  British  Anxerica  and 
Oregon,  and  extends  from  Idaho  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physical  Features. — Much  of  the  surface  is  mountainous.  The  territory 
is  crossed  by  the  Coast  and  the  Cascade  Range ;  several  peaks  of  the  latter 
are  covered  with  perpetual  snow. 

Soil,  etc. — Most  of  the  region  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  is  sterile 
and  nearly  destitute  of  wood ;  but  west  of  this  range  the  soil  is  fertile,  and 
forests  of  gigantic  firs,  spruces,  and  cedars,  abound.  The  climate  is  re- 
markably mUd  for  so  high  a  latitude.  Nowhere  are  fish  more  plentiful. 
Gold  and  coal  have  been  found  in  some  localities. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  population  of  Washington  and  the  other  territories 
consists  mainly  of  emigrants  from  the  states,  who  are  rapidly  increasing  in 
number,  and  native  Indians,  who  are  fast  diminishing.  Manufactures, 
as  in  all  newly-settled  regions,  are  limited.  Lumber  is  the  leading  article 
of  export  from  Washington. 


Important  Places. — Olympia,  the  capital,  stands  at  the  head  of  Puget 
Sound.  Steilaooo»,  Walla  Walla,  and  Vancouvee,  are  important 
places. 

IDAHO    TERRITORY. 

Geographical  Position. — Idaho  lies  east  of  Washington  Territory  and 
Oregon,  and  west  of  Montana  and  Wyoming. 

Physical  Features,  etc. — The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  Bitter  Root 
and  Rocky  Mountains  form  the  eastern  boundary.  The  valleys  are  fertile 
and  well  watered.  Many  thousands  of  acres  are  covered  with  "  bunch- 
grass,"  affording  excellent  pasturage.  Gold  and  silver  are  found  in  abun- 
dance, and  mining  operations  are  carried  on  in  various  parts. 


SIINQIU  AT  WORK. 


Important  Places. — Boisb  City,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  is  the  cap- 
ital. Among  the  principal  places  are  Idaho  Citt,  Lbwiston,  and  Flobencb. 

MONTANA    TERRITORY. 

Geographical  Position.— Montana  lies  between  Dakota  on  the  east  and 
Idaho  on  the  west,  and  extends  from  British  America  to  Wyoming. 

Physical  Features,  etc — The  surface  is  generally  mountainous.  Along 
the  streams  that  form  the  Missouri,  the  country  is  an  undulating  prairie. 
The  climate  is  mild  for  the  latitude.  The  soil  in  the  south,  along  tlie 
river- valleys,  is  productive.  The  streams  are  fringed  with  forests  of  fir, 
pine,  and  cedar.  The  chief  minerals  thus  far  discovered  are  gold  and 
silver.  The  Great  Falls  of  the  Missouri,  which  belong  to  this  territory,  are 
the  grandest  in  N.  America,  except  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

Important  Places.— Virginia  City,  an  important  mining  town,  is  the  cap- 
ital of  Montana.  Bannock  City,  noted  for  its  rich  silver-mines,  is  situated 
on  the  Jefferson  River,  not  far  from  its  source  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

DAKOTA    TERRITORY. 

Geographical  Position.— Dakota  Territory  lies  east  of  Montana  and  Wyo- 
ming, and  west  of  Minnesota  and  Iowa. 

Physical  Features,  etc.— The  Black  Hills  extend  into  the  south-western 
part ;  the  rest  of  the  territory  is  mostly  level,  and  well  supplied  with  lakes 
and  ponds.  "The  climate  is  healthy,  and  the  soil  is  well  adapted  to  agricul- 
ture and  pasturage.  The  valleys  of  the  Missouri  and  the  Red  River  of  the 
North  are  highly  productive.     Furs  are  obtained  in  large  quantities. 

Dakota  is  as  yet  very  sparsely  settled  ;  about  one-fourth  of  the  inhabit- 
ants are  Indians,  many  of  whom  are  engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising. 

Important  Places.— Yankton,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Missouri  River, 
about  65  miles  west  of  the  Iowa  line,  is  the  capital.  Most  of  the  settle- 
ments are  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  territory. 


THE    UNITED    STATES. 


53 


INDIAN    TERRITORY. 

Geographieal  Position,  etc. — Indian  Territory  lies  south  of  Kansas  and 
nortli  of  Texas.  This  tract  has  been  set  apart  by  the  government  for  the 
permanent  residence  of  those  Indian  tribes  that  formerly  occupied  some 
of  the  south-western  states.  The  United  States  have  several  military  posts 
in  the  territory,  but  exercise  no  control  over  it,  except  when  it  may  be 
necessary  to  preserve  peace  on  the  frontier. 

Some  of  the  removed  tribes  have  made  considerable  advances  in  agri- 
culture, and  have  established  schools  and  churches ;  while  others  have  be- 
come indolent  and  intemperate,  and  are  fast  diminishing  in  numbers. 

Tah-le-qdah,  the  capital  of  the  Cherokee  nation,  is  the  principal  place. 


WYOMINa   TERRITORY. 

Gfosraplileal  Position,  etc.— Wyoming,  fonnerly  part  of  Dakota  Terr 
and  still  attached  to  it  for  tlie  purposes  of  government,  lies  between 
tana  on  the  north  and  Colorado  on  the  south. 


itory, 
Men- 


LESSON  LXXII. 

TERRITORY   OF   NEW    MEXICO. 

Geograplileal  Position. — New  Mexico  lies  between  Texas  and  Arizona,  and 
extends  from  Colorado  on  the  north  to  Mexico  and  Texas  on  the  south. 

Pliysleal  Features. — The  surface  is  a  high  table-land,  traversed  by  stupen- 
dous mountain-ranges  and  broken  ridges.  The  great  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  about  20  miles  in  width,  crosses  the  territory  from  north  to  south. 
Owing  to  the  elevation  of  the  surface,  the  climate  is  temperate  for  the 
latitude. 

The  soil  is  mostly  barren.  In  the  river-valjeys,  agriculture  is  pursued  to 
some  extent.  The  vine  thrives  in  the  southern  part.  Gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  other  minerals,  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  population  consists  chiefly  of  wandering  Indian 
tribes,  Mexicans,  and  eraigrimtg  from  dift'ei-ent  parts  of  the  Union. 

Santa  Ft,  the  capital,  is  on  the  great  western  overland  route  from  St. 
Louis,  from  which  it  is  about  1,000  miles  distant. 

ARIZONA   TERRITORY. 

Geographical  Position. — Arizona  lies  east  of  California  and  west  of  New 
Mexico,  and  extends  from  Mexico  to  Utah. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  territory  is  crossed  by  several  minor  mountain- 
ranges.  Much  of  the  soil  is  sterile,  but  the  climate  is,  in  most  parts,  de- 
lightful. Arizona  is  rich  in  minerals,  particularly  silver.  Mining  is  the  chief 
pursuit  of  the  white  inhabitants,  among  whom  are  a  number  of  Mexicans. 
Some  of  the  Indian  tribes  reside  in  villages,  and  are  engaged  in  agriculture. 

Important  Places. — Prescott,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the  neighborhood 
of  a  rich  mining  district,  near  the  centei*  of  the  territory.  La  Paz,  on  the 
Colorado  River,  and  Tucson,  on  the  Santa  Cruz,  are  among  the  chief  towns. 

UTAH    TERIIITORY. 

Geographical  Position, — Utah  extends  westward  from  Colorado  to  Ne- 
vada, and  southward  from  Idaho  to  Arizona. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  greater  part  of  Utah  is  mountainous  and  barren, 
but  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  raising  of  stock.  The  section  lying  west  of  the 
Colorado  valley  is  called  the  Great  Basin  ;  all  the  rivers  of  this  region  ter- 
minate within  its  limits,  in  lakes  that  have  no  visible  outlets. 

In  fertile  spots  that  are  capable  of  being  watered,  grain  and  garden  vege- 
tables are  cultivated  with  success.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  Mormons. 
Agriculture  is  the  chief  pursuit ;  manufactures  receive  some  attention. 
Commerce  is  confined  chiefly  to  traflio  with  overland  emigrants,  and  with 
the  miners  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Colorado,  who  here  obtain  supplies  of 
provisions  and  live-stock. 

Important  Places. — Salt  Lake  Citt,  on  the  Jordan  River,  not  far  from 
Great  Salt  Lake,  is  the  capital  of  the  territory.  Provo  City,  on  the  east 
shore  of  Utah  Lake,  is  an  important  and  growing  place. 


nUNTINQ  THE  BUFrALO. 

The  surface  is  mountainous.  The  south-western  part  of  the  territory 
is  traversed  by  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  north-eastern  part  by  the  Black 
Hills.     Fremont's  Peak  is  on  the  boundary  between  Wyoming  and  Idaho. 

But  little  is  known  about  the  soil  or  resources  of  this  territory.  Few 
settlers  have  as  yet  found  their  way  to  it.  Fort  Laramie,  on  the  north 
fork  of  the  Platte  or  Nebraska  River,  is  the  principal  place. 

COLORADO  TERRITORY 

Geographical  Position. — Colorado  lies  between  Kansas  on  the  east  and 
Utah  on  the  west,  and  extends  from  Wyoming  to  New  Mexico. 

Pliysical  Featnres,  ete. — The  Rocky  Mountains  traverse  Colorado  fi-om 
north  to  south.  Near  the  center  of  the  territory  is  Pike's  Peak,  one  of  the 
loftiest  summits  in  the  United  States.  The  cultivation  of  the  soil  is  con- 
fined chiefly  to  tracts  near  streams,  which  can  be  watered.  The  mountain 
regions  are  densely  wooded,  but  on  each  side  of  them  are  vast  plains 
almost  treeless.  Colorado  is  particularly  noted  for  its  rich  gold-mines, 
which  lie  in  the  central  parts  of  the  territory,  among  the  mountains. 
Valuable  mines  of  silver  have  also  been  discovered. 

Some  manufacturing  is  done  at  mills,  breweries,  and  tanneries;  but 
mining  is  the  chief  pursuit,  and  gold  is  the  principal  article  exported. 

Important  Places. — Golden  City,  situated  near  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  is  the  capital.  Denver,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  South 
Platte,  is  the  largest  place  and  the  commercial  emporium.  Colorado  City, 
on  an  affluent  of  the  Arkansas,  is  a  depot  for  the  neighboring  mines. 

THE   DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA. 

This  district,  situated  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  Potomac  River,  has 
an  area  of  60  square  miles.  It  was  ceded  by  Maryland  to  the  Federal 
Government,  and  is  set  apart  as  the  site  of  the  Capital  of  the  United 
States.  It  contains  Washington,  the  capital  in  question,  and  the  city  of 
Georgetown. 

Washington  is  finely  located  between  the  Potomac  River  and  its  east- 
ern branch.  Among  the  many  public  buildings  may  be  mentioned  the 
Capitol  (a  superb  edifice,  in  which  Congress  meets),  the  President's  House, 
the  Smithsonian  Institute,  the  Treasury  Buildings,  and  the  Patent-Office. 

Georgetown,  separated  from  Washington  by  a  small  creek,  is  one  of 
the  greatest  shad  and  herring  markets  in  the  United  States. 


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PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPUr    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


59 


NEW  YOEK,  NEW  JERSEY,  PENNSYLVANIA. 


LESSON    LXXVIII. 


PHYSICAL  GEOaKAPHY. 
Surface. — As  regards  surface,  the  states  represented  on  Map  No.  3 
may  be  divided  into  three  distinct  regions ;  viz.,  the  Atlantic  plain, 
adjacent  to  the  coast,  the  central  mountainous  district,  and  the  north- 
western section,  partly  plateau  and  partly  undulating,  with  a  general 
slope  toward  the  great  lakes  and  the  Ohio.  The  Atlantic  plain  gradu- 
allv  increases  in  width,  from  a  few  miles  in  south-eastern  New  York, 
where  it  is  narrowest,  to  125  miles  in  southern  I'ennsylvania. 

"■  Monntains. — The  Appalachian  system  of  mountains  traverses  Penn- 
sylvania in  a  north-easterly  direction,  in  two  principal  ranges,  nearly 
parallel.  The  more  easterly  of  these,  distinguished  as  the  Blue  Ridge, 
passes  through  north-western  Jersey,  crosses  the  Hudson,  constituting 
its  grand  and  picturesque  Highlands,  and  finally  runs  into  the  Taghan- 
ie  chain.  The  western  range  approaches  the  Hudson  higher  up  in  the 
bold  Catskills. — In  Pennsylvania  the  Appalachian  range  attains  its 
greatest  width,  about  200  miles. 

The  Adirondacks,  a  detached  group  in  northern  New  York,  con- 
tain Mt.  Marcy,  5,467  feet  high,  the  loftiest  summit  in  the  state. 

RlTcrs. — The  rivers  of  this  section  belong  to  three  different  systems, 
— the  Atlantic,  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  the  Mississippi.  Of  the  first 
class,  the  Hudson,  Delaware,  and  Susquehanna  are  the  largest ;  the 
numerous  streams  of  northern  and  north-western  New  York  belong 
mostly  to  the  second  class ;  while  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela, 
with  their  branches,  form  the  third. 

Lakes. — New  York  is  noted  for  its  fine  lakes.  South  of  Lake  On- 
tario we  have  one  series,  and  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Adirondacks 
another,  both  belonging  to  the  St.  Lawrence  system.  Connected  with 
this  system,  also,  are  Lakes  George  and  Champlain :  the  former  is  fa- 
mous for  its  beauty;  the  latter,  with  the  Riohelieu  River,  Whitehall 
Canal,  and  Hudson  River,  forms  an  unbroken  water  connection  be- 
tween Canada  and  the  metropolis  of  the  state. 

Lake  Ontario,  though  the  smallest  of  the  five  great  lakes,  consider- 
ably exceeds  in  size  the  whole  state  of  Connecticut.  It  is  navigable  in 
all  parts  for  the  largest  vessels. 

Coal  Regions. — Pennsylvania  contains  the  most  productive  coal- 
fields in  the  U.  S.,  inexhaustible  in  their  supplies  of  both  anthracite 
and  bituminous  coal.  The  principal  anthracite  or  hard  coal  region 
lies  between  the  Delaware  and  the  Susquehanna,  about  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Schuylkill  and  Lehigh  Rivers.  Bituminous  or  soft  coal 
abounds  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Pittsburgh  ;  also  near  Blossburg,  in  the  northern  part. 

Its  abundance  of  coal  has  enabled  Pennsylvania  to  take  the  lead 
in  the  manufacture  of  iron,  which  has  added  much  to  the  wealth  and 
prosperity  of  the  state. 

Great  Cities. — In  this  section  are  the  three  largest  cities  of  the 
U.  S., — New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Brooklyn.  New  York  owes  its 
greatness  to  its  commerce,  being  the  depot,  not  only  of  its  own  state, 
but  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  railroad,  and  also  by  the  great  lakes,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the 
Hudson  River.  Manufacturing  industry  and  an  extensive  inland  com- 
merce have  made  Philadelphia  the  second  city  in  the  Union. 


LESSON    LXXIX. 
Questions  on  Map  of  U.  S.  No.  3. 

Latitude. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  is  New  York  situated  ?  Between 
40^°  and  45°  N.  lat.  What  do  we  find  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  Pacific  coast  ? 
Oregon  and  the  northern  part  of  California.  What  countries  on  the  coast  of 
Europe  are  in  the  same  latitude  as  New  York  ?  The  northern  part  of  Spaiji  and 
Portugal.     What  European  city  is  in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  N.  Y.  ?    Naples. 

Longitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is  New  York  ?  Incliuling  Long 
Island,  it  lies  between  72°  and  about  80'  ]V.  Ion.  What  states  extend  farther  east? 
What  countries  on  the  coast  of  South  America  lie  in  the  same  longitude  as  New 
York  ?    7Vie  western  part  of  Venezuela,  and  the  United  States  of  Colombia. 

Exereise  with  .Seale  of  Miles. — What  is  the  length  of  New  York  on  the  parallel 
of  42'  ?  What  is  its  extreme  breadth  ?  What  is  the  length  of  N.  Jersey  ?  What, 
of  Pennsylvania  ?  What,  its  breadth  ?  What  is  the  distance  in  a  direct  line  be- 
tween New  York  and  Philadelphia  ?     Between  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburgh  ? 

General  Qnestions. — Where  is  Barnegat  Inlet  ?  Sodus  Bay  ?  Grand  Island  ? 
Chestnut  Ridge  ?  Laurel  Ridge  ?  Broad  Mountain  ?  Where  are  the  Thousand 
Isles  ?  Schooley's  Mountains  ?  Bald  Eagle  Mountains  ?  Where  is  Titusville  ? 
Oil  City  ?  Mention  the  lakes  that  lie  west  of  the  Adirondacks.  Mention  those 
east  of  the  Adirondacks.     On  what  lake  is  Cooperstown? 

REFERENCE  TABLE  OF  PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS. 


Plattsbnrff  &  Montreal 

New  Yorlt  &  Harlem 

Hudson  River 

New  York  &  Erie 

Buffalo  Div.  of  N.  Y.  &  Erie 

N'wcstern  Div.  of  N.  Y.  &  Eric 

New  YorK  Central 

N.  Y.,  Athens,  &  Schcnoctady  Uiv. . 

Auburn  Bivision 

Syracuse,  Binghamton,  &  N.  Y 

Oswego  &  Syracuse 

Buffalo,  Niairara  Falls,  &  Lewiston. 

Buffalo  &  Erie 

Black  Kivcr  &  Utica 

■Rome.  Watertown,  &  Ogdcnsburg. . 

Ogilcnsburg  &  Lake  Champlain 

Rensselaer  &  Saratoga 

Troy  &  Boston 

Albany  &  Susquehanna 

N.  Jersey,  Philadelphia  &  Trenton.. 

Camden  &  Amboy 

Northern  of  New  Jersey 

Central  of  New  Jersey 

Morris  &  Essex 

Delaware,  l.ackawanna,  &  Western . 

Lehigh  Valley 

Lackawanna  &  Bloomsburg 

Philadelphia  &  Erie 

North  Pennsylvania 

Behidere,  Del.,  &  Flemingtou 

Phil.,  Wilmington,  &  Bait 

Phil.  &  Baltimore  Central 

Catawissa 

Pennsylvania  Central 

Bald  Eagle  Branch 

Western  Pennsylvania  Br 

Alleghanv  Vallev 

Pittsburgh  &  Connellsville 

Philadelphia  &  Reading 

Lebanon  Valley  Branch 

Reading  &  Columbia 

East  Pennsylvania 

Cumberland  Valley 

Schuylkill  &  Susqiiehanna 

Raritan  &  Delaware  Bay 

Camden  &  Atlantic 

W.  Jersey,  Millville  &  Glassboro,  C. 
Northern  Central 


,  Plattsbnrg  . 
,  New  York. 


Coming 

Honicllsville.. . 
Albany  &  Troy, 
Schenectady  , .. 
Syracuse 


Buffalo., 


Utica 

,  Rome 

Ogdensburg. . . 
,  Troy 


.Albany 

,  New  York 

,! South  Amboy. 
.New  York 


Montreal 

Alb'y  &  Troy,  via  White  Plaint' 

Albany  &  Troy 

Dunkirk 

Buffalo 

Buffalo,  via  Roci.eater 

Athens 

Rochester,  viaAubum 

Binghamton 

Oswego 

Lewiston 

Erie 

Boonville 

Ogdensbnrg,  via  Waurtowo . . 
Rouse's  Point 

Rutland,   via  Saratoga 

North  Adams 

Ilarpersville 

Philadelphia 


Easton 

Scranton 

Philadelphia . 


Tyrone 

Blairsville  Int. 
Pittsburgh 


Philadelphia  . 
Reading 


May 


,  Harrisbnrg 

.  Auburn 

,  Pott  Monmouth 
,  Camden 


Baltimore. 


Piermont 

Easton,  via  Somerville 

via  Morristowu 

Great  Bend 

Scranton 

Northumberland 

Lrie,  via  Sunbur^' .  • 

Bethlehem 

Mannnkachunk 

Baltimore 

Rising  Sun 

Williamsport,  via  Tamaqua. . . 

Pittsburgh 

Sunbury,  via  WUlianiFporl 

.Mlegliany  City 

Brady's  Bend 

Uniontown 

Pottsville.  via  Reading 

Ilarrisburg 

Columbia 

AUentown 

Hagerstown 

Cotiiinbia 

Philadelphia 

Atlantic  City 

Cape  May 

Canandaigua 


157 

150 

459 

112 

M 

298 

41 

104 

80 

35 

28 

88 

.35 

112 

118 

as 

48 
120 
tiO 


ISO 
120 

SO 

451 

.M 

98 

98 

57 

187 

355 

120 

67 

09 

73 

98 

40 
36 
74 
59 
94 
60 
84 
.32S 


TABLE   OF  CHIEF  NAVIGABLE  RIVERS. 

The  St.  Lawrence  (length  770  miles)  is  navigable  for  ships  to  Montreal,  and  by  the 

aid  of  canals  to  Ltike  Ontario 770  miles. 

"    Hudson  (length  .300  miles)  is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  Hudson  (117  miles), 

and  for  steamboats  to  Troy 151  ** 

"    Raritan  (length  33  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  New  Brunswick 15  '' 

"    Delaware     "    30O    "  "  "  "  Trenton 75  " 

"    Monongahela  (length  300  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Fairmouut 150  " 

"    Alleghany  "       300     "    ■  "  "  "  Olean 260  " 

Voyages,  Travels,  ete. — What  railroad  connects  Troy  and  Buffalo  ?  Philadel- 
phia and  Pittsburgh  ?  New  York  and  Dunkirk  ?  By  what  two  railroads  can  one 
go  from  New  York  to  Albany  ?  What  railroads  would  one  take  in  going  from 
Philadelphia  to  Saratoga  Springs  ?   In  going  from  Poughkeepsie  to  Trenton  Falls  ? 


60 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


DELAWAEE,   MARYLAND,   YIEGINIA,   W.    YIE- 
GINIA,  N.  &  S.  CAROLmA. 


LESSON    LXXX. 

PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Snrfaec. — We  now  cross  Masou  and  Dixon's  line  (the  boundary  be- 
tween Pennsylvania  and  Maryland),  so  called  from  two  eminent  Eng- 
lish mathematicians  by  whom  it  was  drawn. 

West  of  the  Atlantic  plain,  which  here  widens  toward  the  south, 
the  Appalachian  Mountains  traverse  this  section,  as  they  do  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  several  parallel  ranges,  forming  a  belt  from  80  to  100  miles 
wide.  They  attain  their  greatest  height  in  North  Carolina,  where  Mt. 
Mitchell  rears  its  head  6,732  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, — the 
loftiest  peak  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  belongs  to  the  Black 
Mountains,  a  group  so  called  from  the  dark  foliage  of  the  firs  and  other 
evergreens  that  cover  their  sides. 

Bivers. — The  rivers  of  these  states  belong  to  the  Atlantic  and  Mis- 
sissippi systems,  the  Appalachian  Mountains  forming  the  watershed. 
Those  of  North  and  South  Carolina  rise  in  the  easternmost  range,  or 
Blue  Ridge  ;  but  most  of  the  streams  north  of  these  states  have  their 
source  in  one  of  the  more  westerly  ranges,  and  make  their  way  through 
the  Blue  Ridge  in  picturesque  gorges. 

Rapids  or  falls  occur  in  these  rivers  where  they  descend  from  the 
highlands  on  their  way  to  the  coast,  and  to  this  point  they  are  mostly 
navigable.  Many  of  the  rivers  of  Carolina,  however,  have  their  mouths 
so  obstructed  by  sand-banks  as  to  be  inaccessible  to  large  vessels. 

itianttc  Coast. — The  Atlantic  coast,  in  the  northern  part  of  this  sec- 
tion, is  indented  with  numerous  bays,  abounding  in  fine  fish  and 
oysters.  In  all  parts,  it  is  lined  with  a  chain  of  low  sandy  islands, 
cutting  off  a  series  of  shallow  sounds.  The  inlets  that  connect  these 
with  the  ocean  are  constantly  changing,  the  old  ones  filling  up  with 
shifting  sands,  and  new  ones  being  opened  by  the  beating  of  the  surge. 

The  Hatteras  Banks,  which  enclose  Pamlico  Sound,  extend  far  out 
into  the  ocean,  terminating  in  Cape  Hatteras,  the  most  dangerous 
point  to  navigators  on  the  coast.  The  names  of  Cape  Lookout  and 
Cape  Fear,  projecting  farther  south-west  from  the  same  sandy  de- 
posit, show  that  the  danger  is  not  confined  to  this  point. 

Many  of  the  islands  off  the  South  Carolina  coast  are  cultivated, 
and  produce  the  famous  sea-island  cotton. 

Swamps. — Much  of  the  country  adjacent  to  the  coast  consists  of 
swamp-land  interspersed  with  small  lakes.  Dismal  Swamp,  an  exten- 
sive tract  of  this  character,  lies  in  south-eastern  Virginia  and  the  north- 
eastern part  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  covered  with  a  black  soil  con- 
sisting of  vegetable  matter,  and  produces  a  thick  growth  of  reeds, 
ferns,  and  aquatic  trees.     Cedars  and  cypresses  abound. 

ProdDCtions. — The  .climate  of  this  section,  removed  alike  from  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold,  is  in-  the  highest  degree  genial  and  favorable 
to  agricultural  pursuits.  In  the  north  we  have  the  great  tobacco- 
bearing  region,  in  the  south  that  of  rice, — while  Indian  corn  and  wheat 
flourish  in  almost  every  part. 

From  the  North  Carolina  coast  we  obtain  our  chief  supplies  of 
turpentine  and  resin,  made  from  the  sap  of  the  long-leaved  pines  which 
there  abound.  Their  straight  trunks  rise  without  a  limb  from  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  feet,  at  which  height  they  branch  out,  nearly  excluding 
the  light  of  day  with  their  thick  evergreen  foliage. 


LESSON  LXXXI. 
Questions  on  Map  of  U.  S.  JVo.  4. 

Latitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  are  Virginia  and  W.  Virginia  ? 
Between  36^°  a7id  altout  40|°  JSf.  lal.  What  countries  on  the  coast  of  Europe  are 
in  the  same  latitude  ?  The  central  and  souOiern  parts  of  Sjmin  and  Portugal. 
What  country  in  western  Asia  ?  Asia  Minor.  What  city  on  the  Pacific  coast  is 
in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Richmond  ?   San  Francisco,  in  California. 

Longitude. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is  Vu-ginia  ?  Between  about 
75J°  and  83J°  W.  Ion.  What  island  of  the  West  Indies  lies  in  the  same  longi- 
tude ?  Cilia.  What  South  American  city  is  in  nearly  the  same  longitude  as  Wash- 
ington ?   Lima  (le'mah),  in  Peru. 

Exercise  with  Seale  of  Miles.— What  is  the  length  of  Virginia  along  the  south- 
ern boundary  line  ?  Of  Delaware  from  N.  to  S.  ?  Of  N.  Carolina,  from  E.  to  W.  ? 
Of  S.  Carolina  ?  Of  West  Virginia,  from  N.  to  S.  ?  What  is  the  distance  in  a 
direct  line  from  Baltimore  to  Wheeling  ?     From  Richmond  to  Charleston  ? 

Islands,  Monntains. — What  island  is  near  the  entrance  to  Albemarle  Sound  ? 
For  what  is  it  memorable  ?  For  having  been  the  siie  of  the  first  English  settlement 
in  America.  What  island  is  off  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River?  Where  is 
Edisto  Island  ?  Where  are  the  Kittatinny  Mountains  ?  The  Greenbrier  Mounts 
ains  ?     The  Peaks  of  Otter  ?     Where  is  Mitchell's  Peak  situated  ? 

Bays,  Sonnds,  etc.— How  is  Pocomoke  Bay  situated  ?  Raleigh  Bay  ?  Onslow 
Bay  ?  Long  Bay  ?  Winyaw  Bay  ?  St.  Helena  Sound  ?  Port  Royal  Entrance  ? 
What  inlet  leads  into  Pamlico  Sound?  What  bay  projects  from  the  coast  of 
South  Carolina?    Where  is  Hilton  Head ?    Lexington?    Lake  Drummond ? 

REFERENCE  TABLE  OF  PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS. 


Delaware 

Baltimore  &  Ohio 

"  "     (Wash.  Branch) 

Winchester  &  Potomac 

North-weetem  Virginia ■ . 

RUhmoud,  Fredericksburg,  &  Potomac. 

OranKe  &  Alexandria 

Alexandria,  Loudoun,  &  Hampshire 

ManaF-eas  Gap 

Virginia  Central 

Richmond  &  PeterBhurg 

Richmond  &  DanWlle 

Peternhurg  &  Weldon 

Norfolk  cfc  PeterslHirg 

Seaboard  &  Roanoke 

Petersburg  &  Lynchburg  (S.  S.) 

Virginia  &  Tennessee. 


Wilmington Crisfleld 

Baltimore W'heeling,  viu  Cumberland. . . . 

'*         [Washington 

Harper's  Ferry . ;  Winchester 

Graflon  Parkershurg 

Richmond Acquia  Creek 

Alexandria Lynchburg 

"        Leesburg 

Manassas  June .  Mount  Jackson 

Richmond Covington 

"         Peterslnii^ 

"         . .  Greensboro 

Petersburg Weldon 

"        Norfolk 

Weldon Portsmouth 

Petersburg Lyncliburg 

Lynchburg (Bristol.  Tenn 


Weldon. 
Wilmington.. 

Goldsboro 


Raleigli  &  Gaston (Raleigh iWeldon 

WUmington  &  Weldon t,t..,.,,.„  tt,i„.„, 

"  "  Manchester 

Wilmington,  Charlotte,  &  Rutherford  . 

North  Carolina 

Atlantic  &  North  Carolina 

Western  (N.  C.) 

North-eastern 

Cheraw  &  Darlington 

South  Carolina 

"  "       Columbia  Branch 

Charlotte  &  South  Carolina 

Greenville  &  Columbia 

Spartanburg  &  Union 

Blue  Ridge 

Charleston  &  Savannah 


Salisbury 

Charleston . . . . 

Cheraw 

Charleston  — 
Branchville  . . . 
Columbia 


Wilmington 

Kingeville,  via  Florence,  S.  C. . 

SandHilL     

Charlotte,  via  Ralelgb 

Morehead  City 

Head  of  Road 

Florence 


Spartanburg  • .  • 

Anderson 

Charleston 


Augusta 

Columbia 

Charlotte 

Greenville. . . . 

Alston 

Walhalla 

Salkehatchie  . 


135 
3Til 

40 

32 
IM 

76 
171 

38 

\n 

206 
22 
18<J 
64 
81 
80 
12.3 
204 
97 
162 
171 

no 

223 
95 
78 

102 
40 

137 
68 

109 

14t 
68 
.33 

m 


TABLE  OF  CHIEF  NAVIGABLE  RIVERS. 

The  Potftmac  flength  550  miles)  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  line  to  Washington.. 300  miles. 

"    Rappahannock  (length  125  miles)  is  navigable  to  Fredericksburg 85     ^^ 

"    York  (length  40  miles)  is  navigable  for  large  vessels. 4U 

"   James     '"    500    "  "  "  steamboats  to  Richmond 110     |^ 

"    Chowan  "      60    "  "  "  sloops. •■•■•■;; ,^     \\ 

"    Roanoke"     260    "  "  "  steamboats  to  Weldon. 160 

"  Tar  "     200 "  Sf'"'™,'"'''' '  U i§^     u 

"  Neuse     "     800    "  "  "  Waynesborougli 120 

"  Cape  Fear  (length  300  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Fayetteville 125     '| 

"  Great  Pedee  is  naviirable  for  small  vessels •  ■ ;  ■  •  •1'*'    - 

"  Santee  (length  150  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Columbia  &  Camden. 

"  Savannah  ''    450 Augusta 230 

Travels,  Toyages,  etc.— By  what  railroad  are  Baltimore  and  Wheeling  con- 
nected ?  What  is  the  distance  ?  Through  what  states  and  places  does  this  rail- 
road run  ?  What  is  the  distance  by  railroad  from  Baltimore  to  Washington  ? 
What  railroad  connects  Weldon  and  Portsmouth?  Lynchburg  and  Bristol? 
Goldsboro  and  Morehead  City  ?  Charleston  and  Augusta  ?  Harper's  Ferry  and 
Winchester  ?  On  what  waters  would  you  sail  in  going  from  Savannah  to  Wash- 
inn-ton  ?     From  Portsmouth  to  Baltimore  ?    How  far  is  the  Potomac  navigable  ? 


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64 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


AEKANSAS,    LOUISIANA,    TEXAS. 


LESSON    LXXXIV. 

PHTSICAI.    aEOGRAPHT. 


Snrface. — The  surface  of  these  three  states,  for  a  distance  of  from 
tifty  to  one  hundred  miles  along  the  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  coast,  is 
flat  and  for  the  most  part  swatnpy.  This  tract  is  succeeded  by  a  belt 
of  undulating  country  from  100  to  200  miles  wide,  which  in  north-wcst- 
cni  Arkansas  gives  way  to  mountains,  and  in  western  Texas  rises  to  a 
table-land  extending  with  a  gradual  ascent  toward  the  Kocky  Mountains. 

BlTcrs. — No  section  of  the  Union  is  better  supplied  with  large  and 
navigable  streams.  They  all  belong  to  the  Mississippi  or  Gulf  system, 
and  owing  to  the  slope  of  the  country  have  mostly  a  south-easterly 
course.  While  they  afford  great  facilities  for  commerce  during  nine 
months  of  the  year,  many  of  them,  in  consequence  of  long-continued 
droughts,  become  so  low  in  summer  that  they  cannot  be  ascended 
by  very  large  vessels. 

The  Bed  River. — The  Red  River  is  the  southernmost  of  the  great 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi.  It  rises  in  north-western  Texas,  in  the 
barren  table-land  known  as  EI  Llano  Estacado,  or  "  the  staked  plain," 
at  a  lieight  of  2,450  feet  ahove  sea-level. 

For  the  first  sixty  miles,  the  banks  rise  from  500  to  800  feet  di- 
rectly from  the  water's  edge,  forming  a  wild  and  apparently  endless 
gorge,  and  precipitous  ravines  whose  bottom  is  hidden  by  the  shadow 
of  the  walls  that  bound  them.  Several  other  rivers  rising  in  the 
plateau  and  mountains  of  western  Texas  have  woni  for  themselves 
similar  passes,  or  canons  (kan'yuns)  as  they  are  called. 

The  chief  drawback  to  the  prosperity  of  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Red  River  is  the  Great  Raft,  commencing  about  thirty  miles  above 
Shrevcport.  It  consist*  of  an  immense  mass  of  trees  and  driftwood, 
brought  down  b}'  the  current  and  lodged  here  for  a  distance  of  VO  miles, 
obstructing  navigation  and  causing  tlie  water  to  overflow  the  valley. 

BayoDS. — In  these  states,  the  word  bayou  {bi'o)  is  much  used. 
Bayous  are  streams  not  fed  by  springs,  but  flowing  from  some  river 
or  lake.  The  Atchafalaya,  for  instance,  issuing  from  the  Mississippi 
just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River  and  conveying  a  portion  of  its 
waters  to  the  Gulf,  is  a  bayou. 

Delta  of  tbe  Mississippi. — The  delta  of  the  Mississippi  consists  entirely 
of  alluvium,  or  deposits  made  by  the  current  on  the  borders  of  the 
river,  wliich  are  thus  raised  higher  than  the  surrounding  country. 
The  interior  is  a  swamp  covered  with  trees,  of  which  only  the  tops 
.•ire  visible  during  the  floods.  The  mouths  of  the  Mississippi  are  un- 
dergoing constant  changes,  old  channels  filling  up  and  new  ones  form- 
ing.    Ships  of  the  largest  class  have  difficulty  in  getting  over  the  bars. 

Climate.' — The  climate,  except  in  the  low  and  swampy  districts, 
while  it  is  warm,  is  healthy  and  delightful.  In  Texas  it  is  quite  cool 
for  the  latitude,  the  summer  heats  being  tempered  by  refreshing  breezes 
from  the  Gulf.  North  winds  prevail  in  this  state  during  November, 
December,  and  January,  driving  away  the  unhealthy  exhalations  which 
arise  from  newly-broken  soil. 

Prodnctions. — We  have  here  the  great  sugar  region  of  the  United 
States,  embracing  the  fertile  river-bottoms  of  Louisiana  (particularly 
south  of  latitude  31°)  and  parts  of  Texas.  Cotton  is  also  produced 
here  in  great  perfection  and  abundance,  together  with  various  tropical 


fruits.  The  mesquite  grass  of  western  Texas  retains  its  greenness 
throughout  the  winter,  and  affords  the  best  pasturage  for  cattle  in  the 
world. 

LESSON  LXXXV. 
Questions  on  Map  of  U.  S.  JVb.  6. 

Latitude. — Between  wliat  degrees  of  latitude  is  Louisiana  situated  ?  Between 
29°  and  33°  N.  lat.  What  lies  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  Pacific  coast?  The 
northern  pari  of  Loteer  California,  one  of  the  departments  of  Mexieu.  What  coun- 
try on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Africa  is  in  the  same  latitude  as  Louisiana  ?  Morocco. 
What  city  in  Africa  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  New  Orleans  ?     Cairo. 

Longitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  does  Louisiana  lie  ?  Betueen 
about  88|°  atid  94^°.  What  states  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Union  lie  in  the 
same  longitude  ?  The  western  part  of  WiMonsin  and  the  raxlern  jmrt  of  Minnesota. 
What  city  of  Yucatan  is  in  nearly  the  same  longitude  as  New  Orlciins  ?  Merida. 
What  three  capitals  in  the  U.  S.  are  in  nearly  the  same  longitude  ?    J.,  S.,  and  M. 

Important  Places. — How  is  Point  Isabel  situated ?  Indianola?  Goliad'?  Bon- 
ham  ?  Port  Caddo  ?  In  which  two  of  these  states  is  there  a  place  called  Bas- 
trop ?  Where  is  Thibodeaux  (tiho-do') ?  Vidalia ?  Oceola ?  Which  is  farther 
north,  Austin  or  New  Orleans?  {See  Small  Map.)  What  is  the  upper  part  of 
New  Orleans  called?  What  place  on  the  river  just  above  New  Orleans?  What 
place  opposite  ? 

Lal(eg,  Bays. — How  is  Lake  Maurepas  (mo-re-paJi')  situated  ?  Lake  Catahoula  ? 
Lake  Bistineau  {bis4in-o')  ?  Lake  Washa  ?  What  two  lakes  lie  on  the  western 
boundary  of  Louisiana  ?  What  lakes  in  the  southern  part  of  Louisiana  ?  Men- 
tion some  of  the  bays  on  the  coast  of  Louisiana.     On  the  coast  of  Texas. 

General  Qnestlons. — Where  is  Pea  Ridge  ?  How  are  the  Boston  Mountains 
situated  ?  What  are  the  principal  branches  of  the  Brazos  River  ?  Of  the  While  ? 
Of  the  Red  ?  What  two  states  does  the  Red  River  for  a  short  distance  separate  ? 
What  rivers  empty  into  Galveston  Bay  ?  Mention  the  principal  islands  on  the 
Texas  Coast.     Where  is  Marsh  Island  ?     Dernier  Island  ?     Teche  (tesh)  River  ? 

REFERENCE  TABLE  OF  PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS. 


Mexican  Gnlf 

N.  Orleans.  Opelousas.  &  Great  Western. 
Baton  Konge.  Grospe  Tete.  &  Opcloneas. . 

Vicksbnr^,  Shrevcport,  &  Texas 

West  Feliciana 

Clinton  &  Port  Hudson 

Memphis  &  Little  Rock 

Buffalo  Bayou.  lirazos.  &  Colorado 

Houston  &  Texas  Central 

Houston  Tap  &  Brazoria 

Galveston  &  Houston  .lunction 

Washington  County 


New  Orleans... 

Baton  Eonge... 

Vicksbnrg 

Bayon  Sara 

Port  Hudson . . . 

Memphie 

Harrlsbui^ 

Houston 


Brenham. . 


Proctorsville 

Brashcar 

OpcloUsas.  in  progress.. 
Marshall,  in  progress. . . 

Woodville 

Clinton 

Madison 

Columbia., 

MiUican 

Columbia 

Galveston 

Hempstead 


80 


40 
175 
80 
60 
60 
26 


TABLE  OF  CHIEF  NAVIGABLE  RIVERS. 

The  Mississippi  flength  S.lfifl  miles)  is  navigable  for  large  ships  to  Memphis  (890 

miles),  and  for  large  steamboats  to  St.  Paul 2,070  miles. 

"    White       (length  800  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats aW  || 

"       "       "  !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  iso  " 

"     800  " 

"           "           "    to  Camden 300  '• 

"           "           "to  Shrevcport 6(X)  " 

"           "           "    250  " 

"           "           "    200  " 

(.                          H                          4.  QQ  It 

"           "           "    to  Wasiiington .3(10  " 

"           "           "    to  Austin aiO  " 

"           "           "    100  " 


Big  Black      ' 

400    " 

St.  Francis    ' 

450    " 

Arkansas       ' 

2,000    " 

Washita 

600    " 

Hed 

1,200    " 

Atchafalaya  ' 

WO    " 

Teche 

200    " 

Trinity          ' 

5.50    " 

Brazos           ' 

9.50    " 

Colorado        ' 

000    " 

Nueces          ' 

350    " 

Travels,  Voyages,  Ht, — What  railroad  connects  Brashcar  with  New  Orleans  ♦ 
What  place  is  on  this  road  ?  On  what  waters  would  you  sail  in  going  from  Brash- 
ear  to  New  Orleans  ?  Which  is  the  shorter  route  ?  On  what  waters  would  you 
sail,  and  what  courses  would  you  take,  from  Brashcar  to  Galveston  ? 

Sailing  from  Austin  to  Galveston,  through  what  river,  bay,  and  gulf  would  you 
pass  ?  What  places  would  you  pass  on  the  Colorado  ?  How  far  and  to  what  city 
is  the  Mississippi  navigable  for  large  ships  ?  How  far  and  to  what  city,  for  large 
steamboats  ?  Which  is  the  longer  river,  the  Arkansas  or  the  Red  ?  The  Colo- 
rado or  the  Brazos  ?  On  what  waters  would  .you  sail  in  going  from  Little  Rock  to 
Alexandria  ?     From  Corpus  Christi  to  Camden,  Ark.  ? 


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66 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


IOWA,   ILLINOIS,   MISSOURI. 


LESSON    LXXXYI. 

PH7SICAI.    &EOGBAPHY. 


SnrfHfe. — These  three  states  form  part  of  our  great  western  prairie- 
land.  Except  in  portions  of  Missouri,  tlie  surface  is  a  succession  of 
rolling  prairies,  destitute  of  timber,  but  crossed  by  streams  whose 
baiilvs  are  skirted  with  woods.  Covered  with  high  grass,  interspersed 
with  beautiful  wild  flowers,  these  prairies  by  their  vastness  awaken  a 
feeling  of  sublimity  like  that  produced  by  viewing  the  ocean. 

The  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois,  in  parts  of  their  course, 
consist  of  bluffs.  In  Missouri,  the  Missouri  River  is  bordered  on  the 
north  bv  level  and  fertile  bottom-lands,  on  the  south  by  bluffs  from 
one  to  three  hundred  feet  high.  From  the  Great  Swamp  in  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  the  state,  the  surface  gradually  rises  to  the  Ozark 
Mountains  in  the  south-western  part. 

Rivers. — An  abundance  of  navigable  waters  affords  excellent  facili- 
ties for  inland  commerce.  Illinois  has  Lake  Michigan,  the  Wabash, 
the  Ohio,  and  the  Mississippi,  on  its  borders;  Missouri  and  Iowa  are 
partially  bounded  by  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  and  are  traversed 
by  their  numerous  tributaries. 

The  Mississippi  River,  called  by  the  Indians  Miche  Sepe,  "the  Great 
Father  of  Waters,"  presents,  with  its  numerous  branches,  a  net-work 
of  navigable  rivers  of  vast  extent,  more  important  than  any  other  river- 
system  in  the  world.  It  is  a  clear  stream  in  the  upper  part  of  its 
course,  but  loses  this  character  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  from 
wliich  it  receives  vast  amounts  of  mud. 

The  bends  in  the  Mississippi  are  remarkable.  In  some  places,  after 
sailing  25  or  30  miles  from  a  certain  point,  a  boat  is  brought  within  a 
mile  of  it  again.  During  heavy  floods,  the  water  occasionall)' bursts 
through  such  a  tongue  of  land,  and  forms  what  is  called  "a  cut-off"." 

The  Mississippi,  like  other  great  rivere  of  the  West,  is  constantly 
bringing  down  trees  from  banks  undermined  by  its  waters.  As  they 
are  swept  along,  the  roots  sometimes  become  fixed  in  the  bottom,  the 
tops  pointing  down-stream  and  swaying  with  the  current.  These 
"  snags  "  or  "  sawyers,"  as  they  are  called,  are  very  dangerous  to  boats 
asceiKling  the  river,  especially  at  night. 

Tlie  DHssonri  River  is  the  largest  tributary  in  the  world;  indeed  it 
has  some  claim  to  be  considered  the  main  stream,  being  greater  in 
l)oth  length  and  volume  than  the  part  of  the  Mississippi  above  its 
mouth.  It  is  a  rapid,  turbid  stream, — its  name,  in  the  Indian  language 
from  which  it  comes,  meaning  Mud  River.  The  basin  of  the  Missouri 
embraces  519,400  square  miles. 

Agrienltnrai  and  Dllaeral  Resources. — The  prairie-land  of  these  three 
states  is  a  magnificent  agricultural  region,  having  a  deep  soil,  unsur- 
passed for  the  production  of  wheat  and  Indian  corn. 

It  is  also  favored  with  great  mineral  wealth.  Bituminous  coal  is 
found  in  nearly  every  county  of  Illinois,  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Missouri  River  below  the  mouth  of  tlie  Osage.  A  great  coal-field 
also  extends  from  central  and  southern  Iowa  into  northern  Missouri. 

The  iron  of  a  large  district  about  Pilot  Knob  and  Iron  Mountain 
in  Missouri  is  unsurpassed  in  quality  as  well  as  quantity ;  and  the 
most  productive  lead-region  on  the  continent  lies  on  both  sides  of  the 
Mississippi,  where  IlUnois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin  meet. 


LESSON  LXXXVII. 

Questions  on  Map  of  U.  S.  No.  7. 

Latitude. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitnde  is  riinois  situated  ?  Belieeen  oT 
and  42^°  jV.  lot.  Wliich  extends  farther  north,  Illinois  or  Pennsylvania  ?  Illi- 
nois or  Massachusetts  ?  What  city  near  the  Atlantic  coast  is  in  very  nearly  the 
same  latitude  as  Chicago  ?  Providenee.  What  European  city  is  in  about  the 
same  latitude  as  St.  Louis  ?     Lisbon,  the  capital  of  Portugal. 

I.ong;itnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  does  Illinois  lie?  Between 
87i°  and  uboai  91 1°.  Which  extends  farther  west,  Wisconsin  or  Illinois  ?  Which 
of  the  great  lakes  lies  in  the  same  longitude  as  lUinoig  ?  &  Which  of  the  Gulf 
states  is  in  the  same  longitude  ?     M.     What  department  of  Mexico  ?    Y. 

Exercise  witll  Scale  of  lUies. — What  is  the  distance  in  a  direct  line  from 
Chicago  to  St.  Louis  ?  From  Chicago  to  Dubuque  ?  What  is  the  length  of 
Illinois  ?  What  is  its  greatest  breadth  ?  What  is  the  distance  in  a  straight  line 
from  thfe  northern  to  the  southern  boundary  of  Iowa  ?    Of  Missouri  ? 

Important  Places. — How  is  Ottumwa  situated  ?  Marengo  ?  Tipton  ?  Potosi  ? 
Ironton  ?  Palmyra  ?  Princeton  ?  Nauvoo  ?  By  whom  was  Nauvoo  founded  ? 
By  the  Mornionx  ;  it  once  contained  over  15,000  iuhalitants.  What  is  the  most 
southerly  place  in  Illinois  ?  In  Iowa  ?  In  Missouri  ?  What  important  railroad 
center  in  western  Missouri  ?     K.  C.     On  what  river  is  Kansas  City  ? 

Rivers. — What  is  the  principal  tributary  that  the  Mississippi  receives  from 
Iowa?  What  arc  the  two  principal  tributaries  that  the  Mississippi  receives  from 
IlUnois  ?     Which  of  these  rises  in  Wisconsin  ?     What  rivers  form  the  Illinois  ? 

REFERENCE  TABLE   OF  PRINCIPAL  RAILROADS. 


Niune. 


Chicaao  &  North-wentem  (consolidated). 

Milwaukee  Division 

Wisconsin  Division 

Madison  Division 

Galena  Division 

Jlockford  Division        

Western  Uniob 

Cliicago,  Burlington,  &  Quincy 


Galesburg,  Peoria,  &  Lcwiston  Branch.. 

Chicago,  Kock  Inland,  &  Pacific 

Muscatine  &  Oskaloosa  Branch 

Chicago,  Alton,  &  St.  Louis 

Illinois  Central 

Chicago  Division 

Peoria  &  Bureau  Valley 

Peoria,  Pekin,  it  Jacksonville 

Toledo,  Peoria,  &  Warsaw 

Toledo,  Wabash,  &  Western 

St.  Louis,  Alton,  &  Terre  Haute 

Ohio  &  Mississippi 

St.  Louis  &  Iron  Mountain 

Pacific  &  Missouri  Kiver 

South-west  Pacific 

North  Missouri 

Haonibal  &  St.  Joseph 

Burlinston  &  Missouri  River 

Des  Moines  Valley 

Dubuque  &  Sioux  City 

Dubuque  South-wcstem  .-. 


Chicago. 


Kenosha . . 

Racine 

Chicago.  . 

Peoria 

Chicago... 
Wilton.... 
Chicago... 
Cairo 

Peoria. 


Toledo,  O... 
E.  St.  Louis. 
Cincinnati  . . 
St.  Louis 

Pacific 

«t.  Louis.... 

Hannibal 

Burlington  . . 

Keokuk 

Dubuque — 


Omaha.  Neb 

Milwaukee 

Fort  Howard,  Wis.. 

Madison,  Wis 

Frecport 

Uockford 

Port  Bvron 

E.  Burlington 

Qnincy 

Galesburg 

Kellogg,  Iowa 

Washington 

E.  St.  Louis 

Dnnleith 

Chicago 

Bureau 

Virginia 

State  Line 

Keokuk,  Iowa 

Terre  Haute,  Ind... 

E.  St.  Louis 

Pilot  Knob 

Leavenworth,  Kan. 

Little  Piney 

Macon 

St.  Joseph 

Chariton 

Des  Moines 

Iowa  Falls 

Cedar  Rapids 


'i»4 

85 

242 

irs 

121 

'.S 
181 
210 
2liS 

5.3 
315 

50 
EHO 
4M 
US 

47 

11 
111 
4flO 
189 
340 

87 
809 

89 
170 
2(16 
l.SO 
1112 
14.S 

79 


TABLE  OF  CHIEF  NAVIGABLE  RIVERS. 


The  Iowa      (length  300  miles)  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Iowa  City 
"    Red  Cedar   "      "      "  "  "         "  


Des  Moines 

'     4B0 

Missouri 

'  Xim 

Osage          ' 

'     400 

Gasconade  ' 

'    wa 

Maramec     ' 

-     ISO 

Rock 

'     S30 

Illinois 

'     400 

Kaskaskia    * 

'     300 

2.50 

to  Great  Falls 2.575 

200 

fiO 

100 

225 


80  miles. 
fiO      " 


to  Ottawa.. . 
to  Vandulia. 


160 


Travels,  Voyages,  ctr. — What  two  important  places  are  connected  by  the 
Chicago  and  North-western  Railroad  ?  By  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad  ? 
By  the  Pacific  and  Missouri  River  Railroad?  AVhat  is  the  distance  by  r.iilioad 
from  Chicago  to  Omaha?  From  Cincinn.iti  to  St.  Louis?  From  St.  Louis  to 
Leavenworth  ?  Through  what  places  docs  the  Illinois  Central  run  ?  The  Hanni- 
bal &  St.  Joseph?    The  St,  Louis,  Alton,  and  Terre  Haute? 

How  far  is  the  Missouri  navigable  for  steamboats  ?  The  Illinois  ?  To  what 
place  ?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Osage  ?  The  Rock  River  ?  On  what  waters 
would  you  sail  in  going  from  Peoria  to  Kansas  Cit,y  ?  From  Des  Moines  to  Mt. 
Carmel,  111.  ?     From  Iowa  City  to  Jefferson  City  ?     From  Topeka  to  Paducah  ? 


Council  ] 


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rUYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


73 


NEBKASKA,    KANSAS,   DAKOTA,    INDIAN   TERR.. 
WYOMING,  COLORADO,  NEW  MEXICO. 


LESSON  XCII. 

PHYSICAL    GEOORAPHY. 


Surface. — The  western  part  of  this  section  embraces  several  ranges 
constituting  the  Rocky  Mountain  System,  from  the  eastern  base  of 
which  the  land  gradually  slopes  toward  the  Mississippi,  with  a  slight 
southerly  inclination. 

In  the  eastern  part  there  are  do  mountains;  the  country  is  mostly 
rolling  prairie,  not  thickly  wooded,  but  containing  some  timber,  par- 
ticularly along  the  river-banks.  This  prairie-land  gradually  rises  toward 
the  west  to  an  elevated  plateau,  which,  as  it  approaches  the  mountains, 
becomes  dry  and  sandy,  forming  an  immense  barren  tract  sometimes 
called  the  "Great  American  Desert." 

H  Llano  Estacado. — Of  this  sterile  character  is  the  vast  region  (nearly 
as  large  as  the  state  of  New  York)  called  "  El  Llano  Estacado,"  the 
staked  plain,  extending  from  western  Texas  into  the  south-eastern  part 
of  New  Mexico. 

This  region  was  so  called  because,  having  no  other  landmarks,  the 
Mexicans  who  had  occasion  to  cross  it  drove  stakes  in  the  ground  to 
mark  out  their  route.  It  is  entirely  destitute  of  trees,  and  during  much 
of  the  year  of  water  also,  a  scanty  growth  of  grass  being  all  the  vege- 
tation it  contains. 

The  Rocky  llonntains. — The  Rocky  Mountains  constitute  the  great 
natural  feature  of  this  section  of  our  country.  Traversing  the  western 
portion  of  the  United  States  and  British  .America,  they  form  part  of 
the  great  chain  which,  under  different  names,  extends  from  near  the 
Arctic  Ocean  to  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Their  length  is  not  far  from 
3,000  miles,  and  their  height  ranges  between  10,000  and  16,000  feet. 

Fremont's  and  Pike's  Peak,  named  after  the  persons  by  whom  they 
were  first  explored,  are  the  highest  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
in  the  United  States.  The  latter  is  noted  for  the  rich  deposits  of  gold 
found  in  its  vicinity. 

The  ascent  of  Pike's  Peak  is  very  difficult  Two  immense  gorges 
extend  from  the  summit  almost  to  the  base.  The  top  is  covered  with 
blocks  of  coarse  granite,  and  has  an  area  of  about  sixty  acres.  It  af- 
fords one  of  the  grandest  of  views,  extending  nearly  a  hundred  miles 
in  every  direction,  and  embracing  the  sources  of  four  great  rivers, — 
tlie  Nebraska,  the  Arkansas,  the  Rio  Grande,  and  the  Colorado. 

Rivers. — On  glancing  at  the  Map  of  this  section,  the  eye  is  at  once 
struck  with  the  numerous  rivers  wending  their  way  from  the  mount- 
ains or  the  adjacent  table-land,  in  an  easterly  or  south-easterly  course, 
ultimately  to  swell  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi.  Most  of  them,  how- 
ever, are  useless  for  purposes  of  navigation,  being  shallow  at  all  times, 
and  in  the  dry  season  little  more  than  a  succession  of  pools.  Even 
the  Nebraska,  or  Platte,  which  is  1,200  miles  long,  can  be  forded,  ex- 
cept during  floods,  in  almost  every  part. 

The  Yellowstone  And  Arkansas  are  exceptions  to  this  general  rule. 
The  former  is  the  largest,  though.not  the  longest,  affluent  of  the  Mis- 
souri. It  is  not  far  from  1,000  miles  in  length,  and  is  navigable  for 
about  three-fourths  of  its  course. 

The  Arkansas  is,  next  to  the  Missouri,  the  chief  tributary  of  the 
Mississippi,  and,  being  unobstructed  by  falls  or  rapids,  can  be  ascended 
during  nine  months  of  the  year  a  distance  of  800  miles. 


Manvaises  Terres. — Mauvaises Terres  (mo-vaze'  tare),  bad  lands,is  the 
name  given  to  a  peculiar  valley  in  western  Nebraska,  about  90  miles 
long  by  30  in  width,  abruptly  depressed  from  one  to  three  hundred 
feet  below  the  level  of  the  adjacent  table-land.  The  face  of  the  valley 
looks  as  if  it  had  sunk  away  from  the  surrounding  country,  leaving 
thousands  of  rugged  and  gigantic  columns  standing,  which  in  the  dis- 
tance look  like  the  walls  of  a  ruined  city.  There  are  no  trees  or 
shrubs,  and  in  summer  not  a  breath  of  air  to  relieve  the  heat  reflected 
from  its  ash-colored  rocks. 

Gold  Deposits. — New  Mexico  and  Colorado  abound  in  mineral  treas- 
ures. The  gold  deposits  in  Colorado  are  for  the  most  part  found  in 
"lodes," — that  is,  in  veins  between  walls  of  granite,  mixed  with  quartz, 
copper,  and  iron  pyri'tes.  They  are  thought  to  have  had  their  origin 
far  down  in  the  earth,  and  to  have  been  thrown  up  by  some  convulsion 
of  nature  through  crevices  in  the  granite  rocks. 

Hnnting-gronnds.— Tlie  prairies  of  this  section  have  been  justly  called 
"the  paradise  of  the  hunter  and  trapper."  Herds  of  buffaloes,  still 
large,  though  rapidly  diminishing,  wander  over  the  plains.  The  Mis- 
souri has  at  times  been  backed  up,  as  by  a  dam,  by  the  multitude  of 
these  animals  crossing  the  river. 


LESSON  XCIII, 

Questions  on  Map  of  U.  S.  Ko.  lO. 

Latitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  is  Kansas  situated  ?  Wliat  city 
on  tiie  Atlantic  coast  is  in  about  the  same  latitude  as  Leavenworth  ?  Baltimore. 
Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  is  Nebraska  situated  ?  What  states  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  lie  in  the  same  latitude?  What  states  on  the  Pacific  coast?  How 
many  degrees  is  Golden  City  north  of  Santa  Yd  1 

Longitude. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is  Colorado  ?  Between  102° 
and  109°  W.  Ion.  Between  what  meridians  does  New  Mexico  lie  ?  What  lake  in 
British  America  lies  in  the  same  longitude  as  eastern  Nebraska  ?  Lake  Winnipeg. 
What  place  in  Mexico  is  in  nearly  the  same  longitude  as  Omaha  ?  V.  C.  What 
is  the  longitude  of  Santa  Fc  ? 

Exercise  with  Scale  of  Bliles. — What  is  the  distance  in  a  direct  line  from  Fort 
Riley  to  Santa  Fe  ?  From  Omaha  to  Yankton  ?  From  Fremont's  Peak  to  Pike's 
Peak  ?  What  is  the  length  of  Nebraska  from  cast  to  west  ?  The  breadth  of 
Kansas  from  north  to  south  ? 

Monntalns  and  Passes. — Where  are  the  Wind  River  Mountains  ?  What  pass  is 
near  them  ?  What  pass  is  situated  south-east  of  this  ?  What  pass  is  on  the 
southern  boundary  of  New  Mexico  ?  El  Poko.  By  which  of  these  passes  will  the 
Union  Pacific  R.  R.  cross  the  Rocky  Mountains  ?  By  Bridger's  Pass.  Describe  the 
situation  of  the  Moro  Peaks.     The  Witchita  Mountains.     The  Sierra  de  San  Juan. 

Rivers. — Name  the  different  forks  of  the  Kansas  River.  In  what  lake  does  the 
Yellowstone  rise  ?  What  river  embraces  the  Black  Hills  between  its  North  and 
South  Fork  ?  Which  is  the  longest  tributary  of  the  Missouri  ?  Of  the  Arkansas  ? 
Of  the  Red  ?  What  river  rises  near  Santa  F6  ?  What  rivers  traverse  New  Mexico  ? 
What  rivers  rise  in  the  Sierra  de  San  Juan  ? 

Indian  Tribes. — In  what  part  of  Indian  Territory  are  the  Cherokees  located  ? 
The  Creeks?  The  Seminolcs  ?  The  Choctaws?  What  tribe  is  in  the  south- 
western part  of  the  territory  ?  Where  is  the  Cherokee  agency  ?  What  other  tribes 
besides  those  laid  down  on  the  map  are  found  in  Indian  Territory  ?  The  Osages,  Ca- 
manches,  Kioways,  Pawnees,  and  Arrapahoes. 

Railroads. — What  great  railroad  runs  west  from  Omaha  ?  The  Union  Pacific 
Railroad.  Beside  what  river  does  this  road  run  for  some  distance  ?  What  road 
is  it  to  meet  ?  J%e  Central  Pacific  Bailroad,  from  San  Francisco.  What  places 
in  Kansas  are  connected  by  a  railroad  following  the  Kansas  valley  ?  Wyandoil 
and  Bawrence. 

General  Qnestions. — In  what  part  of  Colorado  are  most  of  the  settlements  ?  In 
what  part  of  Dakota  ?  Of  Nebraska  ?  Of  Kansas  ?  Where  is  Fort  Washita  ?  Fort 
Atkmson  ?   Fort  Lyon  ?   Fort  Craig  ?    Fort  Hall  ?    Fort  Randall  ?    Kearney  City  ? 


74 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


CALIFORNIA,  OREGON,  NEVADA,  WASHINGTON, 
IDAHO.  MONTANA,  UTAH,  ARIZONA. 


LESSON   XCIV. 

PHYSICAL    GEOGBAPHT. 

Snrface. — ^We  have  here  that  portion  of  the  United  States  which 
belongs  to  the  I'acific  Slope.  It  is  the  most  elevated  part  of  the 
Union,  several  settlements  in  Utah  being  a  mile  above  sea-level,  while 
some  of  the  towns  of  Nevada  are  higher  than  the  top  of  Mt.  Mitchell, 
the  loftiest  summit  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Soil. — Most  of  this  section  is  dry  and  barren,  its  mountains  and 
desert  table-lands  being  but  occasionally  interspersed  with  fertile  strips 
bordering  the  rivers  and  lakes.  The  region  along  the  Pacific,  however, 
west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  the  Cascade  Range,  is  of  an  entirely 
different  character,  containing  some  valleys  of  remarkable  fertility. 

Slonntains. — Besides  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  their  various  spurs 
and  outlying  ridges,  which  traverse  Idaho  and  Montana,  there  are 
three  important  ranges  farther  west, — ^the  Coast  Range  (parallel  to  the 
Pacific,  from  25  to  50  miles  inland),  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada. 

The  Cascade  Bange  is  so  called  from  the  rapids  in  the  Columbia  River, 
where  it  makes  its  way  through  these  mountains  in  a  bed  only  150  yards 
wide.  Among  its  very  lofty  peaks  are  Mounts  Hood  and  Jefferson  in 
Oregon  (the  former,  14,000  feet  high),  and  in  Washington  founts 
Baker,  Ranicr,  and  St.  Helen's — ^the  last-named  a  volcano. 

The  Sierra  Nevada  (snowy  chain),  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  Cascade  Range,  is  about  70  miles  in  width,  the  greater 
p;irt  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  western  slope.  The  eastern  slope  is 
only  five  or  six  miles  wide,  and  terminates  in  the  Great  Basin.  The 
rains  and  snows  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  are  confined  almost  entirely  to 
its  western  slope ;  hence,  on  its  eastern  side,  it  gives  rise  to  no  im- 
portant rivers. 

Mount  Shasta,  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is  among  the  loftiest 
mountains  in  the  United  States.  It  is  covered  with  perpetual  snow 
for  a  considerable  distance  from  its  summit,  and  can  be  seen  in  every 
direction  for  more  than  a  hundred  miles. 

The  Great  Basin. — The  Great  Basin  is  a  vast  sterile  triangular  tract, 
from  4,000  to  6,000  feet  above  sea-level,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the 
basin  of  the  Columbia  River,  on  the  south-east  by  that  of  the  Colo- 
rado, and  on  the  west  by  the  Sierra  Nevada.  It  embraces  Nevada 
and  parts  of  Utah  and  California. 

The  Great  Basin  has  a  system  of  lakes  and  rivers  of  its  own,  not 
communicating  with  the  ocean.  Most  of  its  lakes  have  no  visible  out- 
let, and  its  rivers  either  empty  into  these  lakes  or  are  lost  in  the  sand. 
The  surface  is  in  some  parts  covered  with  wild  sage,  and  in  others  with 
a  saline  or  alkaline  crust 

Lakes. — ^The  largest  lake  of  this  section  is  Great  Salt  Lake,  70  miles 
long  by  30  in  width.  Its  waters,  like  those  of  Lake  Mono  in  eastern 
California,  are  so  salt  that  no  fish  can  live  in  them,  and  the  human 
body  is  supported  with  great  case  on  their  surface.  In  hot  weather, 
a  thick  crust  of  salt  is  left  on  the  shore  by  evaporation.  Great  Salt 
Lake  resembles  the  Dead  Sea  in  Palestine ;  but  instead  of  being  de- 


pressed 1,300  feet  below  sea-level,  like  the  latter,  it  has  an  elevation 
of  about  4,000  feet. 

Pyramid  Lake,  in  the  western  part  of  Nevada,  is  so  called  from  a 
remarkable  pyramidal  rock,  600  feet  high,  which  forms  an  island  near 
its  eastern  shore ;  it  is  elevated  nearly  a  mile  above  sea-level. 

Mammoth  Tree  Groves. — Gigantic  firs  are  found  in  various  parts  of 
California,  Oregon,  and  Washington  ;  but  the  Mammoth  Tree,  or  Se- 
quoia Gigantea,  surpasses  them  in  size,  and  indee<l  all  other  trees  in 
the  world.  It  is  found  only  in  California,  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  between  latitude  34°  and  41°.  Only  seven  Mammoth 
Tree  groves  have  as  yet  been  discovered. 

Many  of  these  enormous  Sequoias,  which  are  supposed  to  be  2,000 
years  old  and  upward,  are  30  feet  across  and  300  feet  in  height;  one 
or  two  of  thera,  which  have  fallen,  must  even  have  been  a  third  larger 
than  this.  Dancing-parties  are  held  on  the  stump  of  one  of  them 
which  has  been  cut  down,  and  through  the  hollow  trunk  of  another, 
as  it  lies  on  the  ground,  a  person  can  ride  seventy -five  feet  erect  on 
horseback. 

BDneral  Wealth. — Most  of  this  section,  except  Utah,  is  noted  for  its 
mineral  treasures,  particularly  the  precious  metals,  which,  despite  all 
difficulties,  have  attracted  thousands  of  immigrants. 


LESSON    XCV. 

Questions  on  Map  of  XT.  S,  No.  11, 

Latltnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  is  California  situated  ?  Between 
about  32i°  and  42'  N.  lat.  What  states  on  the  Atlantic  coast  lie  in  the  same  lati- 
tude? M.,  R.  l,  a,  N.  r.,  JV.  J.,  D.,  M.,  v.,  N.  a,  and  S.  C.  What  sea  in  the 
eastern  continent  lies  in  the  same  latitude  ?  M.  What  city  in  British  America  is 
in  neariy  the  same  latitude  as  Olympia  f  Q.     What  European  capital  ?  Berne. 

LoDgitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is  California  situated?  Between 
about  114i°  and  124^°  W.  Ion.  Which  has  the  greater  longitude,  the  most  west- 
erly point  of  California  or  that  of  Washington  ?  What  lake  in  British  America 
lies  in  the  same  longitude  as  Great  Salt  Lake  ?   Great  Slave  Lake. 

Hoimtaing. — Name  two  mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  California.  Near 
what  town  is  Mt.  Shasta  ?  What  mountain  in  Califoniia  is  between  the  coast  and 
the  Eel  River  ?  Where  is  Mt  Whitney  ?  Silver  Mountam  ?  To  what  chain  do 
these  two  mountains  belong  ?  • 

Where  are  the  Wahsatch  Mountains?  The  Blue  Mountains?  The  Three 
Tetons  ?  The  Salmon  River  Mountains  ?  What  mountains  traverse  Arizona  ? 
Central  Nevada  ?  Name  three  lofty  peaks  in  Washington.  Name  two  in  Oregon. 
What  mountain  is  near  Utah  Lake  ?  What  mountains  are  in  the  south-eastern 
part  of  Nevada  ?     Where  is  Mt.  San  Francisco  ? 

Bivers. How  far  is  the  Columbia  River  navigable  ?     For  large  vesseh,  to  the 

rapids  at  Dalles,  140  miles  ;  atidfor  steamboats,  above  the  rapids,  to  Wallula.  Uow 
far  is  the  Willamette  navigable  ?  To  Portland.  The  Sacramento  ?  To  Sacramento 
City.  The  San  Joaquin  ?  To  Stockton,  ISO  miles  from  San  Francisco.  The  Colo- 
rado ?  For  steamboats  of  liffht  draught,  about  600  miles.  Name  the  chief  branches 
of  the  Columbia.     Of  the  Colorado. 

Lakes. — ^What  lakes  does  the  Jordan  River  connect  ?  Of  which  of  these  is  it 
the  outlet  ?  Which  has  ihe  greater  elevation,  Utah  Lake  or  Great  Salt  Lake  ? 
What  other  lakes  are  in  Utah  ?  What  lake  is  on  the  boundary  between  Nevada 
and  California  ?  Mention  four  other  lakes  in  Nevada.  Mention  four  in  Califor- 
nia.    Wliat  is  the  largest  lake  in  Montana  ?     In  Washington  ? 

Kallroads.— What  railroad  is  to  meet  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  thus 
form  a  link  in  the  chain  of  communication  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific? 
The  Central  Pacific  R.  R.  What  is  to  be  the  western  termmus  of  this  road  ?  -San 
Francisco.  Wliat  places  are  connected  by  the  San  Francisco  and  San  Jose  R.  R.  ? 
8.  F.  and  S.  J.     By  the  California  Northern  ?  MarysvUle  and  Oroville. 


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80 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


MEXICO,  BALIZE,  AND  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


TnK   FLAG  or  "ItfEXICO. 


LESSON   CIV. 

THE   KEPUBLIC   OF   MEXICO. 

Geographical  Position,  ete. — Mexico 
lies  cliiefly  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Its  greatest 
length  is  about  2,000  miles,  and  its 
breadth  about  1,000.  It  is  divided  into 
several  states  and  territories. 

Pliysieal  Features.  —  The  surface  is 
greatly  diversified  by  mountain  ranges 
and  lofty  peaks,  some  of  which  are  vol- 
canoes. The  interior  is  an  elevated 
table-land,  sloping  to  the  coasts,  which 
are  generaUy  low. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  in  most  parts  is 
very  fertile.  The  climate  is  hot  and  sickly  on  the  coasts,  but  more  hfealthy 
and  agreeable  in  the  interior.  On  the  table-lands  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  the 
climate  is  cold ;  on  the  slopes  of  the  mountains,  it  is  temperate.  • 

The  productions,  like  the  climate,  vary  at  different  elevations.  Indian 
corn  and  the  banana  are  the  staple  products.  The  mag'uey,  a  variety  of 
the  agave,  or  American  aloe,  furnishes  a  beverage  called  pulque  {pull'ka), 
of  which  the  inhabitants  are  very  fond.  The  cochineal  insect,  valuable  for 
the  red  dye  which  it  affords,  abounds  on  a  species  of  the  cactus  plant. 
Minerals  are  abundant,  particularly  gold  and  silver.  Horned  cattle  are 
numerous,  and  supply  hides,  etc.,  in  great  quantities. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— Nearly  one-half  of  the  inhabitants  are  Indians ;  the  re- 
mainder are  divided  between  the  Creoles,  or  people  descended  from  Euro- 
pean parents  (almost  wholly  Spanish),  and  the  Mestizoes,  or  mixed  races. 
Tillage  and  mining  form  the  chief  pursuits ;  in  the  greater  part  of  Mexico, 
manufacturing  industry  is  scarcely  known.  The  religion  is  that  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Traveling  Fadiities. — Moat  of  the  roads  are  poor.  The  only  two  good 
carriage-roads  lead  from  the  capital  to  Vera  Cruz.  Mules  are  generally 
used  for  the  transport  of  both  passengers  and  merchandise. 

Mannfaetnres  and  Exports. — The  chief  articles  manufactured  are  brandy, 
sugar,  olive-oil,  paper,  glass-ware,  gunpowder,  and  soap.  Bees'-wax  is  ex- 
tensively collected  in  some  parts.  Of  tlie  exports,  metals,  cochineal,  hides, 
cattle,  dyewoods,  and  medicinal  herbs,  are  the  most  important. 

Cities,  ete. — Mexico,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  vast  plain  of  carefully 
cultivated  fields,  inclosed  by  lofty  mountains,  about  two  miles  from  Lake 
Tezcuco.  The  city  is  in  the  form  of  a  square,  and  is  inclosed  by  high 
walls.    It  is  noted  for  its  numerous  churches,  convents,  and  squares.       . 

GuADALAXARA,  situated  near  the  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago,  is,  next  to 
the  capital,  the  largest  and  most  interesting  city.  The  natives  of  this 
place  manufacture  jars  of  scented  earth,  which  are  in  much  request.  La 
Pdebla,  a  large  city,  lying  about  eighty  miles  south-east  of  Mexico,  is 
noted  for  its  numerous  churches,  and  its  manufactures  of  soap,  glass,  iron, 
and  steel.  The  chief  seaports  of  Mexico  are  Tampico,  Vera  Cbuz,  Aoa- 
PULCO,  Mazatlan,  and  Guatmas. 

YUCATAN. — This  peninsula,  a  state  of  the  Mexican  Confederation,  lies 
between  the  Bay  of  Oampeche  and  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

Physieai  Features. — It  is  mostly  level,  and  dc^cient  in  regular  supplies 
of  water.  In  summer,  the  land  is  generally  inundated  to  such  an  extent 
as  to  interfere  with  agricultural  operations. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  is  poor,  except  in  the  south ;  the  climate  is  hot  and 
unhealthy.    The  chief  products  are  logwood  and  mahogany.    Maize,  cot- 


ton, rice,  tobacco,  cocoa-nuts,  and  sugar-cane,  are  sources  of  wealth  to  the 
inhabitants.    Cattle  are  numerous. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  whites,  though  there  are 
numerous  Indians.  Agriculture  forms  the  leading  pursuit.  There  are  no 
manufactures  of  any  note.  Dyewoods,  mahogany,  salted  meat,  and  hides, 
form  the  leading  exports. 

Cities,  ete. — Mekida,  the  capital,  is  situated  about  thirty  miles  from  the 
northern  coast.  It  is  connected  with  its  port.  Sisal,  by  a  good  road ;  its 
trade  is  inconsiderable.  Campeche,  about  ninety  miles  south-west  of 
Merida,  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Yucatan. 

BALIZE,    OR   BRITISH   HONDURAS. 

Geographical  Position. — Balize,  or  Belize,  is  situated  south  of  the  penin- 
sula of  Y'ucatan,  and  west  of  the  Bay  of  Honduras. 

Surface,  etc. — The  coast  is  low  and  swampy,  but  the  interior  is  hilly. 
The  soil  is  poor,  and  the  climate,  during  the  wet  season,  between  the 
months  of  June  and  September,  is  unhealthy.  Forests  are  abundant,  and 
supply  large  quantities  of  mahogany  and  other  timber.  Wild  animals, 
birds,  and  turtles,  are  numerous. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Indians  and  nsgroes.  Tlio 
country  is  a  colonial  possession  of  Great  Britain. 

IHannfactnres  and  Exports. — No  articles  of  any  note  are  manufactured. 
The  chief  exports  are  mahogany  and  other  hard  cabinet  woods,  cochineal, 
tortoise-shell,  sarsaparilla,  and  cocoa-nuts. 

Balize,  the  capital  of  the  colony,  is  situated  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name. 

CENTRAL   AMERICA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc.. — Central  America  lies  between  Mexico  and  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama.  It  includes  the  Republic  of  Guatemala,  the  State  of 
Honduras,  and  the  Republics  of  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  and  San  Salvador. 

Physical  Features. — ^Lofty  table-lands  extend  along  the  western  coast, 
from  which  the  country  descends  in  terraces.  In  the  east  are  extensive 
plains.    There  are  numerous  volcanoes  along  the  Pacific  coast. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  is  generally  rich.  The  climate  varies  according  to 
the  elevation ;  on  the  coast  plains,  it  is  hot.  Indigo,  cotton,  sugar,  cocoa, 
mahogany,  and  logwood,  are  among  the  most  important  products.  Indian 
corn  rice,  beans,  and  plantains,  are  raised  in  abundance  in  some  parts,  and 
form  the  staple  food  of  the  inhabitants.  Cattle  are  numerous,  particularly 
in  Nicaragua  and  Honduras.  Birds  of  brilliant  plumage  are  plentiful,  and 
minerals  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — About  one-fourth  of  the  inhabitants  are  whites,  one- 
half  Indians,  and  the  rest  mixed  races.  Agriculture  forms  the  leading  pur- 
suit, but  it  is  rudely  conducted.    The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 

Mannfacturcs  and  Exports. — Little  attention  is  paid  to  manufactures.  The 
chief  exports  are  indigo,  tobacco,  cofibe.  Brazil-wood,  cochineal,  and  hides. 

Cities. — New  Guatemala,  th6  capital  of  the  Republic  of  Guatemala,  is 
situated  on  a  high  plain  about  forty-five  miles  from  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
houses  are  built  only  one  story  high,  from  fear  of  earthquakes. 

CoMATAGTiA,  the  capital  of  Honduras,  is  situated  180  miles  east  of  the 
city  of  New  Guatemala.  Managua,  the  capital  of  Nicaragua,  is  situated 
on  the  south  bank  of  Lake  Managua,  about  fifty  miles  south-east  of  Leon. 

San  Salvador  is  the  capital  of  the  Republic  of  San  Salvador.  This 
city  was  abnost  entirely  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1854;  and,  for  a 
time,  the  government  was  removed  to  Cojutepeque  (lo-7u>o-ta-pa'ka).  San 
Josfi,  situated  in  the  interior,  is  the  capital  of  Costa  Rica. 

THE  MOSQUITO  TERRITORY  extends  along  the  coast  of  Central  America, 
from  Cape  Honduras  to  the  River  San  Juan.  It  is  inhabited  by  a  race  of 
Indians,  who  have  always  succeeded  in  maintaining  their  independence  of 
Spanish  power.  They  regard  their  country  as  an  independent  state,  under 
the  protection  of  the  British  Government. 


THE    WEST    INDIA    ISLANDS. 


81 


THE    WEST    INDIA    ISLANDS. 


LESSON  CV. 

Geographleal  Position. — The  West  Indies  comprise  a  number  of  islands, 
extending  between  Nortli  and  Soutli  America,  and  separating  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  Atlantic. 

How  Divided. — Except  Ilayti,  which  is  independent,  St.  Bartholomew, 
which  is  a  Swedish  colony,  and  several  islands  that  are  owned  by  Vene- 
zuela, all  the  West  Indies  belong  to  Great  Britain,  Spain,  Franco,  Holland, 
and  Denmark.  They  are  divided  into  the  Bahama  Isles,  the  Greater  An- 
tiltes,  the  Leeward  Islands,  the  Windward  Islands,  and  the  Lesser  Antilles.. 
The  Leeward  and  Windward  Islands  are  often  classed  together  as  the  Car'- 
ibbee  Isles. 

THE   BAHAMA   ISLES. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — This  group  lies  south-east  of  Florida.  They 
number  about  500 ;  but  many  of  them  are  uninhabitable  coral  roQks.  The 
surface  of  the  islands  is  generally  low  and  level. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  light  and  sandy  ;  the  climate,  pleasant.  The  chief 
article  cultivated  is  cotton.  Cattle  and  sheep  are  raised.  Guinea  and  In- 
dian corn,  vegetables,  and  tropical  fruits,  grow  on  some  of  the  islands. 

Inliabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Creoles  and  negroes.  The 
exports  are  cotton,  dye-woods,  mahogany,  turtles,  fruits,  and  cotiee.  Nas- 
sau, on  the  island  of  New  Providence,  is  the  capital. 

THE   GREATER   ANTILLES. 

Geographical  Positioc,  etc. — The  Greater  Antilles  lie  between  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  .and  comprise  the  four  large  islands, 
Cuba,  Ilayti  or  San  Domingo,  Porto  Rico,  and  Jamaica. 

THE  ISLAND   OF  CUBA. 

Geographical  Position. — Cuba,  the  largest  of  the  West  India  Islands,  lies 
south  of  Florida,  at  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  A  mountain 
range  extends  midway  of  the  island,  nearly  its  whole  length. 

Soil,  et«. — The  soil  is  fertile,  and  the  climate  warm,  but  generally  healthy. 
Tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  and  various  kinds  of  fruits,  are  produced  in 
abundance.  Mahogany,  cedar,  ebony,  etc.,  are  found  in  the  mountain  districts. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Creole  whites,  blacks  and 
mulattoes  (both  slaves  and  free),  Spaniards,  and  other  foreigners.  The 
island  belongs  to  Sj)ain,  and  is  under  the  government  of  a  Captain-General, 
appointed  by  the  crown.     The  whites  are  Roman  Catholics. 

Traveling  Fatilltics. — Several  i-ailroads  have  been  constructed. 

IMannfaetnres  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  are  coarse  woolens,  straw 
hats,  cigars,  etc.  Tlic  chief  articles  exported  are  sugar,  coffee,  molasses, 
spirits,  tobacco,  cigars,  wax,  honey,  copper  ore,  hard  wood,  etc. 

Cities. — Havana,  the  capital  and  chief  commercial  city,  is  situated  on  a 
fine  harbor  in  the  northern  part  of  the  island.  Matanzas,  an  important 
seaport,  is  situated  on  the  northern  coast,  about  fifty  miles  east  of  Havana. 

THE  ISLAND  OF  HAYTI,   OR  SAN  DOMINGO. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — This  large 
island  lies  between  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 
Tlie  center  is  traversed  by  mountain 
ranges. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile ;  the  cli- 
mate is  hot,  and  unhealthy  to  foreigners. 
Among  the  leading  products  are  coffee, 
tobacco,  cotton,  cocoa,  sugar,  bees'-wax, 
cochineal,  and  ginger.  Mahogany,  satin- 
wood,  logwood,  etc.,  fonn  important  ar- 
ticles of  export. 


FLAG   OF  llAVTI. 


Inhabitants,  etc. — Hayti  formerly  belonged  to  France  and  S[)ain ;  the 
former  holding  the  western  part  of  the  island,  and  the  latter  the  eastern. 
It  is  now  divided  into  two  independent  states,  governed  by  free  blacks. 
The  western  part  is  called  the  Republic  of  Hayti,  the  eastern  Dominica. 
Port  au  Pkince,  on  the  Bay  of  Gonaives,  is  the  capital  of  the  former,  and 
the  principal  seat  of  foreign  trade.  San  Domingo,  on  the  southern  coast, 
is  the  capital  of  the  Dominican  Reiiublic. 

THE  ISLAND  OF  PORTO  RICO. 

Gccgraphicai  Position,  etc. — Porto  Rico  lies  east  of  Hayti,  from  which  it 
is  separated  liy  Mona  Passage.  It  is  beautifully  diversified  with  woods, 
hills,  and  valleys,  and  well  watered  by  small  streams  from  the  mountains. 
The  soil  is  rich  and  fertile ;  the  climate  is  unusually  line. 

Sugar,  coffee,  maize,  and  rice,  are  the  staple  products.  St.  John,  the 
capital  and  chief  seaport,  is  situated  on  a  small  island  off  the  northern  coast. 

THE  ISLAND   OF  JAMAICA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Jamaica  lies  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  south  of 
Cuba.  It  is  well  watered,  and  has  many  excellent  harbors.  The  Blue 
Mountains  traverse 
the  island  from  east 
to  west.  In  the  val- 
leys the  soil  is  fer- 
tile, and  the  climate 
hot.  Sugar,  molas- 
ses, rum,indigo,cof- 
fee,  arrow-root,  and 
tropical  fruits,  are 
the  chief  products. 

Inhabitants,  etc. 

— By  far  the  greater 
part  of  the  inhabitants  are  blacks. 
The  chief  articles  manufactured  are  a  steamer  RECErvraa  coal  at  KraesTON. 
sugar  and  rum,  which,  with  mo- 
lasses, coffee,  cotton,  and  fruits,  form  the  leading  exports.  Spanish  Town, 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Cobre  (ko'hra),  is  the  capital.  Kingston,  the  chief 
commercial  city,  is  connected  with  the  capital  by  a  railroad.  Steamers 
plying  between  Aspinwall  and  New  York  often  stop  at  Kingston  for  a  sup- 
ply of  coal. 

THE   CARIBBEE   ISLES. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — The  Caril)beo  Isles  extend  from  Porto  Rico 
to  South  America.  Those  north  of  the  15th  parallel  of  N.  lat.  are  called 
the  Leeward  Islands ;  and  those  south  of  that  line,  the  Windward  Islands. 
Hurricanes  of  great  violence  are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  these  islands. 

The  Virgin  Isles,  a  small  group  lying  eact  of  Porto  Rico,  belong  to 
Great  Britain ;  as,  also,  do  Barbuda,  Antigua,  Dominica,  St.  Lucia,  St. 
Vincent,  Barbadoes,  Grenada,  Tobago,  and  Trinidad. 

Dominica  is  of  volcanic  origin.  Barbadoes,  the  oldest  colony  of  Great 
Britain,  exports  sugar,  molasses,  tamarinds,  arrow-root,  aloes,  and  ginger. 
Trinidad,  the  largest  of  the  Caribbee  Isles,  lies  near  the  South  American 
coast.     It  exports  cocoa,  coffee,  cotton,  sugar,  molasses,  and  hides. 

Guadeloupe  and  Martinique  belong  to  France.  The  former  is  divided 
into  two  parts,  by  a  river  communicating  at  each  end  with  the  sea.  Its 
chief  productions  are  sugar,  coffee,  cocoa,  cloves,  olive-oil,  rum,  ginger, 
logwood,  and  tobacco. 

THE   LESSER   ANTILLES. 

The  Lesser  Antilles  lie  west  of  Trinidad,  along  the  northern  coast  of 
South  America.  Margarita,  Tortuga,  Orchilla,  and  Los  Roques,  belong  to 
Venezuela ;  Buen  Ayre,  Curaf  oa,  and  Oruba,  to  Holland. 


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MAP    STUDIES    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


83 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

SYSTEMATICALLY     ARKANOEU. 

LESSON    CVI. 

Conntries. — Bound  each  : — United  States  of  Colombia,  Venezuela  (ven- 
es-we'lah),  British  Guiana  (ghe-ah'nah),  Dutch  Guiana,  French  Guiana, 
Brazil',  Uruguay  (oo-roo-gwi'),  Argentine  {ar'jen-  teen)  Confederation,  Pata- 
gonia, Chili,  Bolivia,  Peru,  Ecuador  {ek-wah-dore'),  and  Paraguay  {pah- 
rah-ffwi'). 

Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  of  each : — Bogota  (bo-go-tah'),  Caracas 
{Tcah-rali  kalis),  Georgetown,  Paramaribo,  Cayenne  (ki-en'),  Rio  Janeiro 
(ri'o  ja-ne'ro),  Montevid'eo,  Buenos  Ayres  {lo'nos  a'riz),  Santiago,  Sucre 
(jsoo'kra),  Lima  (le'mah),  Quito  {ke'to),  and  Asuncion  {ah-soon'ae-ovm). 

Important  Places  in  the  F.  S.  of  Colombia  and  Venezuela. — State  the  situation 
of  each: — Chagres,  Aspinwall,  FAnmna.  (pan-a-mah'),  Carthagena,  Santa 
Martha  (sahn'tah  mar'tah),  Morapox  (mom-poh),  Socor'ro,  Pasto  {pahs'to), 
Popayan  {po-pah-yahn),  Buenaventura  {bwa-nah-ten-too'rah), — Maracay- 
bo  (mah-rah-ki'bo),  Merida,  Truxillo,  Valencia  {va/i-len'sAe-ah),  Porto  Ca- 
bello,  La  Guayra  {lah  gwirah),  Cumana  (koo-mah-nah'),  Barcelo'na,  and 
Angostura  (ahn-goa-too'raK). 


LESSON    CVII. 


Important  Plaees  in  Brazil. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Obidos  {o-be'- 
doce),  Santarein  (sahn-  tah-ren''),  Macapa  {mah-kah-pah'),  Para  (pah-rah'), 
Maranhani',  Caxias  {kah-she  ahs),  Parnahiba  {par-nah-eba/i),  Natal  {nah- 
tahl ),  Oeiras  (o-a'e-rahs),  Pernambuco  (per-nahm-boo'ko),  Bahia  (bah-e'ah), 
Porto  Seguro  {sa-goo'ro),  Diaraantina  (de-ah-mahn-te'nah),  Ouro  Preto 
oo'ro  pra'to),  Sao  Paulo  {sown'  ptjw'lo)*  Dester'ro,  Porto  Alegre  (ah-la'gra), 
Cuyaba  (koo-yah'bah),  Matto  Grosso  {maht'to  gros'ao),  and  Villa  Boa  {veeV- 
lali  ho'ah). 

In  Crngnay  and  the  Argentine  Confederation. — Jraldonado  (mahl-do-nah' do\ 
Colonia  (ko-lo'ne-ah), — Salta  (sa/il  tah),  Tucunian  {too-koo-mahn'),  Corrien'- 
tes,  Santa  F6  {sahn'tah  fa\  Parana  {pah-rah-nah'),  Mendo'za,  Catamarca 
(kah-tah-mar  kah),  and  Cor'dova. 

In  Chili  and  Bolivia. — Caldera  {kahl-da'rah),  Copiapo',  Coquimbo  {ko- 
keem'bo),  Qnillota  {keel-yo'tah),  Valparaiso  {vahl-pah-ri'io),  Talcahuana 
(tahl-kah-wah'-nah),  Concepcion  {kon-sep-se-oirn'),  Valdivia,  San  Carlos 
{nahn  kar'loce), — Tupiza  (too-pe'sah),  Cobija  {ko-le'hah),  Potosi  {po-to'se), 
Cochabamba  {ko-ehah-iahm'bah),  and  La  Paz  {lah  pahz). 


LESSON   CVIII, 


Important  Plaees  in  Pern,  Ecnador,  and  Paraguay. — State  the  situation  of 
eacli : — Iluamanga  {wah-mahng'gah),  Cuzco  {koos'ko),  Puno  {poo'-no),  Are- 
qnipa  {ah-ra-ke'pah),  Callao  {kahl-lali'o),  Pasco  (pahs'-ko),  Truxillo,  Caxa- 
marca  {kah-hah-mar'kah), — Loja  {lo'hah),  Cuenca  {kioen'kah),  Guayaquil 
{gwi-ah-keel'),  Riobamba  {re-o-bahm'bah), — and  Villa  Rica  {veel'yah  re'kah). 

Islands. — Describe  each  : — Margarita,  Trinidad,  Joannes  {zho-ahn'nes), 
South  Georgia,  Falkland  {fawk'land)  Islands,  Terra  del  Fuego  {fwa'go), 
Hermit,  Desolation,  Adelaide,  Wellington,  Chiloe  {cheel-o-a'),  Ju'an  Fer- 
nan'dez,  St.  Felix,  and  Galapagos  (gal-a-pa'giis). 

Peninsulas  and  Isthmuses. — Describe  each: — St.  Joseph,  Tres  Mon'tes, 
and  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Capes.  —  Describe  each:  —  Gallinas  {gahl-ye'nahs).  North,  St.  Roque 
{roke),  Frio  {fre'o),  St.  Antonio,  Blanco,  Horn,  Tres  Montes,  and  Blanco. 

Honutain  Ranges,  el«. — Describe  each  : — Parime  {pah-re'ma),  Acaray  {ah- 
kah-ri'),  Brazilian   Andes,  Vulcan,   Andes,   Geral   {zha-rahV),    Cordillera 

*  Sonnd  Hw  ae  in  now. 


Grande  {kor-dil-la  rah  grahn'da). — Mt.  Aconcagua  (ah-kon-kah'gitah),  Mt. 
Ulimani  {eel-ye-mah'ne),  Mt.  Sorato  {so-rah'to),  Mt.  Cliuquibamba  {choo-ke- 
bahm'bah),  Mt.  Chimborazo  {chim-  bo-rah'zo),  Mt.  Pichincha  {pe-ehin'chah), 
and  Mt.  Cotopaxi  {ko-to-pax'e). 


LESSON    CIX, 


Gulfs  and  Bays.  —  Describe  each: — Darien,  Venezuela,  All  4^aint8,  San 
Matias  {sahn  mah-te'ahs),  St.  George,  Pefias  {pen'yahs),  Guayaquil,  Cho'- 
co,  and  Panama. 

Strait. — Describe  it : — Magel'lan. 

Lakes. — Describe  each : — Maracaybo,  Patos  {pah'toce),  Porongos  {po- 
ron'goce),  Mirim  {me-reen''),  Aullagas  {owl  yah' gah»),  and  Titicaca  {te-te- 
kah'kah).* 

Rivers. — Describe  each : — Atrato  {ah-trah' to),  Magdale'na,  Cauca  {kow'- 
kah),  Orino'co,  Ventuari  {ven-too-aK re),  Caroni  {kah-ro-ne),  Cassiquiare 
{kahs-se-ke-ah'ra),  Guaviare  {gwah-ve-ah'ra),  Meta  {ma  iah),  Essequibo  {es- 
se-ke'bo),  Surinam  {soo-rin-am). 

Amazon,  Putumayo  {poo-too-mi'o),  Japura  {hah-poo'rah),  Negro,  Bran- 
co,  Tunguragua  {toon-goo-rah' gwah),  Huallaga  {icahl-yah' gah),  Ucayale(oo- 
ki-ah'la),  Javary  {hah-tah're),  Purus  {poo'roos),  Madeira,  Beni  {ba-ne'), 
Mamore  {mah-mo-ra),  Guapore  {gwah-pora),  Tapajos  {tah-pah'zhoce), 
Xingu  {shing-goo'),  Tocantins  {to-kahn-teens ),  and  Araguay  {ahr-ah-gwi ). 

Parnahiba,  San  Francisco,  Parahiba  {pah-rah -e'bah),  Rio  de  la  Plata 
{re'o  da  lah  plah'tah),  Uruguay,  Parana,  Paranahiba  {pah-rah-nah-e'bah), 
Grande  {grahn'da),  Paraguay,  Pilcomayo  {pil-ko-mi'o),  Vermejo  {ver-ma- 
ho),  Salado  {sah-lahdo),  Colorado,  Negro,  and  Dulce  {dool'sa). 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA, 

PROMISCnOtJSLY      ARRANGED, 

LESSON  ex. 

I.  How  is  South  America  bounded  ?  How  far  north  does  S.  Ameriea  extend  ? 
12J  degrees  north  of  the  equator.  Do  any  of  the  other  grand  divisions  extend  as 
far  south  as  S.  America  ?  What  city  on  Lake  Erie  is  in  about  the  same  longitude 
as  Quito  ?  Buffalo.  What  countries  of  S.  America  lie  wholly  north  of  the  equator  ? 
Which  lie  partly  north  and  partly  south  of  the  equator  ? 

II.  What  is  the  most  southerly  country  of  S.  America  ?  The  most  easterly  ? 
The  most  northerly  ?  The  most  westerly  ?  What  is  the  most  noted  eastern  cape 
of  S.  America  ?  St.  R.  Southern  ?  Western  ?  Northern  ?  From  what  island 
docs  Cape  Horn  project  ?  Hermit  Island.  What  rivers  form  most  of  the  boundary 
of  Paraguay  ?  In  what  direction  is  Buenos  Ayres  from  Santiago  ?  Lima  from 
Bogota  ? 

m.  What  city  in  the  Argentine  Confederation  is  opposite  Santa  F^  ?  On  what 
river  are  these  cities  situated  ?  In  what  country  is  Cochabamba  ?  Mendoza  ? 
Angostura  ?  Popayan  ?  Cuzco  ?  On  what  river  is  Angostura  ?  Asuncion  ?  Obi- 
dos ?  Coirientes  ?  Of  what  river  is  the  Cauca  a  branch  ?  What  river  connects  the 
Orinoco  with  the  Rio  Negro  ?   C.     In  what  country  is  the  source  of  the  Amazon  ? 

IV.  What  mountain  ranges  are  in  Brazil  ?  What  rivers  form  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata  ?  P.  and  tj.  What  rivers  loi-m  the  Madeira  ?  What  is  the  south  arm  of 
the  Amazon  called  ?  The  Para  River.  What  island  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ama- 
zon ?  In  what  direction  are  the  Falkland  Islands  from  Patagonia  ?  Terra  del 
Fuego  from  the  Falkland  Isles  ?  What  lake  is  partly  in  Bolivia  and  partly  in  Peru  ? 

V.  Of  the  countries  of  S.  America,  which  border  on  the  Caribbean  Sea  ?  Which, 
on-the  Atlantic  Ocean?  On  the  Pacific  Ocean?  Through  what  countries  do  the 
Andes  extend  ?  What  is  the  largest  country  of  S.  America  ?  Tlie  smallest  ?  F.  O. 
The  longest  mountain  range  ?  The  longest  river  ?  The  largest  city  ?  Rio  Janeiro. 
AVhat  seaports  are  on  the  coast  of  the  United  States  of  Colombia  ?  Of  Venezuela  ? 
Of  Chili  ?     Of  Peru  ?     Of  Brazil  ? 


*  The  ontlet  of  Lake  Titicaca  is  the  Deeagnadero  (det-ah-gwah^da'TO)  River,  which  con- 
nects it  with  Lake  Aullagas. 


84 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


ANTMilLS  AND  PLANTS  OP  80CTH  AHEBICA. 


1. 

Brazilian  porcnpine. 

9.  Peccaries. 

16.  Brazilian  eagle. 

2. 

Great  ant-bear. 

10.  Little  ant-eater. 

17.  Boa-constrictor. 

3. 

Llama. 

11.  American  monkeys. 

18.  Ocelot. 

4. 

Alligator. 

12.  Jaguar. 

19.  Armadillo. 

B. 

Tapir. 

13.  Toucans. 

20.  Soa-lcopard. 

6. 

ChinclnUa. 

14.  MaCTws. 

21.  Hawk'B-bill  turtle. 

7. 

Capybara.     8.  Puma. 

15.  Condor. 

23.  Penguins. 

a. 

Wild  convolvulus. 

e.  Pampas  grass. 

i.  Great  fan  palms. 

b. 

Victoria  rei;ia. 

f.  Sn<:ar-cf.ne. 

j.  Varieties  of  cactne. 

c. 

Branch  of  cocoa-tree. 

7.  Chili  pines. 

k.  Bamboo. 

a 

Orchid  (acinetum). 

h.  Sago  palm. 

I.  Chilian  julxea. 

LESSON  CXI. 
SOUTH    AMERICA. 

Geographical  PosKion,  ete. — South  America,  a  vast  peninsula,  occnpies  the 
southern  half  of  the  Western  Continent.  Its  length  from  north  to  south 
is  about  4,000  miles,  and  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  3,000. 

Physical  Features. — Three  great  mountain  systems  diversify  the  surface : 
viz.,  the  Ande.s,  which  stretch  along  the  western  coast ;  the  Parime  Mount- 
ain.s,  which  extend  along  the  southern  border  of  Venezuela ;  and  the  Bra- 
zilian Andes,  consisting  of  two  ranges  running  parallel  to  the  coast  of 
Brazil,  with  several  diverging  chains. 

Between  the  Andes  and  the  mountain  systems  of  Venezuela  and  Brazil, 
extends  a  vast  plain.  This  plain  may  be  divided  into  three  parts, — the 
Kegion  of  the  Llanos,  or  savannahs  (level  grassy  tracts),  which  occupy 
most  of  the  basin  of  the  Orinoco ;  the  Region  of  the  Selvas,  or  forest  plains, 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Amazon ;  and  the  Kegion  of  the  Para- 
jjas,  or  prairies,  of  the  Argentine  Confederation. 

Inhabitants,  History,  et«. — Most  cif  the  inhabitants  are  descendants  of  the 
native  Indians,  either  half-civilized  or  still  in  a  savage  state.  The  ruling 
people  are  the  descendants  of  Europeans,  mostly  Spaniards  and  Portuguese. 
Nearly  the  whole  of  South  America,  for  about  three  centuries  before  the 
present,  was  under  the  control  of  European  Governments. 

Spain  had  a  great  part  of  the  northern  and  almost  all  the  western  coast, 
besides  large  tracts  in  the  interior ;  Portugal  held  the  present  emjjire  of 


Brazil.    The  different  colonies  established  their  independence  in  the  course 
of  the  first  quarter  of  the  present  century. 

The  political  divisions  of  South  America  are  the  United  States  of  Co- 
lombfa,  Venezuela,  British,  Dutch,  and  French  Ouiana,  Brazil,  Uruguay, 
the  Argentine  Confederation,  Patagonia,  Chili,  BoHvia,  Peru,  Ecuador, 
and  Paraguay. 

THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    COLOMBIA. 

Geographical  Position. — This  country 
occupies  the  north-western  part  of  South 
America,  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
Venezuela.  It  extends  westward  to  Costa 
Rica  in  Central  America,  including  the 
Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Physical  Features. — Several  chains  of 
tlie  Andes  overspread  a  large  portion  of 
the  country.  East  of  these  are  extensive 
plains. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  exceedingly  fer- 
tile. The  climate  is  not  and  unhealthy,  except  on  the  elevated  table- 
land. In  the  ujjlands,  wheat  and  other  grains  are  produced ;  in  the  river 
basins  and  along  the  coasts,  coffee,  cotton,  cocoa,  indigo,  sugar,  and  to- 
bacco, with  various  medicinal  herbs  and  tropical  fruits.  The  Llanos  .afford 
pasturage  for  immense  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  and  the  forests  are  rich 


OF   fULO.MBIA. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


86 


in  (lye  and  cabinet  woods.  Gold,  silver,  platina,  and  rock  salt,  are  abun- 
dant. About  fifty  miles  north  of  Bogota  are  emerald-mines,  which  supply 
a  great  part  of  the  world  with  this  precious  stone. 

Natural  Cnrlosities. — Near  the  city  of  Bogota  is  the  celebrated  Cataract 
of  Teqncndama  {ta-ken-dah'mah),  in  the  river  Bogota — a  branch  of  the 
Magdaleni.  Its  height  is  about  570  feet,  and  the  width  of  the  stream  86 
feet.  The  Natural  Bridges  of  Icononzo  {e-Tco-nov! zo)  are  also  much  celebrated. 

Inhabitants,  ettt — The  population  is  composed  of  whites,  Indians,  ne- 
groes, and  mixed  races.  Agriculture  is  in  a  rude  state.  The  farmers  are 
occupied  chiefly  in  raising  live-stock.   The  Roman  Catholic  church  prevails. 

Trareling  Facilities. — In  the  mountainous  districts  there  are  no  roads,  and 
travelers  are  carried  in  a  kind  of  basket-chair  on  the  backs  of  porters.  In 
other  parts,  mules  form  the  chief  means  of  conveyance.  Steamboats  now 
ply  on  the  Magdalena,  and  a  railroad  spans  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 

Manafaetiires  and  Esporls. — Manufactures  are  of  the  simplest  kinds.  Com- 
merce receives  attention.    The  chief  exports  are  hides,  specie,  and  bullion. 

Cities. — Bogota,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  a  fertile  plain  on  the  Bogota, 
nearly  9,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  houses  are  built  low,  from 
fear  of  earthquakes,  and  constructed  of  sun-dried  bricks,  whitewashed,  and 
covered  with  tiles.     Churches  and  convents  cover  nearly  half  the  city. 

Carthagena  is  the  chief  seaport  and  naval  arsenal  of  the  republic.  It  is 
connected  with  the  Magdalena  by  a  canal.  Popatan  lies  in  a  fertile  plain 
near  the  Cauca  River.     The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  mulattoes  and  negroes. 

THE  REPUBLIC  OF  VENEZUELA. 

Geograpbleal  Position. — Venezuela  lies  between  the  U.  S.  of  Colombia  on  the 
west  and  Guiana  on  the  east,  and  extends  from  Brazil  to  the  Caribbean  Sea. 

Physical  Features. — The  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  a  vast  plain.  There 
are  some  mountain  ridges  in  the  south  and  west. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  very  productive.  The  climate  is  warm.  The  year 
is  divided  into  two  seasons,  tlie  wet  and  the  dry.  All  the  tropical  prod- 
ucts grow  here  luxuriantly.  Animals  and  insects  are  numerous,  and  pearl 
oysters  are  found  along  the  coast. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  population  may  be  divided  into  three  classes, — 
whites,  Inditins,  and  mixed  races.  The  whites  are  engaged  chiefly  in  agri- 
culture and  commerce.    The  religion  is  that  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

TraTclIng  Facilities. — There  are  no  good  roads  or  bridges.  Traveling 
and  inland  commerce  are  carried  on  by  means  of  mules  and  llamas. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  few  and  simple ;  the  exports 
consist  of  tropical  plants,  together  with  cattle  and  the  articles  they  yield. 

Cities,  etc. — Cakaoas,  the  capital,  lies  in  a  valley,  about  12  miles  from  its 
port,  La  Guayra.  Maraoaybo,  on  Lake  Maracaybo,  carries  on  an  active  trade 
with  the  interior.  La  Guayba  and  Ccmana  are  seaports  on  the  Caribbean 
Sea.    Angostura  is  the  chief  place  of  trade  in  the  valley  of  the  Orinoco. 


LESSON  CXII. 

THE   COLONIES    OF   GUIANA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Guiana  lies  east  of  Venezuela,  along  the  At- 
lantic, between  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  and  that  of  the  Oyapok.  It  con- 
sists of  three  colonies,  belonging  to  France,  Holland,  and  Great  Britain, — 
called  respectively,  French,  Dutch,  and  British  Guiana. 

Physical  Features. — Along  the  coast,  the  land  is  low  and  flat.  It  is  level 
for  some  distance  inland,  but  in  the  south  is  hilly  and  mountainous. 

Soil,  et*. — ^The  soil  is  very  rich,  and  vegetation  is  luxuriant.  The  cli- 
mate is  hot.  On  the  coast  there  are  two  winters,  or  rainy  seasons,  and 
two  dry  seasons,  during  the  year.  Valuable  woods,  spices,  and  tropical 
plants,  abound.     Insects  are  numerous. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  interior  is  inhabited  chiefly  by  Indians ;  the  coasts, 
by  European  settlers,  negroes,  and  mixed  races.   Tlie  leading  pursuit  of  the 


settlers  is  the  cultivation  of  sugar  and  coffee.   In  French  Guiana,  the  people 
are  Roman  Catholics ;  in  British  and  Dutch  Guiana,  Protestants. 

TraTelIng  Faeilltiesi — The  chief  mode  of  traveling  is  by  boats  on  the  vari- 
ous rivers.    In  some  sections,  canals  are  in  course  of  construction. 

Hannfaetnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  few  and  unimportant.  The 
exports  are  coffee,  sugar,  rum,  molasses,  indigo,  fruits,  and  spices. 

Cities,  etc. — Georgetown,  the  capital  of  British  Guiana,  lies  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Demerara  (dem-er-ah'ra),  one  mile  above  its  mouth.  The 
streets  are  traversed  by  canals.  Paramaribo,  the  capital  of  Dutch  Guiana, 
is  located  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Surinam,  about  six  miles  above  its  mouth. 
Cayenne,  the  capital  of  French  Guiana,  is  situated  on  the  island  of  Cay- 
enne, near  the  coast.    It  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  Cayenne  pepper. 

THE   EMPIRE   OF   BRAZIL. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — This  vast 
I  mpire  comprehends  the  eastern,  and 
much  of  the  central,  part  of  S.  America. 
It  has  a  coast  line  3,700  miles  in  length. 

Physical  Features. — The  northern  part 
of  Brazil  consists  chiefly  of  a  vast  plain, 
traversed  by  the  Amazon  and  its  tributa- 
ries. The  shores  of  the  eastern  coast  are 
low,  but  gradually  rise  to  the  mountainous 
region,  which  runs  parallel  to  the  coa^t 
from  20  to  150  miles  inland.  The  water- 
courses are  lined  with  almost  impenetrable  forests. 

Soil,  Climate,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile,  and  vegetation  exceedingly  luxuriant. 
The  climate  is  mild  and  agreeable,  except  in  the  north.  As  in  all  other  re- 
gions south  of  the  equator,  the  order  of  the  seasons  is  the  reverse  of  ours ; 
December,  January,  and  February,  are  tlieir  hottest  months. 

The  banana  forms  the  principal  food  of  the  Indians,  and  the  flour  of  the 
cassava-root  is  much  used  by  the  i>oorer  classes.  Other  tropical  produc- 
tions are  abundant.  The  forests  swarm  with  wild  animals,  and  birds  of  the 
richest  plumage ;  the  plains  afford  pasturage  for  thousands  of  wild  cattle. 
The  diamond-mines  of  Brazil  are  exceedingly  valuable. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  whites  (chiefly  of  Portuguese 
descent),  negroes,  mixed  races,  and  savage  tribes  of  Indians.  Among  the 
whites,  the  Roman  Catholic  church  prevails. 

TraTclIng  Facilities. — All  goods  are  transported  on  the  backs  of  mules  or 
horses ;  scarcely  any  part  of  the  empire  b  passable  for  carriages. 


FLAG  or  BBAZIL. 


BNTltANCE   TO   THE  BAY   OF  RIO  JANEIRO. 


Mannfactnres  and  Exports.— Manufactures  are  yet  in  their  infancy.  The 
exports  are  sugar,  coffee,  cotton,  hides,  horns,  tallow,  jerked  beef,  cabinet 
and  dye  woods,  drugs,  gold,  and  diamonds. 

Cities. — Rio  Janeuso,  on  the  west  side  oi  the  Bay  of  Rio,  is  the  capital 


86 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


and  principal  seat  of  the  foreig:n  commerce  of  the  empire.  The  houses  arg 
generally  built  of  granite.  Fountains,  fed  by  a  magnificent  aqueduct,  are 
numerous.  The  environs  of  the  city  are  exceedingly  picturesque.  Paba 
exports  considerable  quantities  of  cocoa,  caoutchouc  ijcoo' chook)  or  India 
rubber,  Isinglass,  rice,  and  drugs. 

Peknambuco  is  an  important  commercial  city.  Bahia,  a  large  and 
flourishing  seaport,  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bay  of  All  Saints. 

THE   REPUBLIC    OF   URUGUAY. 

Geograpliieal  Position. — Uruguay  lies  north-east  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
and  extends  from  the  Uruguay  Kiver  to  the  Atlantic. 

Physical  Features,  ete. — Along  the  coast,  it  is  level  and  almost  destitute 
of  trees ;  in  the  center,  mountainous ;  and  in  the  rest  of  the  territory,  un- 
dulating. The  soil  is  good ;  the  climate,  though  damp,  is  liealthy.  Cattle 
and  horses  form  the  wealth  of -the  inhabitants.  Traveling  facilities  are 
lew  and  inferior. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Indians, — some  civilized, 
and  others  in  a  savage  state.     The  whites  are  mostly  Roman  Catholics. 

Alannfactores  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  unimportant.  The  exports 
are  hides,  beef,  butter,  hair,  and  feathers. 

Cities,  ete. — Moute- Video,  the  capital,  has  a  good  port  on  the  left  side 
of  the  La  Plata,  and  is  the  chief  city  of  the  republic.  Mai.donado,  on  tlie 
same  estuary,  60  miles  east  of  the  capital,  is  a  well-fortified  seaport  town. 


LESSON  CXIII. 

THE  ARGENTINE  CONFEDERATION. 

Gco^raphieal  Position. — The  Argen- 
tine Confederation  lies  south  of  Bo- 
livia, and  north  of  Patagonia. 

Physical  Features. — In  the  north  and 
west,  it  is  mountainous ;  in  the  central 
and  southern  parts  are  vast  pampas, 
or  prairies. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  good, 
but  very  little  of  it  is  under  cultiva- 
tion. In  the  mountainous  regions  and 
on  the  coast,  the  climate  is  mild.  The 
fruits  and  plants  of  both  temperate  and  tropical  climes  are  produced ; 
but  cattle,  horses,  and  mules,  are  the  chief  dependence. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  population  consists  mainly  of  Spaniards,  Creoles, 
native  Indians,  and  negroes.  The  shepherds  of  the  pampas  lead  a  wander- 
ing life,  capturing  wild  cattle  by  means  of  a  lasso,  which  they  use  with 
great  dexterity.     The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 

Traveling  Facilities. — The  roads  are  better  than  in  most  parts  of  South 
America.    The  rivers  afford  great  facilities  for  transportation. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  few,  consisting  chiefly  of 
coarse  woolen  stuiFs,  leather,  and  turned  wares.  Hides,  horns,  horse-hair, 
wool,  ostrich-feathers,  and  salted  meats,  are  the  chief  exports. 

Cities. — Buenos  Atkes,  the  capital,  on  the  south-west  side  of  the  Rio 
de  la  Plata,  about  150  miles  from  its  mouth,  carries  on  an  extensive  trade 
with  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  Mexdoza,  situated  on  a  high 
plain  at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  trade  between  Chili 
and  the  Argentine  Confederation.  Parana,  on  the  Parana  Elver,  is  an 
Important  city. 


PATAGONIA. 


Geographical  Position,  etc. — Patagonia  embraces  the  southern  extremity 
of  South  America,  south  of  Chili  and  La  Plata.  The  western  part  (which 
is  claimed  by  Chili)  is  traversed  by  the  Andes ;  the  eastern  consists  of  a 
succession  of  terraces. 


Soil,  tU, — Little  is  known  respecting  the  soil  in  the  interior.  Along 
the  eastern  coast,  it  is  sterile ;  on  and  near  the  Rio  Negro,  it  is  adapted  to 
wheat  and  other  grains.  The  climate  is  cold.  Water-fowl  and  seals  ft-e- 
quent  the  rocky  shores. 


IKDIAN8  OF  PATAGONIA. 

Inhabitants. — The  country  is  thinly  inhabited  by  Indian  tribes,  who  are 
as  barbarous  as  the  country  is  desolate.  They  lead  a  wandering  life,  their 
habitations  consisting  of  a  Iramework  of  stakes  covered  with  the  skins  of 
animals. 

THE   REPUBLIC   OF   CHILI. 

Geographical  Position.— Chili  extends  from  the  Desert  of  Atacama  on  the 
north  to  Patagonia  on  the  south,  and  from  the  Andes  to  the  Pacific. 

Physical  Features. — The  land  is  low  on  the  coast,  level  in  the  central 
parts,  and  broken  and  elevated  as  it  approaches  the  Andes.  ChiU  has  an 
extensive  coast,  which  affords  several  good  harbors. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  of  the  midland  vales  is  rich ;  in  other  parts,  it  is  sandy 
and  dry.  The  climate  is  temperate  and  healthy.  In  some  parts  of  north- 
ern Chili,  years  pass  without  rain,  but  dews  are  frequent  and  heavy. 
Earthquakes  often  occur,  and  volcanoes  are  numerous.  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  and  other  grains,  are  extensively  cultivated.  Mmerals  are  abun- 
dant, i)articularly  silver  and  copper. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Spaniards,  mestizoes,  and 
Indians.  Agriculture  and  mining  form  the  leading  pursuits.  The  Roman 
Catholic  church  prevails. 

Traveling  Facilities.— These  are.  as  yet,  few  and  imperfect.  A  railroad  is 
in  progress  from  Valparaiso  to  the  capital,  a  distance  of  70  miles.    The 

tracks  through  the  ravines  are  pass- 
able only  by  mules. 

Hannfactnres  and  Exports. — Tlie  chief 
manufactures  are  earthenware  jars, 
hempen  cloths,  cordage,  soap,  tallow, 
leather,  and  brandy.  The  leading  ex- 
ports are  metals,  hides,  wheat,  jerked 
beef,  wool,  and  hemp. 

Cities, etc. — Santiago,  the  capital,  lies 
at  the  foot  of  the  Andes,  on  the  river 
Maypocha  {mi-po' chah).  The  houses 
are  built  low,  from  fear  of  earthquakes. 
Valparaiso,  on  the  Pacific  const,  is  the  chief  seaport  of  Chili,  and  one  of 
the  most  flourishing  seats  of  trnde  on  the  western  coast  of  S.  America.  Co- 
QuiMBo,  on  the  Coquimbo  River,  about  a  mile  from  the  Pacific,  is  noted  for 
its  trade  in  minerals  and  chinchilla-skins. 

THE   REPUBLIC    OF   BOLIVIA. 

Geographical  Position. — Bolivia  lies  north  of  the  Argentine  Confederation, 
between  Peru  and  Brazil.  Part  of  its  western  frontier  borders  on  the  Pacific. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  western  part  is  traversed  by  ridges  of  the  Andes; 
in  the  east  are  extensive  plains.  The  coast  district  is  a  sterile  desert.  The 
great  plateau  containing  Lakes  Titicaca  and  Aullagas,  is  over  12,000  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Pacific. 

Soli,  Climate,  etc. — The  soil  is  for  the  most  part  fertile ;  the  climate  varies 


FLAG  OF  CHILI. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


SI 


iiccoriling  to  tLe  eloviition  and  distance  from  the  e(iiiator.  Id  the  high- 
lands, Indian  corn,  wlieat,  and  other  grains,  are  cultivated;  in  the  lower 
districts,  various  tropical  fruits  and  plants.  Cinchona-trees,  from  which 
Peruvian  bark  is  obtained,  are  numerous. 

Inliabitants,  ett, — Nearly  three-fourths  are  eitlier  Indians  or  mixed  races. 
Some  of  the  native  tribes  are  intelligent  and  industrious,  while  others  are 
still  in  a  savage  state.  Agriculture  and  mining  form  the  chief  pursuits. 
The  white  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics. 

Traveling  Farilitles. — Roads  are  few  and  poor.  Wheeled  vehicles  are 
not  used.     Goods  are  transported  on  the  backs  of  mules  and  horses. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  few.  Cotton  goods,  cloths 
of  llama  and  alpaca  hair,  glass-wares,  leather,  silver,  and  hats  of  vicuna 
wool,  are  made  to  a  limited  e.xtent.  The  leading  articles  of  export  are 
precious  metals,  wool,  hats,  and  Peruvian  bark. 

Cities. — Sucre,  the  capital,  lies  in  a  fine  valley  upon  the  table-land  of 
the  interior,  about  9,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  has  a  large  and 
handsome"  cathedral.  Cochabamba  is  situated  in  a  rich  and  well-culti- 
vated district,  on  the  south  side  of  a  spur  of  the  Andes.  La  Paz,  on  a 
small  tributary  of  the  Beni,  is  the  chief  city,  and  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade. 


LESSON  CXIV. 

THE   REPUBLIC    OF   PERU. 

Geographical  Position, — Pei-u  lies  south  of  Ecuador  and  west  of  Brazil 

and  Bolivia. 

Pliysieal  Features. — It  embraces  three  distinct  regions :  the  mountainous, 
or  central  district ;  the  narrow  plain  between  the  Andes  and  the  ocean ;  and 
tlie  great  plains,  which  extend  eastward  from  the  Andes  to  the  interior 
of  Brazil.     Volcanoes  are  numerous. 

Soli,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile  in  some  parts;  the  climate  varies  according 
to  the  elevation.  On  the  coast  it  is  uniformly  hot,  and  no  rain  ever  falls, 
though  dense  mists  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 

Grains  and  rice  flourish  in  the  temperate  districts;  the  warmer  valleys 
yield  abundant  crops  of  tropical  fruits.  The  mountain  region  abounds  in 
minerals.  The  coca-plant,  which  is  used  instead  of  tobacco,  is  much  cul- 
tivated both  in  Peru  and  Bolivia.  Guano,  which  is  extensively  used  as  a 
manure,  lias  been  largely  exported  from  the  little  group  of  the  Chincha 
Islands,  lying  oft"  the  coast,  about  150  miles  from  Lima. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  are  like  those  of  the  other  South  Amer- 
ican states.  The  whites  do  not  equal  one-seventh  of  the  entire  population ; 
they  are  mainly  Romhn  Catholics.  The  Indians  of  Peru  are  the  descend- 
ants of  r.aces  that  had  attained  considerable  civilization  before  the  discovery 
of  the  New  World.  Agriculture  is  the  chief  employment ;  mining  receives 
some  attention.     Internal  trade  suffers  much  from  the  want  of  good  roads. 

Mannfaetnres  and  Exports.— Coarse  cotton  and  woolen  cloths,  leather 
cloaks,  and  jewelry,  are  manufactured  to  some  extent.  The  exports  con- 
sist of  gold  and  silver,  chinchilla-skins,  Peruvian  bark,  cotton,  copper  ore, 
hides,  guano,  sugar,  and  the  wool  of  the  vicuna,  alpaca,  and  sheep. 

Cities.— Lima,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  situated  on  the  small  river 
Rimac  (re-mai:'),  about  six  miles  from  its  port  Callao,  on  the  Pacific.  Like 
most  Spanish  cities,  Lima  has  a  large  square  in  the  center,  where  all  the 
streets  terminate.  Cczco,  on  a  tril)utary  of  the  Ucayale,  is  the  chief  city 
in  the  mountain  region,  and  the  second  in  the  country  in  population. 
AuEyon-A  is  one  of  the  best-built  cities  in  Soi.th  America. 

THE  REPUBLIC  OF  ECUADOR. 

Gesgraphical  Position.— Ecuador  lies  between  tlie  U.  S.  of  Colombia  and 
Peru,  and  extends  from  Brazil  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Physical  Features.- The  western  part  is  traversed  by  the  Andes,  and  the 
eastern  forms  part  of  the  great  central  plain  of  South  America. 


Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile.  Tlie  climate  on  the  coast  is  hot,  wliile  in 
the  table-lands  it  is  that  of  perpetual  spring,  though  this  country  lies  in 
the  center  of  the  torrid  zone.  The  productions  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
United  States  of  Colombia.    Turtles  abound  in  the  Amazon. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Indians  and  mestizoes  form  the  bulk  of  the  population. 
The  white  inhabitants  are  Roman  Catholics.  Agriculture  and  mining  are 
the  chief  employments. 

Traveling  Facilities. — The  roads  are  poor.  Inland  commerce  is  carried  on 
by  means  of  mules.   The  torrents  and  chasms  are  spanned  by  rope  bridges. 

Manufactures  and  Exports.  —  Manufactures  are  confined  chiefly  to  the 
weaving  of  cotton  cloth,  and  the  making  of  quilts,  carpets,  and  pottery. 

Cities.— QriTo,  the  capital,  lies  nearly  under  the  equator,  on  a  slope  of 
the  volcano  of  Pichincha,  at  an  elevation  of  9,000  feet  above  the  sea. 


A   SOUTU  AMERICAN   FOEEST. 

Owing  to  the  inequalities  of  the  ground  on  which  this  city  is  constructed, 
its  streets  are  uneven ;  and  so  numerous  are  the  crevices  of  the  mountain 
that  many  of  the  houses  are  built  on  arches. 

Guayaquil,  the  chief  seaport,  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Guayaquil 
River.     The  harbor  is  good,  and  large  ships  can  ascend  to  the  town. 

THE    REPUBLIC    OF    PARAOUAY, 

Geographical  Position. — Paraguay,  an  inland  peninsula  of  South  America, 
lies  south  of  Brazil,  between  the  rivers  Parana  and  Paraguay. 

Physical  Features. — It  is  generally  level.  A  mountain  chain  traverses 
the  center  of  the  country,  forming  a  water-shed  for  several  small  streams. 

Soil,  etc.— The  soil,  particularly  in  those  tracts  tliat  are  inundated  during 
the  rainy  season,  is  very  fertile ;  the  climate  is  moist  and  temperate.  Grain, 
rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  sugar,  and  yerha  mate,  or  Paraguay  tea,  are  among 
the  cliief  products.  Various  drugs,  such  as  sarsaparilla,  rhubarb,  jalap, 
nux  vomica,  and  Peruvian  bark,  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  Indiars,  partially  civilized ; 
the  whites,  however,  are  the  ruling  people.  The  latter  are  mostly  Roman 
Catholics.     Agriculture  and  the  raising  of  cattle  form  the  leading  pursuits. 

TraTeling  Facilities. — The  Paraguay  River  affords  the  chief  means  of 
transportation  and  travel. 

Manufattnres  and  Exports. — There  are  no  manufactures  of  note;  among 
the  chief  exports  are  liides,  tallow,  horns,  horses,  and  Paraguay  tea. 

Cities,  etc. — Asunxiox,  or  Assumptiox,  the  capital,  lies  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Paraguay,  and  carries  on  considerable  trade,  chiefly  in  tea,  hides, 
and  timber.     Vii.ia  Rica  ranks  next  to  the  capital  in  importance. 


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MAP    STUDIES    AND     GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


91 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  BRITISH  ISLES, 

SYSTEMATICALLY      ABKANGED. 

LESSON  CXX. 
Conutrics. — Bound  each : — Scotland,  England,  Wales,  and  Ireland. 
Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  : — Edinburgh,  London,  Dublin. 

Important  Places  in  Seotland, — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Thurso, 
Inverness',  Aberdeen',  Montrose,  Dundee,  Perth,  Dunfermline  {dum-fer'- 
lin),  Lcith,  Haddington,  Kelso,  Hawick  (kaw'wik),  Gretna  Green, 
Dumfries,  Kilmar'nock,  Paisley  (paze'le),  Glasgow,  Dumbar'ton,  Green- 
ock, Falkirk  (fawl'kirk),  and  Stirling. 

In  England. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Berwick,  Newcastle, 
York,  Hull,  Norwich  {nor'rij),  Yarmouth,  Ipswich,  Colchester  (kole'- 
ches-ter),  Greonvfich  (ffrin'ij),  Chatham,  Canterbury,  Dover,  Brighton, 
Portsmouth,  Southampton,  Exeter,  Plymouth. 

Bath,  Bristol,  Cheltenham,  Hereford  {her'e-furd),  Shrewsbury, 
Chester,  Birkenhead,  Liverpool,  -  Preston,  Lancaster,  Carlisle,  Leeds, 
Bradford,  Bolton,  Manchester,  SheSiold,  Nottingham,  Leicester  (les'ter), 
Wolverhampton,  Birmingham,  Cambridge,  Oxford, — Newport,  and 
Doufflas. 


LESSON  CXXI. 


Important  Places  In  Wales. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Bangor, 
Merthyr  Tydfil,  Swansea  (swon'se),  I'embrokc,  and  Cannar'then. 

In  Ireland. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Londonderry,  Colerainc', 
Belfast,  Armagh  [ar-mah'),  Dundalk  [dun-daiok'),  Drogheda  {droh'lie- 
da),  Kingstown,  Wicklow,  Wexford,  Waterford,  Queensto wn,  Cork,  Ban- 
try,  Killar'ney,  Limerick,  Galway  (gawl'way),  Westport,  Sli'go,  Done- 
gal, Carrick,  Athlone',  Kilkenny,  Cash 'el,  Tippera'ry,  and  Clonmel'. 

Islands. — Describe  each  : — Orkney,  Hoy,  Mainland  [see  Small  Map), 
— Wight, — Channel  {see  Small  Map),  Alderncy  (awl'der-ne),  Guernsey, 
Serk,  Jersey, — Lundy,  Hol'yhead,  Anglesea  {ang'rfl-se),  Man,  Arran. 

Hebrides,  Islay  {i'la),  Jura,  Col'onsay,  lona.  Mull,  Statla,  Tiree 
{tir-e'),  Hum,  Skye, — Barra,  South  Uist  (wisl),  North  Uist,  Lewis, — 
Rathlin,  Valcntia,  Arran,  and  Achil  (ak'il). 


LESSON  CXXII. 


Capes.— Describe  each: — Wrath,  Dunnet  Head,*  Duncansby  Head, 
Kinnaird's  Head,  Flamborough  Head,  Spurn  Head,  St.  Alban's  Head, 
Start  Point,  Lizard  Point,  Land's  End,  Ilartland  Point, — Mal'in  Head, 
Clear,  Miz'eu  Head,  Slyne  Head,  Erris  Head,  and  Telin  Head. 

Monntains. — Describe  each  :  —  Grampian  Hills,  Chev'iot  Hills, — 
Slievebloom. — Ben  Ne'vis,  Ben  Lo'mond,  Snowdon,  and  Cad'er-Id'ris. 

Firths  t  and  Bays. — Describe  each  : — Pentland,  Dornoch,  Moray, 
Tay,  Forth,  the  Wash,  Mount's,  Barnstaple,  Carmarthen,  St.  Bride's, 
Cardigan,  Morecarabe,  Solway,  Lnce,  Clyde,  Lorn, — Dundrum,  Dun- 
dalk, Long  Island,  Bantry,  Kenmare',  Dingle,  Tralee',  Galway,  Clew, 
Sligo,  and  Donegal. 

Straits  and  Sounds. — Describe  each  : — Dover,  Menai  (men'i).  Jura, 
Sleat,  the  Little  Minch,  and  the  Minch. 


LESSON  CXXIII. 

Cbanncls.  —  Describe  each  :  —  English,  Bristol,  St.  George's,  and 
North. 

Lakes.  —  Describe  each : — Loch  Ness,  *  Lomond,  Windermere, — 
Lough  Neagh  (na),  f  Erne,  Allen,  Gara  (ffah'ra),  Mask,  Corrib,  Derg, 
and  Killarncy. 

Bivcrs. — Describe  each  : — Spey  (spa),  Dec,  Tay,  Tweed,  Tyne, 
Wear,  Tees,  Ilumber,  Ouse  (ooz),  Swale,  Ure,  Aire,  I'rent,  Nen,  Ouse, 
Wensum,  Orwell,  Stour,  Tliames  (iemz),  Avon,  Severn,  Wye,  Dec, 
Mersey,  Kibble, — Boyne,  LifFey,  Slan'ey,  Barrow,  Nore,  Suii-  (shure), 
Blackwater,  Lee,  and  Shannon. 


*  Capes  are  Bometimes  called  Heada,  and  Foinit.       \  Friths  are  called  Firths  in  Scotland. 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  BRITISH  ISLES, 

PROMISCUOUSLY      ARRANGED. 

LESSON  CXXIV. 

I.  What  seaport  of  France  is  in  nearly  the  same  longUiide  ai5  London?  Havre. 
Which  is  farther  east,  London  or  Edinburgh  V  What  places  are  in  the  vicinity 
of  London?  On  which  side  of  the 
Thames  is  Lambeth  ?  Greenwich  ?  In 
what  direction  is  Wallham  Abbey 
from  London  ? 

II.  Which  extends  farther  west, 
Ireland  or  Portugal  ?  What  place  in 
Scotland  is  farthest  north  ?  Faitlicst 
east  ?  What  place  is  on  the  outlet  of 
Loch  Ness?  What  canal  connects 
Loch  Ness  with  the  western  coast  ? 
What  islands  are  off  Land's  End  ? 
The  Sci/li/  (si/'le)  Isles. 

III.  On  what  waters  would  a  per- 
son sail  in  going  from  London  to 
Hull  ?  Fiom  Hull  to  Edinburgh  ?  From  Glasgow  to  Dublin  ?  From  Dublin  to 
Liverpool  ?  What  is  the  longest  river  of  Scotland  ?  T/ie  Forth,  170  miles.  To 
what  place  is  it  navigable  ?  S.  The  longest  river  of  England  ?  The  Tliames,  215 
mUes.  To  what  place  is  it  navigable  ibr  large  vessels  ?  L.  To  what  place  is  the 
Shannon  navigable  ?     To  Limerick.     What  is  its  length  ?     225  miles. 

IV.  How  are  the  Shetland  Islands  situated  ?     North-east  of  the  Orkney  Is/amis. 
Name  some  of  the  principal  of  the  Shetland  Islands.     (See  Small  Map.)  How  many 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  inhabitants  do  the  Hebrides  contain  ? 

fL,^v7iliVl^ojrR■■vlA^cIlK.sT^^^^^      ^iowHOO.OOO.     For  what  is  Valeu- 

tia  Bay  noted  ?  J/or  being  tlie  east- 
ern iermiiivs  of  the  Atlantic  Tele- 
graph. What  bay  is  the  western 
terminus  ? 

V.  Which  is  the  largest  lake  in 
Scotland?  L.  In  England?  W.  In 
Ireland  ?  JV.  What  is  the  loftiest 
mountain  in  Great  Britain  ?  &ii  N. 
In  Wales  ?  Ml.  8.  What  place  is 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey,  opposite 
Liverpool  ?  On  what  river  is  Man- 
chester ?  Of  what  river  is  the  Irwell 
a  branch  ? 
VI.  Mention  some  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Manchester.  What  ports  are  oiipo- 
site  the  Isle  of  Wight  ?  What  is  the  northernmost  point  of  Ireland  called  ?  What, 
the  southernmost  ?  What  five  bays  are  between  Cape  Clear  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Shannon  ?  Mention  some  places  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Ireland.  On  the 
southern  coast.     On  the  western  coast. 


*  Lakes  are  called  Lochu  (lohi)  in  Scotland,  and  Loughs  (foks)  in  Ireland. 

t  The  outlet  of  Loui;Ij  NeUKh  is  tlic  Bauu  Itiver,  which  empties  into  the  North  Channel. 


92 


PHYSICAL    AND     POLITICAL     GEOGRAPnY. 


LESSON  CXXV. 
E  U  K  O  P  E. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Europe,  one  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere,  hes  west  of  Asia  and  north  of  Africa.  Its  greatest 
length  is  2,400  miles,  and  its  extreme  breadth  2,300. 

Pliysieai  Fcatnrcs. — The  mountain  chains  of  Europe  may  bo  divided  into 
four  systems :  tlie  Scandinavian,  wliich  traverses  Norway  and  Sweden ; 
the  Alps,  of  which  most  of  the  mountains  of  Franco,  Germany,  Austria, 
Turkey,  and  Italy,  are  branches ;  the  Pyrenees,  between  Franco  and  Spain, 
to  which  several  parallel  chains  that  traverse  Spain  belong ;  and  the  Car- 
pathian, which  stretches  through  the  north-eastern  part  of  Austria.  A 
vast  plain  extends  from  western  France  through  Belgium,  Holland,  north- 
ern Germany,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  to  the  foot  of  the  Ural  Mountains.  The 
surface  of  Europe  is  everywhere  well  watered. 

Inliabitants. — About  nine-tenths  of  the  population  belong  to  the  Cauca- 
sian race.  They  are  divided  into  three  principal  families :  the  Teutonic 
or  German,  inhabiting  the  northern  and  central  parts  of  the  continent, — 
the  Slavonic,  found  in  the  eastern  portion, — and  the  Celtic,  in  some  small 
parts  in  the  west.  The  south  of  Europe  is  occupied  by  a  race  in  which 
these  three  great  families  are  blended.  The  rest  of  the  population  belong 
to  the  Mongolian  race ;  these  are  the  Finns  and  Laplanders, — tlie  Samoiedes 
and  Kalmucks,  in  Russia, — the  Turks, — and  the  Magyars,  of  Hungary. 

The  chief  political  divisions  of  Europe  arc  Norway,  Sweden,  Russia, 


ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS  OK  EUROPE. 

10.  Goose.  19.  Red  deer. 

11.  Pig.  20.  Ibex. 

12.  Sheep.  21.  ChamoiB. 

13.  Goat.  22.  Shrimp. 

14.  Bull.  .  2.3.  Lobster. 

15.  Ass.  aj.  Craw-fish. 

16.  Wolf.  25.  Muscles. 

17.  Boar.  26.  Crab. 

18.  Browu  bear.  27.  Prawu. 

g.  Corsican  pine. 
h.  Cypress. 
i.  Oak. 

Turkey,  Greece,  Austria,  Italy,  Franco,  Spain,  Portugal,  Belgium,  Holland, 
Prussia,  Denmark,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  the  United  Kingdom  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

THE   KINGDOM    OF   NORWAY. 

Geograpiiieai  Position. — Norway,  the  most  northerly  country  of  Europe, 
occupies  the  western  portion  of  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula. 

Pliysieal  Featnres. — The  surface  is  mountainous,  abounding  in  romantic 
scenery ;  the  coast  is  deeply  indented  by  numerous^on/*,  or  salt-water  inlets. 

Soli,  cte. — The  soil  is  generally  poor ;  in  some  places  it  is  so  shallow  as 
not  to  admit  of  being  plowed.  The  winters  are  long  and  cold,  and  the 
summers  warm,  but  of  short  duration.  Vegetation  is  extremely  rapid,  on 
the  return  of  summer.  Rye,  barley,  oats,  and  potatoes,  are  the  chief  agri- 
cultural products.  Fruit-trees  are  not  common.  Tlie  rivers,  seas,  and 
lakes,  abound  with  fish.    Iron  and  copper  are  the  most  abundant  minerals. 

Inliabitants,  etc. — The  Norwegians  are  of  Gerraano  Celtic  origin.  Their 
chief  pursuits  are  raising  cattle,  mining,  and  fishing.    Lutheranism  prevails. 

Traveiing  Facilities. — There  are  no  railroads,  canals,  or  public  coaches,  in 
the  kingdom.  Stations  have  been  established  about  ten  miles  apart,  at 
which  the  neighboring  farmers  are  obliged  to  furnish  travelers  with  horses 
and  drivers  for  a  sum  fixed  by  government.    Few  of  the  rivers  are  navigable. 

Mannfactnrcs  and  Txports. — Manufactures  are  few,  and  limited  chiefly  to 
useful  articles  for  domestic  and  agricultural  purposes.  The  exports  are 
iron,  copper,  fish,  timber,  cod-liver  oil,  turpentine,  and  horses. 


EUROPE. 


93 


Cities. — CiiiiisTiANiA,  tlie  nominal  capital,  at  the  head  of  Christiania  Bay, 
is  tlie  chief  seat  of  foreign  trade.  Bekgen,  on  the  western  coast,  derives 
its  chief  importance  from  being  the  entrep6t  of  the  Norwegian  fisheries. 

THE    KINQDOM    OF    SWEDEN. 

Geograpliieal  Position. — Sweden  occupies  the  eastern  and  larger  portion 
of  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula. 

Pliyslcal  Featnres. — The  country  is  mostly  level,  abounding  in  lakes  and 
small  rivers.  One-fourth  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  forests  of  beech, 
oak,  fir,  pine,  birch,  etc. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  not  generally  good,  and  only  a  small  part  of  the 
country  is  under  cultivation.  During  the  winter,  which  lasts  about  seven 
months,  the  ground  is  covered  with  snow.  The  products  resemble  those 
of  Norway,  except  that  here  a  surplus  of  corn  is  raised,  while  in  Norway 
there  is  not  enough  for  home  use. 

Natural  Curiosities. — There  are  several  interesting  cataracts,  the  most 
noted  of  which  are  the  Falls  of  Trolhoetta  (trol-hef  to),  in  the  Kiver  Gota, 
about  fifty  miles  from  Gottenburg. 

Inliabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  are  styled  Swedes.  They  are  of  the 
same  origin,  and  speak  a  different  dialect  of  the  same  language,  as  tlie  Nor- 
wegians. The  leading  pursuits  are  the  rearing  of  live-stock,  mining,  and 
commerce.     The  prevailing  religion  is  that  of  the  Lutheran  church. 

Traveling  Fatlllties. — These  are  similar  to  those  of  Norway,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  canals,  by  which  water  communication  is  maintained  from  the 
Baltic  Sea  to  tlio  Strait  of  Cattegat,  across  the  southern  part  of  Sweden. 

Dlannfactiires  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  not  extensive.  The  exports 
are  mainly  timber,  grains,  and  the  produce  of  the  mines. 

Cities,  etc. — Stockholm,  the  capital  of  Norway  and  Sweden,  which  are 
united  under  one  government,  is  built  on  some  small  islands,  at  tlie  entrance 
of  Lake  Ma'lar.  Its  situation  is  extremely  picturesque,  and  it  is  the  chief 
commercial  emporium  of  Sweden.  Gottenbdbg,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gota, 
ranks  second  in  commercial  importance.  Caklsorona,  situated  on  some 
small  islands  off  the  southern  coast,  is  the  naval  arsenal  of  Sweden. 


LESSON   CXXVI. 

THE   EMPIRE   OF   RUSSIA  (EUROPEAN). 

Geograpliical  Position,  etc. — This  vast 
empire  occupies  the  eastern  jjortion  of 
Europe.  Its  length,  from  the  Black  Sea  to 
the  Arctic  Ocean,  is  about  1,700  miles. 

Pliysieal  Features.  —  Tlie  country  is 
chiefly  a  plain.  The  Ural  Mountains,  in 
the  eastern  part,  divide  Russia  in  Europe 
from  Russia  in  Asia. 

Soil,  et«.  —  In  the  north  the  soil  is 
marshy  and  poor,  and  there  may  be  said 
to  be  only  two  seasons,  tlie  heat  of  sum- 
mer being  immediately  followed  by  the 
In  the  south,  the  land  is  tolerably  fertile,  and 


EnSSIAN   MEKCUANT  FLAG. 


frost  and  snow  of  winter, 
the  climate  temperate. 

Forests  are  numerous,  and  furnish  timber,  pitch,  potash,  and  turpentine, 
in  abundance.  Fur-beaiing  animals  abound  along  the  borders  of  the  Arctic 
Ocean.  Corn,  rye,  and  barley,  are  among  the  important  products.  Fruits 
flourish  in  the  south,  and  cattle  are  numerous  in  every  part  of  the  empire. 
The  most  extensive  iron-works  of  Russia  are  near  Lake  Onega. 

Inbabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chieily  of  the  Slavonic  race.  Tar- 
tars inhabit  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  empire.  Agriculture  and  com- 
merce are  the  leading  pursuits.     The  Greek  church  prevails. 

Traveling  Facilities. — Much  attention  has  been  given  of  late  to  the  con- 


struction of  railroads.     By  means  of  canals,  the  seas,  lakes,  and  rivers  of 
the  empire  are  united  in  a  complete  system  of  internal  navigation. 

Dlanufactarcs  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  on  the  increase;  among 
the  most  important  articles  are  glass,  metal-wares,  hempen  fabrics,  and 
leather.  The  foreign  trade  of  Russia  consists  in  the  exchange  of  her  native 
products,  such  as  tallow,  hides,  grain,  iron,  hemp,  furs,  and  timber,  for  the 
luxuries  and  finer  manufactures  of  other  countries. 

Cities,  etc.- — St.  PETEnsBtino,  the  capital  and  chief  commercial  city,  is 
buUt  partly  on  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Neva,  and  partly  on  the 
adjacent  main-land.  Communication  between  diflierent  parts  of  the  city  is 
kept  up  in  summer  by  bridges  of  boats ;  and  on  the  ice,  in  winter. 

Moscow,  situated  on  the  River  Moskva,  is  a  large  city,  and  the  center 
of  a  great  inland  commerce.  Warsaw,  the  ancient  capital  of  Poland,  has 
lost  much  of  its  importance  since  the  downfall  of  Polish  independence, 
though  it  is  still  the  great  seat  of  trade  for  Russian  Poland. 

Archangel,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Dwina,  is  the  chief  seaport  of 
northern  Russia  ;  and  Odessa,  on  the  north-western  shore  of  the  Black  Sea, 
is  the  principal  emporium  of  the  .south.  AsTEAcnAN,  on  an  island  in  the 
Volga,  is  the  center  of  the  maritime  commerce  of  Russia  with  western 
Asia,  and  the  chief  seat  of  the  fisheries  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Volga. 

LAPLAND,  a  cold  and  barren  country  of  northern  Europe,  belongs  partly 
to  Russia  and  partly  to  Sweden;  its  boundaries  are  not  very  definite. 

In  winter,  the  cold  is  excessive ;  the  summers  are  hot  and  very  short. 
In  the  parts  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle,  the  sun  is  constantly  visible  for  a 
number  of  weeks  about  midsummer,  and  invisible  for  the  same  period  about 
Christmas.  The  Laplanders  live  chiefly  in  tents,  and  are  clothed  with  skins 
of  reindeer  and  other  animals.  Herds  of  reindeer  constitute  the  wealth  of 
the  inhabitants.  With  a  couple  of  these  animals  attached  to  a  small  sledge, 
a  Laplander  will  travel  fifty  or  sixty  miles  a  day. 

TlIE  CAUCASIAN  PROVINCES. — This  name  is  applied  to  the  countries  be- 
tween the  Black  and  the  Caspian  Sea,  including  Caucasus,  Daghestan  (dah- 
gMs-tahn').  and  Circassia,  in  Europe,  and  Georgia,  in  Asia.  These  prov- 
inces are  under  the  dominion  of  Russia,  except  Circassia,  which,  though 
claimed  by  Russia,  is  in  fact  independent.  The  Circassians  are  regarded 
as  the  finest  type  of  the  human  family.  Georgia  will  be  treated  of  among 
the  countries  of  Asia,  to  which,  geographically,  it  belongs. 

THE    EMPIRE    OF    TURKEY  (ETJKOPEAN). 

Geographical  Position.— European  Turkey  occupies  part  of  the  most  east- 
erly of  the  three  great  peninsulas  of  southern  Europe. 

Physical  Featnres. — A  chain  of  mountains  traverses  the  central  part  of 
Turkey,  from  which  a  diverging  branch  passes  south  into  Greece.  The 
other  principal  mountains  are  the  Caqiathian,  on  the  northern  frontier, 
and  the  Dinaric  (de-n&r'ie)  Alps  in  the  north-west. 

Soil,  etc. — The  Foil  is  exceedingly  fertile;  but  only  a  small  portion  is 
cultivated.  The  climate  in  the  north  is  changeable,  while  in  the  south  it 
is  generally  mild  and  pleasant,  though  not  warm  for  the  latitude.  Rice, 
cotton,  tobacco,  hemp,  flax,  and  barley,  are  cultivated  in  the  central  and 
northern  districts;  grapes,  figs,  olives,  oranges,  and  other  fruits,  are  plenti- 
ful in  the  south.    Turkey  is  noted  for  its  opium  and  rhubarb. 

The  southern  base  of  the  Balkan  Range  is  remarkable  for  the  abundance 
of  its  roses,  fi-om  which  the  celebrated  attar,  or  otto,  of  roses  is  distilled. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  Turks,  though  but  a  small  part  of  the  population, 
are  the  ruling  people.  Tlie  rest  of  the  inhabitants  are  mostly  Greeks,  Ar- 
menians, and  Jews.  The  Turks  spend  much  of  their  time  in  the  bagnios 
(ban'yoze),  or  baths.  They  sit,  eat,  and  sleep,  on  the  floor,  on  cushions,  or 
sofa  mattresses  and  carpets.  The  women,  when  they  appear  in  the  streets,  are 
so  muffled  and  veiled  that  they  cannot  be  recognized.  The  Turks  are  Mo- 
hammedans; most  of  the  other  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Greek  church. 

Traveling  Facilities. — Very  few  of  the  roads  are  passable  for  cari-iages ; 
horses  or  mules  are  generally  employed  for  the  conveyance  of  both  passen- 
gers and  goods.     There  are  neither  canals  nor  railroads. 


94 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHT. 


ManDfactares  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  of  Turkey  are  chiefly  car- 
pets, silks,  and  goat-skin  morocco.  The  cliief  exports  consist  of  these  ar- 
ticles, together  with  leeches  and  various  drugs  and  fruits. 

Cities. — Constantinople,  the  capital  of  both  European  and  Asiatic  Tur- 
key, is  built  on  a  tongue  of  land  on  the  west  side  of  the  Strait  of  Bosporus, 
and  on  a  bay  known  as  "  the  Golden  Horn." 

Adeianople,  the  second  city  of  Turkey  in  population,  lies  near  the  Ma- 
ritza,  in  one  of  the  most  fertile  plains  in  the  world.  Its  mosques  and  pub- 
lic baths  are  numerous.  Salonica,  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Salonica,  is, 
next  to  Constantinople,  the  most  important  commercial  city. 

THE    KINGDOM    OF    GREECE. 

Gpograpliiral  Position,  etc.— This  small  kingdom  lies  south  of  Turkey.  The 
southern  part  forms  a  peninsula  called  the  Morea,  which  is  connected  with 
northern  Greece  by  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth. 

Physleal  Features. — The  surface  is  mountainous,  interspersed  with  valleys. 

Soil,  etf. — The  soil  is  fertile  in  the  valleys,  and  the  climate  is  warm  and 
delightful.  The  winter  is  short.  The  chief  productions  are  grain,  rice, 
cotton,  figs,  dates,  pomegranates,  citron,  oranges,  honey,  etc.  Slieep  and 
goats  are  numerous.  The  fiesh  of  goats  is  used  for  food,  and  their  skins 
are  made  into  vessels  for  holding  wine,  oil,  honey,  and  other  liquids. 

Inhabitants,  ett. — The  inhabitants  are  the  mixed  offsiiring  of  the  descend- 
ants of  the  ancient  Greeks,  and  the  various  nations  of  Slavonic  origin.  A 
large  portion  of  them  are  shepherds.    The  Greek  church  prevails. 

Travelinft  Facilities. — These  are  similar  to  those  of  European  Turkey. 
There  are  few  roads  in  the  interior  of  the  country. 

Mannfaftnres  and  Exports. — Manufectures  are  few ;  the  exports  are  mainly 
currants,  cotton,  olivo-oil,  valonia  (a  species  of  acorn  used  by  tanners), 
drugs,  and  dried  fruits. 

Cities,  ete. — Athens,  the  cajiital,  situated  in  a  small  plain  near  the  Gulf 
of  Egina,  is  celebrated  chiefly  for  the  numerous  remains  of  its  former  works 
of  art.  The  principal  of  these  is  the  Acropolis,  or  citadel,  which  crowns 
the  summit  of  a  lofty  hill  in  the  midst  of  the  city.  Athens  is  also  noted  as 
having  been  the  birth-place  of  the  most  illustrious  sages,  jdiilosophers,  war- 
riors, and  i>oets,  of  ancient  times.  Patius,  on  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  is  the 
principal  seat  of  the  foreign  trade  of  Greece. 


LESSON   CXXVII. 

THE   EMPIRE   OF   AUSTRIA. 

Geograpliital  Position,  ete.  —  This  ex- 
tensive empire  is  situated  in  central  Eu- 
rope, and  extends  from  Germany,  Prus- 
sia, and  Russia  on  the  north,  to  Italy 
and  Turkey  on  the  south.  Its  princii>al 
divisions  are  Bohemia,  Moravia,  the 
Archduchy  of  Au.stria,  Styr'i.a,  Illyria, 
Tyr'ol,  Galicia  or  Austrian  Poland,  Hun- 
gary, Transylvania,  Banat  (hah-nahf), 
Slavonia,  Croatia,  Dalmatia,  and  the  Mil- 
itary Frontier. 
Pliysleal  Features. — The  surface  is  consideralily  diversified.  It  is  traversed 

l)y  the  Alps,  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  and  other  ranges.     In  Slavonia 

and  Hungary  are  extensive  plains  and  marshes. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  good.    The  climate  is  cool  and  clear  in 

the  north,  but  moist,  warm,  and  frequently  cloudy  in  the  south. 

Grain,  flax,  hemp,  rice,  olives,  vines,  hops,  tobacco,  and  a  great  variety 

of  fruits,  are  among  the  chief  agricultural  products.     Hungary  produces 

more  wine  than  any  other  country  in  Europe,  except  France.    I^ecches  are 

numerous  in  the  marshy  districts  of  the  empire.      In  minerals,  Austria 

ranks  among  the  richest  countries  of  Europe. 


ADSTBIAN   USBCHANT  yLAQ. 


Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  belong  to  three  principal  families ;  the 
German,  Slavonian,  and  Hungarian  or  Magyar.  Agriculture,  mining,  and  the 
raising  of  sheeji,  form  the  leading  pursuits.  The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 

Traveiing  Facilities. — Commodious  roads  have  been  constructed  across 
upward  of  sixty  of  the  mountain  passes  of  the  empire.  Besides  these,  there 
are  numerous  other  highways  and  several  railroads. 

Jlannfactnres  and  Exports. — Silk,  wool,  cotton,  glass,  flax,  and  paper,  are 
among  the  chief  articles  manufactured  ;  but  Austria  is  not  noted  as  a  man- 
ufacturing country.  The  leading  exports  are  corn,  wine,  wool,  minerals, 
timber,  hides,  porcelain,  glass,  leeches,  and  cattle. 

Cities,  ete. — Vienna,  the  capital  of  Austria,  situated  on  an  arm  of  the 
Danube,  is  the  great  center  of  inland  commerce,  and  the  chief  manufactur- 
ing city  of  the  empire.  Pkague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  with  its  numer- 
ous domes,  turrets,  and  spires,  looks  like  an  oriental  city. 

Trieste,  situated  near  the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  is  the  chief  seat  of 
the  foreign  commerce  of  the  empire.  Ship-building  is  here  extensively 
carried  on.  Lemberg,  the  capital  of  Galicia,  is  noted  for  its  January  Fair, 
which  lasts  six  weeks.  Furs  are  brought  from  Siberia  and  Tartary,  and 
exchanged  for  hardware  and  woolen  and  cotton  goods. 

Buda,  the  capital  of  Hungary,  on  the  western  side  of  the  Danube,  com- 
municates by  a  handsome  suspension-bridge  with  Pesth,  its  chief  commer- 
cial city.  The  Legislative  Assembly  of  Hungary  meet  at  Presbckg,  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Danube,  thirty-five  miles  below  Vienna. 


THE  RIALTO,  VEMICE. 

THE    KINGDOM    OF    ITALY. 

Geographiral  Position,  etc. — Italy  occupies  the  great  central  peninsula  of 
southern  Europe.  It  was  formerly  divided  into  several  seiiarate  kingdoms, 
duchies,  etc. ;  but  at  present  all  these,  except  the  States  of  the  Church, 
which  are  ruled  by  the  Pope,  and  the  Republic  of  San  Marino  {mah-re  no), 
are  united  under  one  government,  known  as  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 

Physirjil  Features. — Tlie  country  is  generally  mountainous,  though  there 
are  some  level  districts  in  the  north  and  west.  The  Apennines  traverse 
the  peninsula  from  north-west  to  south-east. 

Soil,  el*. — The  soil  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility,  and  the  climate  is  warm 
and  delightful.  Wlieat,  corn,  rice,  cotton,  silk,  olives,  and  a  great  variety 
of  fruits,  are  among  the  principal  productions.  In  the  south,  the  sugar- 
cane, orange,  and  fig,  are  cultivated.  Iron,  lead,  sulphur,  alabaster,  lava, 
and  marble,  are  found  in  considerable  quantities. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— The  Italians  are  not  one  of  the  primitive  tribes  of  Eu- 
rope, but  a  mixed  race,  descendants  of  Greeks,  Germans,  Gauls,  etc.  Ag- 
riculture is  the  leading  pursuit.     The  religion  is  Roman  Catholic. 

Traveling  Facilities. — The  principal  roads  are  well  built  and  kept  in  good 
order.  The  important  cities  are  connected  by  railroads.  In  the  north  are 
numerous  passes  over  the  Alps,  by  which,  with  the  aid  of  mules,  commu- 
nication is  carried  on  with  France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany. 


EUROPE. 


S? 


Manufaetnres  and  Exports, — The  manufactures  of  Italy,  if  we  except  silk, 
straw  hats,  artificial  fl<3wers,  and  musical  instruments,  are  not  extensive. 
The  chief  exports  are  raw  silk,  kid  and  lamb  skins,  olive-oil,  straw  hats, 
wines,  fruits,  coral,  anchovies,  sulphur,  cheese,  and  perfumery. 

Cities,  ete. — Florence,  the  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  and  the 
chief  city  of  Tuscany,  lies  in  a  delightful  valley,  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
Arno.     It  is  celebrated  for  its  collections  of  paintings  and  statues. 

Naples,  delightfully  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  is  the  most 
populous  city  of  Italy.  In  its  vicinity  are  Mount  Vesuvius,  and  the  an- 
cient'buried  cities  of  Ilerculaneuni  and  Pompeii  {pom-pa  ye). 

Milan  lies  in  the  midst  of  the  plain  of  Lombardy,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Po.  It  is  noted  for  its  cathedral,  one  of  the  grandest  specimens  of  archi- 
tecture extant,  and  for  being  the  greatest  book-mart  in  Italy.  Venice,  for- 
merly for  many  centuries  the  first  commercial  city  of  the  world,  is  built 
on  72  small  islands,  which  are  joined  by  309  bridges.  The  chief  tliorough- 
farcs  are  canals ;  and  communication  between  different  parts  of  the  city 
is  carried  on  by  means  of  light  boats,  called  gondolas. 

Turin,  formerly  capital  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  is  situated  in  a  de- 
lightful valley  on  the  left  side  of  the  River  Po.  As  regards  literary  and 
scientific  institutions,  it  ranks  first  among  the  Italian  cities. 

Genoa,  an  imjiortant  naval  station  and  the  chief  commercial  city  of 
Italy,  stands  near  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  the  same  name.  Leghorn  is  a 
busy  seajx)rt  on  the  Mediterranean  coast;  ship-building  is  extensively  car- 
ried on  at  this  place. 

SICILY,  the  largest  island  of  the  Mediterranean  and  an  important  part 
of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  lies  south-west  of  the  Italian  peninsula,  from  which 
it  is  supposed  to  have  been  separated  by  some  convulsion  of  nature. 

The  climate  is  very  warm,  and  the  cold  in  winter  ia  never  so  severe  as 
to  affect  the  verdure.  The  sulphur-mines  of  Sicily  are  numerous  and  im- 
portant. The  principal  objects  of  culture  are  different  kinds  of  grain,  the 
vine,  and  the  olive. 

The  most  interesting  natural  feature  of  Sicily  is  Mt.  Etna.  This  vol- 
cano, entirely  isolated  from  other  mountains,  has  the  form  of  an  immense 
cone.    Its  base  is  about  87  miles  in  circuit,  and  its  height  is  nearly  1 1 ,000  feet. 

Palermo,  the  chief  city  of  the  island,  is  the  residence  of  the  military 
commandant,  and  contains  an  arsenal  and  ship-yard. 


n;^»^$.;:.^,v's^_:4^>^^' 


JJOnNT  ETNA,   SICrLY. 


SARDIBflA,  the  second  island  of  the  Mediterranean  in  size,  lies  120  miles 
west  of  Italy.  Its  forests  are  extensive,  and  furnish  excellent  timber  for 
ship-building.  The  climate  is  unhealthy.  Agriculture  is  conducted  in  the 
rudest  manner.  Cheese,  made  of  the  milk  of  sheep  and  goats,  is  largely 
exported.     Sardinia  forms  part  of  the  Kingdom  of  Italy. 

TIIE  STATES  OF  THE  CHURCH,  called  also  "  the  Papal  States,"  and  "  the 

Pontifical  States,"  form  a  narrow  strip  of  territory  on  the  western  coast, 


about  midway  of  the  Italian  peninsula.     They  are  not  included  in  the 
Kingdom  of  Italy,  but  are  under  the  dominion  of  the  Pope. 

R(  ME,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Tiber,  sixteen  miles 
above  its  mouth.  It  is  the  residence  of  the  Pope,  and  is  noted  for  the 
number  and  splendor  of  its  churches.  St.  Peter's  Cathedral  covers  nearly 
five  acres,  and  is  the  most  magnificent  ecclesiastical  structure  in  the  world. 
Near  it  is  the  Vatican,  a  palace  belonging  to  the  Pope,  having  more  than 
four  thousand  apartments. 

SAN  MARINO,  a  small  but  ancient  republic,  having  an  area  of  only  22 
square  miles,  lies  in  the  eastern  part  of  Italy,  near  the  Adriatic.  It  con- 
sists of  a  craggy  mountain  about  2,200  feet  in  height,  on  the  top  of  which 
the  town  of  San  Marino  is  situated. 


FLAO  OF  FRAMCB. 


LESSON   CXXVIII. 

THE    EMPIRE    OF    FRANCE. 

Geographical  Position. — France,  an 
important  empire  of  western  Europe, 
extends  from  the  English  Channel  on 
the  north  to  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
on  the  south,  and  from  Germany, 
Switzerland,  and  Italy,  to  the  Atlantic. 

Fbysiral  Featnres. — The  surface  is 
mountainous  in  the  eastern  and  south- 
ern [larts,  and  Jevel  or  undulating  in 
the  north  and  north  west. 

Soli,  et«. — The  soil  is  exceedingly 
fertile,  and  the  climate  mild  and  agree- 
able. Grain  is  generally  grown  on  the  higher  grounds;  but 
maize  is  everywhere  common.  Madder,  from  which  a  dye  is  obtained,  is 
cultivated  in  some  districts.  The  beet-root,  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
sugar,  is  extensively  raised.  Bees  and  the  silk-worm  are  reared  in  the 
south.  The  forests  furnish  excellent  timber  for  ship-building.  Silk,  wool, 
wines,  olive-oil,  and  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  are  among  the  most  important 
products.     The  chief  minerals  are  iron,  coal,  and  salt. 

Inhabitants,  et«. — ^France  is  inhabited  by  a  mixed  race,  in  which. the 
Celtic  element  predominates.  In  the  parts  bordering  on  the  Rhine,  the 
people  are  mostly  of  German  descent.  More  than  half  the  inhabitants  are 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  of  which  the  culture  of  the  vine  forms  an 
important  feature.    The  French  are,  for  the  most  part,  Roman  Catholics. 

Traveling  Faeilitles. — The  high-roads  are  numerous  and  good.  Railroads 
connect  Paris  with  tlie  most  important  towns  on  the  English  Channel  and 
6n  the  Belgian  frontier.  Rivers  and  canals  afford  facilities  of  communica- 
tion for  a  distance  of  more  than  8,000  miles. 

Slannfaetures  and  Exports. — In  extent  and  variety  of  manufactures,  France 
ranks  second  only  to  Great  Britain;  in  the  beauty  of  her  silk  fabrics,  she 
holds  the  first  rank.  The  leading  manufiictures  and  exports  are  woolens, 
linens,  laces,  hardware,  cotton  fabrics,  paper,  gloves,  wine,  brandy,  and  a 
great  variety  of  fancy  articles.     Commerce  is  extensively  carried  on. 

Cities,  ete. — Paris,  the  capital,  lies  on  both  banks  of  the  Seine,  and  on 
two  islands  in  that  river.  111  miles  above  its  mouth.  It  extends  for  about 
five  miles  along  the  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  walls,  entered  by  gates. 
Its  pirblic  structures  are  numerous  and  magnificent.  Paris  is  the  second 
city  ill  Europe  in  poi>ulation,  and  in  scientific,  literary,  and  educational 
establishments,  it  surpasses  all  other  cities  in  the  world.  Twelve  miles 
west  of  Paris  is  Vkusmllrs,  noted  for  its  magnificent  palace. 

Havre,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  an  important  commercial  city,  com- 
municates regularly  by  stoam-packcts  with  New  York  and  various  European 
ports.  Lyons,  at  the  junction  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Saone,  is  the  second 
city  in  France  in  commercial  impwtance.  and  the  chief  seat  of  the  manu- 
facture of  silks,  velvets,  etc.     Marseilles,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of 


96 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Lyons,  is  extensively  engaged  in  the  exportation  of  wines,  fruits,  and  other 
productions  of  southern  France.  Calais,  a  fortified  seaport  on  the  Strait 
of  Dover,  owes  its  importance  chiefly  to  its  proximity  to  England. 

Bordeaux,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Garonne,  is  the  great  emporium  of 
tiie  wine-trade,  and  the  chief  port  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Nantes,  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Loire,  carries  on  considerable  trade  with  northern  Ger- 
many, Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Knssia. 

CORSICA,  an  island  in  the  Mediterranean,  west  of  the  Italian  peninsula, 
belongs  to  France.  The  soil  is  fertile,  but  very  badly  cultivated.  The 
rearing  of  live-stock  is  the  chief  branch  of  industry.  Timber  is  abundant, 
bees  are  numerous,  and  most  of  the  fruits  common  in  southern  France 
grow  upon  the  island.  Beautiful  coral  is  found  on  the  southern  coast,  and 
forms  an  important  article  of  export. 

Ajacoio  (ah-yaht'cho),  the  capital,  is  noted  as  the  birth-place  of  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte. 

FBE?iCH  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS. — The  chief  colonial  possessions  of 
Franco  are : — Tlic  territory  of  Algeria,  in  northern  Africa ;  the  island  of 
Bourbon,  in  the  Indian  Ocean ;  St.  Louis,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Senegal,  in 
western  Africa ;  the  small  islands  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  (mik-eh-lon'), 
in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence;  the  islands  of  Guadeloupe  and  Martinique,  in 
the  West  Indies ;  French  Guiana,  in  South  America ;  Pondichcrry  and  a 
few  other  settlements,  in  Ilindostan ;  the  Marquesas  (mar-ka'»as)  Isles  and 
the  island  of  Tahiti  (tah-he' te),  in  Polynesia;  and  New  Caledonia,  in  Aus- 
tralasia. 

THE    KINGDOM    OF    SPAIN. 

Geegnphical  Position. — This  kingdom 
occupies  tliC  greater  part  of  the  most 
westerly  of  the  three  peninsulas  of 
southern  Europe. 

Pbysieal  Features. — The  interior  of 
Spain  consists  of  high  table-lands  sur- 
rounded by  mountains.  In  the  south 
and  south-east  are  plains,  which  slope 
gradually  toward  the  Mediterranean. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  generally  fertile, 
but  there  are  extensive  waste  lands. 
In  the  nortli,  the  climate  is  temperate ; 
the  apple-tree  flourishes,  the  hills  are 
clothed  with  forests,  and  the  valleys  yield  rich  harvests  of  grain.  The 
high  plateaus  of  the  center  are  destitute  of  trees,  and  the  climate  is  noted 
for  its  dryness.  In  the  warm  regions  of  the  south,  the  fig,  the  olive,  the 
vine,  and  sugar-cane,  are  cultivated.    Fruits  are  abundant. 

iDhabitants,  ete. — The  Spaniards  are  a  mixed  race,  derived  mainly  from 
the  Celts,  Goths,  Romans,  and  Arabians.  There  are  about  50,000  gypsies  in 
diiferent  parts  of  Spain.  Agriculture  and  the  rearing  of  sheep  form  the 
leading  pursuits ;  great  attention  is  paid  to  the  culture  of  the  grape.  The 
inhabitants  are  mostly  Roman  Catholics. 

Traveling  FatUitics. — Travehng  facilities  are  exceedingly  limited.  Wheel- 
carriages  are  but  little  used,  and  mules  furnish  the  chief  means  of  transport. 
There  are  several  canals,  though  but  few  that  are  adapted  to  navigation. 

Manafaetares  and  Exports. — Among  the  leading  manufactures  are  silks, 
leather,  fire-arins,  saltpetre,  and  gunpowder.  The  exports  are  wines,  bran- 
dies, oil,  fruits,  wool,  sOk,  bariUa,  quicksilver,  lead,  and  salt.  Neither 
agriculture,  commerce,  nor  manufactures,  are  in  a  flourishing  condition. 

Cities,  ete. — Madkid,  the  capital,  is  situated  near  the  Manzanares  (mahn- 
thah-nah'ren).  It  is  nearly  eight  miles  in  circuit,  and  is  surrounded  by 
walls.  The  palace  of  the  Escurial,  twenty-seven  miles  north-west  of  the 
city,  contains  splendid  mausoleums  of  many  of  the  sovereigns  of  Spain ; 
also,  a  fine  collection  of  paintings,  a  large  library,  and  a  college. 

Baecelona,  on  the  Mediterranean  coast,  is  the  second  city  in  the  king- 
dom in  population,  and  is  an  important  manufacturing  and  commercial 


SPANISH   MERCnANT  PLAO. 


place.  Malaga,  on  the  Mediterranean  coast,  about  250  miles  south  of 
Madrid,  is  noted  for  tlie  export  of  wines,  raisins,  figs,  and  other  fruit. 

Cadiz,  on  the  island  of  Leon,  is  an  important  commercial  city.  Seville, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Guadalquivir,  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  oranges. 

GiBEALTAB,  On  a  mountainous  promontory,  is  a  strongly  fortified  sea- 
port and  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  a  station  for  the  English  packets 
connected  with  the  Indian  and  Mediterranean  trade. 

THE  BALEABIC  ISLES  consist  of  Minorca,  Majorca,  Ivif  a  (e-ve'saJi),  and 
some  smaller  islands  lying  east  of  Spain,  to  which  country  they  belong. 
They  yield  an  abundance  of  grain  and  fruit. 

Palma  (pahl'mah),  the  capital  of  the  Balearic  Isles,  is  situated  on  the 
island  of  Majorca.  Poet  Maiion  {mah-hone'),  on  the  island  of  Minorca, 
has  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  Mediterranean. 

SPANISH  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS.— The  chief  of  these  are  as  foUows  :— 
A  part  of  the  Philippine  Isles ;  the  islands  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  in  the 
West  Indies;  and  Ceuta  (su'td),  a  fortress  in  Africa,  on  the  south  side  of 
the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

ANDOBBA. — ^This  small  independent  state  comprises  three  wild  and  pic- 
turesque valleys,  situated  on  the  southern  side  of  the  central  Pyrenees.  It 
is  subject  to  the  s])iritual  jurisdiction  of  the  Bishop  of  Urgel  (oor-heV),  in 
Spain,  to  whom  it  pays  annually  about  ninety  dollars ;  while  it  renders  to 
Fi-ance  double  that  amount,  for  certain  pri^•ileges  which  it  enjoys  from  her 
protection. 

THE   KINGDOM    OF   PORTUGAL, 

Ceograpliieal  Position. — This  small  kingdom  of  south-western  Europe  oc- 
cupies about  one-sixth  of  the  Iberian  peninsula. 

Physical  Features.— The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  gradually 
slopes  toward  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  rich,  and  the  climate  mild  and  healthy.  The  i)ro- 
ductions  are  like  those  of  Spain.  The  vine  flourishes  in  the  northern  prov- 
inces; the  olive,  orange,  citron,  and  other  fruits,  in  the  southern.  Iron 
pre  and  fine  marble  and  building-stones  abound. 

InliaUtants,  ete. — ^The  inhabitants  are  of  the  same  lineage  as  those  of 
Spain,  and  belong  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Agriculture  is  in  a 
backward  state.    The  making  of  wine  forms  the  chief  branch  of  industry. 

TniTeling  Facilities. — These  are  poor.  There  are  no  canals  or  railroads 
at  present  in  the  kingdom,  and  the  navigation  of  the  rivers  is  sometimes 
prevented  by  low  water  occasioned  by  drought. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  not  extensive.  The  ex- 
ports are  mainly  wines,  salt,  cork,  drugs,  and  various  kinds  of  fruit. 

Qtles. — Lisbon,  the  capital,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tagus,  stands  first 
in  commercial  importance ;  and  Opobto,  noted  for  its  trade  in  port-wine, 
ranks  second.  Coimbea,  on  the  high-road  between  these  cities,  is  noted 
for  its  University, — the  only  one  in  Portugal. 

PORTCGCESE  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS.— Portugal  possesses  the  Azores, 
Madeira,  and  Cape  Verde  Isles ;  some  small  settlements  on  the  coast  of  Sene- 
gambia,  in  Africa,  together  with  Mozambique  (mo-zam-bee¥) ;  three  small 
islands  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea ;  and  a  few  settlements  in  the  East  Indies. 


LESSON   CXXIX. 

THE   KINGDOM    OF   BELGIUM. 

Gei^raphical  Position.— This  small  kingdom  of  western  Europe  lies  be- 
tween France  and  Holland. 

Physical  Features. — Belgium  is  mostly  level.  The  coasts  are  low,  requir- 
ing dikes  to  protect  theni  from  the  sea.    The  country  is  well  watered. 

Soil,  etc— The  soil  is  not  naturally  fertile,  but  the  industry  and  skill  of 
the  inhabitants  have  rendered  it  very  productive. 


EUROPE. 


97 


ANTWERP  CATHEDRAL,   BELOICM. 


Tho  climate  is  cool  and  moist.  The  cliief  products  are  grain,  hemi), 
fla.x",  hops,  beet-root,  cbiccory,  clo.ver,  and  tobacco.  Coal  and  iron  abound. 
Inhabitants,  ete. — The  Belgians  are  in  pai-t  Flem- 
ings, of  German  origin ;  and  in  part  Walloons, 
descendants  of  tho  ancient  Belgas.  Agriculture, 
commerce,  and  manufactures,  fonn  the  leading 
pursuits.    The  Roman  Catholic  church  prevails. 

Traveling  Fadlitivs.  —  Excellent  roads,  canals, 
and  railroads,  are  numerous. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports.  —  Manufactures  are 
the  chief  source  of  wealth.  The  ex- 
ports are  agricultural  products,  and  a 
great  variety  of  manufactured  goods, — 
sue! I  as  laces,  fine  linens,  paper,  hard- 
ware, etc. 

Cities,  etc. — Bbdssels,  the 
capital,  situated  on  the  Sen- 
ne,  is  celebrated  for  its  lace, 
considered  tho  finest  in  the 
world,  and  for  its  carriages. 
Nine  miles  south  of  Brussels 
is  tlie  field  of  Waterloo,  mem- 
orable for  tlie  great  battle 
fought  there  in  1815. 

GuKNT,  an  important  man- 
ufacturing city,  situated  in  a  fertile  plain  at  the  confluence  of  tho  Lys  and 
the  Sclieldt,  ranks  next  to  Brussels  in  po])nlation.  Antwerp,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Scheldt,  is  the  great  eini)orium  of  Belgian  commerce. 

Liege,  on  the  left  bank  of  tho  Mouse,  in  the  vicinity  of  ricli  coal-mines, 
is  the  chief  seat  of  the  iron-works  of  Belgium.  Ostend,  on  tho  Nortli  Sea, 
is  an  important  seaport. 

THE    KINGDOM    OF    HOLLAND. 

Geograpliieal  Position. — Holland,  or 
the  Kingdom  of  the  Netherlands,  lies 
north  of  Belgium,  and  west  of  Prussia. 

Pliysieal  Features. — The  face  of  the 
country  is  low  and  fiat,  intersected  by 
numerous  canals.  Being  below  the 
level  of  high  sea-tides,  it  is  protected 
either  by  sand-hanks  thrown  up  by 
the  sea  or  by  artificial  dikes. 

Soli,  ete. — The  soil  is  fertile,  and 
the  climate  mild  and  humid.  The 
winters,  liowever,  are  generally  se- 
vere. The  productions  are  similar  to  those  of  Belgium.  Fine  cattle  and 
horses  abound.     Immense  quantities  of  butter  and  cheese  are  made. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants,  who  are  called  Dutch,  beh)ng  mostly 
to  the  German  stock;  there  are,  also,  numerous  Jews.  More  attenti(m  is 
paid  to  the  rearing  of  live-stock  and  to  the  d:iiry,  than  to  tillage.  Protest- 
antism prevails. 

TraTelins  Facilities. — The  internal  trade  is  carried  on  mainly  by  means 
of  canals,  which  in  Holland  serve  the  purposes  of  roads  elsewhere. 

Maanfactnrcs  and  Exports, — The  chief  manufactures  are  linens,  velvets,  pa- 
per, leatlier,  earthenware,  and  gin.    Butter  and  cheese  are  largely  exported. 

0tles. — The  Hague,  one  of  the  handsomest  cities  on  the  Continent,  is 
tho  capital.  Amsterdam,  the  largest  city  and  chief  commercial  emporium, 
stands  at  the  confluence  of  the  Amstel  and  a  branch  of  the  Zuider  Zee;  it 
is  built  on  piles,  and  intersected  by  numerous  canals.  Rotterdam,  on  the 
Jleuse,  ranks  second  in  size  and  commercial  importance. 

DCTCU  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS.— The  chief  foreign  possessions  of  Hol- 


FLAG  OP  nm.T.AVn 


land  are  Java,  parts  of  Sumatra,  Borneo,  and  Celebes,  with  several  small 
islands  in  Oceania ;  some  ports  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  in  Africa ;  Dutch 
Guiana,  in  South  America ;  and  the  islands  of  Buen  Ayre,  Cnra^oa,  and 
Oruba,  in  the  West  Indies. 

THE   KINGDOM   OF   PRUSSIA. 

Geograpliieai  Position. — Prussia  lies  in  central  Europe,  extending  from 
Russia  on  tho  east  to  Holland  and  Belgium  on  the  west,  and  from  Den- 
mark, the  North,  and  the  Baltic  Sea,  to  the  South  German  States,  Saxony, 
and  Austria. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  generally  level ;  forests  abound. 

Soil,  etc. — Along  the  Rhine,'  Vistula,  Oder,  and  Elbe,  the  soil  is  fertile ; 
in  other  parts,  it  is  less  productive.  The  climate  is  mild ;  in  the  western 
part  it  is  warm  enough  for  the  vine  to  flourish.  The  chief  productions  are 
grain,  hemp,  flax,  hops,  tobacco,  and  beet-root.  Sheep,  swine,  and  bees, 
are  extensively  raised.  Mines  of  copper,  iron,  and  lead,  are  worked.  Am- 
ber is  found  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Germans,  but  in  some  parts 
of  eastern  Prussia  tliey  are  mostly  of  Slavonic  origin.  Jews  are  numerous 
in  tlio  cities.  About  three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants  are  engaged  in  agri- 
culture.    Protestantism  prevails. 

TraTcliug  Facilities. — Railroads  extend  in  every  direction.  Canals  are 
not  numerous ;  but  the  rivers  afford  great  facilities  for  inland  navigation. 

HanDfaetnres  and  Exports. — The  leading  manufactures  are  linen  and  woolen 
fabrics ;  the  chief  exports  are  com,  timber,  wool,  and  manufactured  goods. 

Cities,  ete. — Berlin,  the  capital,  on  both  sides  of  the  Spree,  contains 
many  splendid  edifices,  besides  the  Royal  Library  and  University.  Bkeslau 
is  the  second  city  in  i)opulation  and  importance.  Dantzio  and  Stettin  are 
the  chief  seats  of  foreign  commerce.  Cologne,  on  tho  left  hank  of  the 
Rhine,  is  noted  for  its  grand  cathedral. 

Frankfort,  the  center  of  a  largo  inland  trade,  and  formerly  the  capital 
of  the  Germanic  Confederation,  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Main. 


LESSON    CXXX. 

THE   KINGDOM    OF   DENMARK. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — This  kingdom  lies  north  of  Prussia,  between 
the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea.  It  comprises  the  peninsula  of  Jutland,  and 
a  group  of  islands  lying  in  the  Baltic.  The  duchies  of  Sleswick  and  IIol- 
stein,  which  formerly  belonged  to  Denmark,  now  form  part  of  Prussia. 

Physical  Featnres. — The  surface  is  almost  a  perfect  flat.  In  some  parts, 
the  coast  is  protected  from  inundations  of  tho  sea  by  dikes. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  near  the  coasts  is  good,  hut  in  the  interior  there  are 
large  tracts  covered  with  heath.  The  climate  is  humid,  but  mild  for  the 
latitude.  Wheat  and  oats  are  extensively  cultivated.  Geese,  ducks,  and 
other  birds,  are  numerous ;  their  feathers  form  an  important  article  of  traflSc. 
Peat  is  the  principal  fuel, — there  being  no  coal  except  what  is  imported,  and 
but  few  forests.     The  pastures  of  Denmark  are  its  chief  source  of  wealth. 

Inhabitants.— The  inhabitants  (called  Danes)  belong  to  the  Teutonic,  or 
German,  family  of  nations.  Agriculture  is  the  leading  pursuit.  The  re- 
ligion is  that  of  the  Lutheran  church. 

Traveling  Facilities. — The  roads  in  Zealand  and  other  islands  are  good, 
but  elsewhere  poor.     Railroads  have  been  introduced  to  a  limited  extent. 

Mannractares  and  Exports. — As  Denmark  contains  neither  iron,  coal,  nor 
water-power,  its  manufactures  are  few.  Cheese  and  butter  are  made  in 
abundance,  and  distillation  and  brewing  are  extensively  carried  on.  Tho 
exports  are  agricultural  products,  live-stock,  fish,  beer,  and  brandy. 

Cities,  ete. — Copenhagen,  the  capital  and  largest  city,  is  situated  partly 
on  the  eastern  coast  of  Zealand,  and  partly  on  the  adjacent  island  of  Amak. 
Elsinork,  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  25  miles  north  of  Copenhagen,  is  a 


98 


PHYSICAL    AND     POLITICAL     GEOGRAPHY. 


small  commercial  town,  where  all  merchant-ships  passing  into  or  out  of 
the  Baltic  (except  Danish  or  Swedish)  formerly  paid  toll. 

Oden'se,  the  capital  of  the  island  of  Funtn,  is  tlie  second  city  of  the 
liiiigdom  in  population. 

THE    NORTH    GERMAN    CONFEDERATION. 

TIio  North  German  Confederation,  formed  in  1806,  consists  of  twenty- 
two  states,  including  the  kingdoms  of  Prussia  and  Saxony,  the  duchies  of 
Mecklenburg,  Oldenburg,  and  Brunswick,  the  Saxes  or  Saxon  duchies,  and 
the  three  free  cities  of  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  Lubeck. 

The  objects  of  the  Confederation  are  mutual  defence  against  foreign 
foes,  and  the  maintenance  of  internal  security  and  peace.  Its  alfairs  are 
regulated  by  an  assembly  composed  of  representatives  from  the  several 
states.  Each  state  exercises  a  sovereign  and  independent  power  over  its 
own  territory,  and  has  its  own  capital  city. 

THE  KINGDOM  OF  SAXONY. — Saxony,  next  to  Prussia,  is  the  most  im- 
portant state  of  the  North  German  Confederation.  It  lies  between  Prus- 
sia on  the  north  and  Austria  on  the  south. 

The  rearing  of  cattle  forms  an  important  branch  of  industry ;  and  im- 
mense flocks  of  sheep  are  raised,  tlio  wool  of  which  is  largely  exported. 
Mining  occujnes  a  great  part  of  the  inhabitants,  there  being  more  tlum 
five  hundred  mines  in  active  operation.  Manufactures  are  extensive.  The 
people  are  mostly  Lutherans. 

Dhesdbn,  the  capital,  lies  on  both  banks  of  the  Elbe.  It  is  noted  for  its 
china  and  porcelain  ware,  its  gallery  of  paintings,  and  the  beauty  of  its  en- 
virons.    Leipsio  is  the  great  emporium  of  the  book-trade. 

9IECKLENBIIRG  AND  OLDENBURG.— Mecklenburg  borders  on  the  Baltic, 
and  Oldenburg  on  the  North  Sea.  Tlie  surfece  of  these  grand-duchics  is 
flat.  Except  in  parts  of  Oldenburg,  where  there  are  tracks  of  barren 
heath,  the  soil  is  fertile,  producing  good  crops  of  wheat,  beans,  etc. 

BRUNSWICK  lies  inland,  surrounded  mostly  by  Prussian  territory.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  Valuable  mineral  products  abound.  Manufactures  and 
commerce  are  in  a  flourishing  state.  Bbunswiok,  the  capital,  is  an  im- 
portant railroad  center  and  the  seat  of  an  active  trade. 

THE  FREE  CITIES.— IIambueg,  situ- 
ated on  the  north  bank  of  the  Elbe, 
about  seventy  miles  from  its  mouth,  is 
the  great  seaport  of  Germany,  and  one 
of  the  most  important  commercial  cities 
in  the  world. 

Bremen,  on  both  sides  of  the  River 
Weser,  is  second  only  to  Hamburg  as 
a  seat  of  German  commerce.  It  is  a 
noted  place  of  embarkation  for  emi- 
grants to  America. 

Lubeck,  situated  on  the  Trave,  a  few 
miles  from  the  Baltic,  carries  on  an  extensive  transit  trade. 

THE   SOUTH    OERMAN    STATES. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — The  principal  South  German  States  are  the 
grand  duchy  of  Baden  and  the  kingdoms  of  Wurtemburg  and  Bavaria. 
Their  territories,  which  are  contiguous,  lie  north  of  Switzerland  and  Tyrol, 
between  Austria  on  the  east  and  France  on  the  west. 

Physical  Features.  —  The  surface  is  hilly  or  mountainous.  Extensive 
forests  abound,  among  which  the  Black  Forest,  covering  four-fifths  of  the 
surface  of  Baden,  is  particularly  noted. 

Soil,  etc — The  soil  is  for  the  most  pwt  fertile,  and  the  climate  mild  and 
healthy.  Various  kinds  of  grain,  hops,  flax,  and  fruits  are  among  the  most 
important  agricultural  products.   "Wood  is  a  staple,  and  is  largely  exported. 

Inhabitants,  et«. — The  inhabitants  belong  to  the  Teutonic  race.    The 


FLAO   OF   UAMBUBO. 


leading  branches  of  industry  are  agriculture  and  cattle-rearing.  Manufac- 
tures are  important,  among  which  the  n^aking  of  wine,  and  in  Bavaria  the 
brewing  of  beer,  may  be  specially  mentioned.  Commerce  receives  atten- 
tion. Protestantism  prevails  in  Wurtemburg;  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
in  Baden  and  Bavaria. 

Cities.— Cablskuue  is  the  capital  of  Baden,  and  Stcttqaed  of  Wurtem- 
burg. Munich,  the  capital  of  Bavaria,  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Isar 
(e'zar),  a  branch  of  the  Danube.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  literary  institu- 
tions aud  splendid  galleries  of  paintings  and  sculpture. 

NuKEMBEEO,  the  sccoud  city  of  Bavaria  in  point  of  population,  is  noted 
for  the  manufacture  of  wooden  clocks,  toys,  jewelry,  and  mathematical 
and  musical  instruments ;  watches  were  invented  at  this  place. 

THE    REPUBLIC    OF    SWITZERLAND. 

Geoj;rapliical  Position.— Switzerland,  a  small  inland  country  of  central 
Eurojjc,  lies  east  of  France,  between  Germany  and  Italy. 


FALLS  OF  SCHAFFUAUSEN. 

Physical  Featnres. — Lofty  mountains  and  vast  glaciers,  beautiful  lakes 
and  smiling  valleys,  alpine  streams  and  glittering  water-falls,  diversify  the 
scenery. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile  in  the  valleys.  The  climate  is  cold  on  the 
mountains,  temperate  on  the  plains,  and  hot  in  the  valleys.  Flax  and 
hemp  are  extensively  raised,  but  the  wealth  of  Switzerland  consists  in  its 
excellent  pastures,  which  support  immense  numbers  of  cattle.  The  vine 
grows  in  the  valleys.     Mineral  springs  are  numerous. 

Natural  Curiosities. — The  Falls  of  Schaft'hausen  in  the  Rhine,  and  the 
Cataract  of  Staubbach,  are  much  celebrated.  The  latter  has  a  peri)en- 
dicular  fall  of  eight  hundred  and  fifty  feet. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  mainly  of  Teutonic  and  Celtic 
origin.  The  raising  of  cattle  and  making  of  butter  and  cheese  are  the 
chief  pursuits.  Manufactures  receive  considerable  attention.  The  people 
are  partly  Protestants  and  partly  Roman  Catholics. 

Traveling  Facilities. — These  are  generally  good.  Excellent  roads  lead 
across  the  mountains.     Steamboats  ply  on  the  principal  lakes. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports.- The  making  of  watches,  nmsical  boxes,  and 
jewelry,  is  extensively  carried  on.  These  articles,  with  cattle,  cheese,  but- 
ter, silk-stuflfs,  and  ribbons,  are  the  leading  exports. 

Cities,  etc. — Bebne,  on  a  small  peninsula  formed  by  the  River  Aar,  is 
the  capital.  Geneva,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Geneva,  is  the  most  populous 
and  chief  manufacturing  city  of  Switzerland;  about  100,000  watches, 
chiefly  gold,  are  annually  made  in  this  city.  Basle,  or  Basel,  at  the  great 
bend  of  the  Rhine,  is  noted  for  its  trade,  its  manufacture  of  ribbons,  and 
its  numerous  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  Zueioh,  at  the  foot  of  a 
beautiful  lake  to  which  it  gives  name,  is  celebrated  for  its  schools  and  for 
having  given  birth  to  many  illustrious  men. 


EUROPE. 


99 


FLAa   OF  GREAT   BRITAIN. 


LESSON  CXXXI. 

THE   UNITED    KINGDOM   OF   GREAT   BRITAIN 
AND    IRELAND. 

Geographical  Position.— This  kingdom 
consists  of  the  two  hirge  ishinds  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  a  number  of 
smaller  ones  in  their  vicinity. 

GoTemment. — The  form  of  govern- 
ment is  an  hereditary  limited  monarchy. 
The  legislative  power  is  shared  between 
the  Sovereign  and  two  Houses  of  Par- 
liament,— the  House  of  Lords,  and  tlie 
House  of  Commons,  consisting  of  dele- 
gates elected  by  certain  classes  of  the 
people. 
BRITISH  COLONIAL  POSSESSIONS.  —  Colonial  possessions  of 
the  British  Empire  are  found  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe,  as  follows : — 
In  America :  British  America,  Balize,  British  Guiana,  the  Bermudas, 
several  of  the  West  India  Islands,  and  the  Falkland  Isles. 

In  Europe :  the  town  of  Gibraltar  in  Spain,  and  the  islands  of  Heligo- 
land in  the  North  Sea,  and  Malta  and  Gozo  {got'zo)  in  tlie  Mediterranean. 

In  Asia:  British  India,  including  Ceylon  and  Singapore,  Aden  in  Ara- 
bia, and  the  island  of  Hong  Kong  off  the  coast  of  China. 

In  Africa :  various  settlements  on  the  western  coast,  including  Sierra 
Leo'ne,  also  Capo  Colony,  British  Caffraria,  Natal  (nah-tahl'),  and  the 
islands  of  Ascension,  St.  Ilele'na,  and  Mauritius  (jnau-risfi'e-iis). 

In  Oceania :  Australia,  Van  Diemen's  Land,  New  Zealand,  Norfolk 
Island,  and  Labuan  {lah-boo-ahn'),  an  island  in  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

SCOTLAND. 

Gcographieal  Position. — Scotland  occupies  the»  northern  portion  of  the 
Island  of  Great  Britain. 

Physical  Featnres.  —  Two-thirds  of  the  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
northern  part  is  called  the  Highlands ;  the  southern,  the  Lowlands. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  in  some  of  the  valleys,  and  on  the  eastern  coast,  is 
fertile ;  but  in  the  mountainous  districts  it  is  barren.  The  climate  is  humid. 
The  staple  crop  is  oats ;  wheat  and  other  grains  are  also  cultivated.  Slieep 
and  cattle  are  reared  in  great  numbers.     Coal,  iron,  and  lead,  abound. 

Natnral  Curiosity. — In  the  small  island  of  Staffa,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  is 
tlie  remarkable  Cave  of  Fingal.  It  is  237  feet  long,  from  20  to  50  feet 
broad,  and  from  60  to  nearly  100  feet  in  height. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  Highlanders  are  of  the  Celtic  race,  and  speak  what 
is  called  the  Gaelic  dialect ;  the  Lowlanders  are  a  mixed  people,  like  the 
English.  The  chief  pursuits  are  manufactures  and  commerce ;  the  fisheries 
are  an  important  branch  of  industry.   The  established  church  is  Protestant. 

Traveling  Facilities. — Excellent  roads  extend  through  almost  every  part 
of  the  United  Kingdom ;  canals  and  railroads  are  numerous. 

Mannfactnres  and  Exports. — Cotton  and  linen  goods  are  among  the  lead- 
ing manufactures.  There  are  also  extensive  iron-works.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  manufactured  goods,  agricultural  produce,  and  cattle. 

Cities,  etc. — EDiNBURGir,  the  capital,  is  noted  for  its  castle  and  univer- 
sity; Glasgow,  on  the  Clyde,  for  being  the  largest  city  of  Scotland,  and 
the  principal  seat  of  manufactures  and  commerce ;  Dundee,  for  its  linens ; 
Paisley,  for  its  shawls;  and  New  Aberdeen,  for  its  extensive  trade  in 
agricultural  products. 

ENGLAND. 

Geographical  Position. — England  occupies  the  southern  and  larger  part 
of  tlie  Island  of  Great  Britain. 


Physical  Featnres. — The  surface  is  undulating,  with  low  mountain  chains 
in  the  north  and  west. 

SoU,  etc. — The  soil,  though  not  naturally  fertile,  has  been  made  exceed- 
ingly productive  by  the  industry  of  the  inhabitants.  The  climate  is  humid 
and  milder  than  in  the  same  latitude  on  the  Continent.  Wheat  is  the  chief 
agricultural  product;  garden  vegetables  are  next  in  importance.  Coal, 
iron,  copper,  salt,  tin,  and  limestone,  are  abundant. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  English  are  chiefly  descendants  of  the  ancient  Sax- 
ons. Agriculture  and  mining  are  pursued ;  but  manufactures  and  commerce 
are  tlie  chief  sources  of  wealth.     The  established  church  is  Protestant. 

llannfactnres  and  Exports. — In  the  amount  and  variety  of  her  manufactures, 
and  the  extent  of  her  commerce,  England  stands  unequalled.  Of  the  manu- 
factured goods,  those  of  cotton,  wool,  and  iron,  are  the  most  important. 

Cities,  etc — ^London,  the  capital  of  England  and  metropolis  of  the  Brit- 
ish Empire,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Thames,  sixty  miles  from  its  mouth. 
It  contains  many  splendid  buildings,  and  is  the  largest  and  wealthiest,  as 
well  as  the  chief  commercial,  city  in  the  world.  Liverpool,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Mersey,  is  the  great  port  of  the  cotton-manufacturing  district,  and 
carries  on  an  immense  trade  with  aU  parts  of  the  world. 

Mancuester  is  noted  for  its  cotton  manufactures ;  Leeds,  for  woolen 
goods ;  York,  for  its  fine  cathedral ;  Sheffield,  for  cutlery ;  Nottingham 
and  Leicester,  for  hosiery  and  lace ;  Birmingham,  for  hardware ;  Kidder- 
minster, for  carpets ;  Greenwich,  for  its  National  Observatory ;  Cam- 
bridge and  Oxford,  for  their  universities. 

THE  PRINCIPALITY  OF  WALES. — Wales  occupies  the  western  part  of  the 
island.  It  is  mountainous  and  well  watered,  and  abounds  in  picturesque 
scenery.  Barley  and  oats  are  the  chief  grains  raised.  Iron,  coal,  and  other 
minerals,  are  abundant.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  the  Celtic  race, 
descended  from  the  ancient  Britons.  Woolen  goods  constitute  the  chief 
manufactures,  and,  with  mineral  produce  and  cattle,  are  the  leading  exjiorts. 

Merthtr  Tydfii,  the  largest  town,  lies  near  extensive  coal  and  iron 
mines.  Swansea  carries  on  an  active  trade,  and  is  frequented  as  a  water- 
ing-place. Menai  Strait,  which  separates  the  island  of  Anglesea  from 
Wales,  is  crossed  by  a  remarkable  tubular  suspension  bridge. 

IRELAND. 

Geographical  Position. — Ireland  is  an  island,  lying  west  of  Great  Britain. 

Physical  Features. — The  central  part  consists  chiefly  of  vast  plains,  al- 
most encircled  by  detached  groups  of  mountains. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile  in  some  parts,  in  others  barren.  The  climate 
is  more  moist  than  that  of  England.  Wheat,  barley,  and  oats,  are  the 
principal  crops  next  to  potatoes,  which  form  the  cheif  food  of  the 
peasantry.  Dairy  farms  are  numerous.  Great  numbers  of  cattle  are  raised 
for  exportation.   The  leading  minerals  are  marble,  granite,  iron,  and  copper. 

Natnrai  Curiosities. — Among  these,  the  Giant's  Causeway,  on  the  north- 
ern coast,  is  the  most  remarkable.  It  is  composed  of  about  40,000  pillars 
of  dark-colored  basalt,  from  one  to  thirty  feet  high. 

Inhabitants,  etc — Most  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the  Celtic  race ;  they 
depend  for  subsistence  chiefly  on  the  culture  of  the  soil.  The  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  prevails. 

Hanuractures  and  Exports. — The  chief  manufactured  article  is  linen.  Cot- 
ton goods  are  made  near  Belfast,  and  Irish  poplin  (a  fabric  of  silk  and 
worsted)  is  manufactured  in  Dublin.  These,  with  dairy  and  agricultural 
roduce,  form  the  leading  exports. 

Cities,  ete. — Dublin,  the  metropolis,  on  both  sides  of  the  Liffey,  is  dis- 
tinguished for  the  magnificence  of  its  edifices,  which  make  it  one  of  the 
finest  cities  in  Europe.  Six  miles  south-east  of  Dublin  is  Kingstown,  its 
seaport.  Cork  is  the  chief  emporium  of  southern  Ireland ;  Queenstown 
is  its  seaport.  Limerick,  on  the  Shannon,  is  noted  for  its  coasting-trade, 
and  the  manufacture  of  lace  and  fish-hooks.  Belfast,  the  second  city  in 
population,  is  distinguis^hed  for  its  linen  and  cotton  manufactures ;  Water- 
ford,  for  its  fine  quay  and  harbor. 


r 


GENERAL    QUESTIONS    ON    FRANCE,     SPAIN,    AND     PORtUGAL. 


101 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS 

ON  THE  MAP  OF  A  PART  OF  EUROPE  NO.  1. 


LESSON  CXXXII. 

Latitnde> — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  France  lie  ?  Between 
about  423°  and  51°  N.  lat.  Which  of  the  New  England  States  are  in  the 
same  latitude  as  southern  France?  What  place  in  Maine  is  in  nearly  the 
same  latitude  as  Bordeaux?  Ea^tport.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude 
is  Spain  ?  Between  aboiit  36°  and  43|°  Jf.  lat.  What  part  of  Spain  is  in 
the  latitude  of  Virginia? 

Longltode. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  do  Spain  and  Portugal 
lie  ?  Between  ahout  9J°  W.  and  3^°  E.  Ion.  Which  has  the  greater  west 
longitude,  Madrid  or  Dublin  ?  Lisbon  or  Dublin  ?  Between  what  de- 
grees of  longitude  is  France  ?  Between  about  4i°  W.  and  H\°  E.  Ion.  What 
part  of  France  does  the  meridian  of  Greenwich  cross  ?  What  Spanish  port 
is  in  nearly  the  same  longitude  as  Paris? 

Exerdse  with  Scale  of  SHIcs. — Using  the  scale  of  miles  as  a  measure,  what 
do  you  find  to  be  about  the  extreme  breadth  of  Portugal?  What  is  the 
shortest  distance  in  a  direct  line  from  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  to  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay ?  From  Cape  Finisterre  to  Cape  Creux  (hruh)  ?  What  is  the  length 
of  France,  from  Dunkirk  to  the  Pyrenees  ? 

Coast  LincSt — What  is  the  length  of  the  coast  line  of  France,  including 
indentations?  About  1,500  miles.  On  what  two  bodies  of  water  is  the 
greatest  portion  of  this  coast  ?  On  what  body  of  water  has  Spain  the 
greatest  extent  of  coast  ?  What  is  the  general  character  of  the  Spanish 
coast?     It  is  rocky,  but  not  very  elevated. 

Boundaries. — Is  France  separated  from  Belgium  by  a  natural  or  an  arti- 
ficial boundary?  From  what  countries  is  France  separated  by  natural 
boundaries  ?  What  lake  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  France  and 
Switzerland?  What  mountains  form  part  of  this  boundary  ?  What  three 
rivers  form  part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal  ?  Which 
of  these  is  on  the  north  of  Portugal  ? 

Seaports  of  Franee. — What  is  the  northernmost  town  of  France  ?  What 
is  there  remarkable  in  the  history  of  Dunkirk  ?  It  was  sold  by  Charles  II., 
of  England,  to  Louis  XIV.,  king  of  Franee.  What  seaport  of  France  is 
nearest  to  England ?  How  far  is  Calais  from  Dover,  in  England?  Twenty- 
six  miles.  Who  held  possession  of  Calais  for  more  than  two  centuries? 
The  English.    What  is  the  next  seaport  to  Calais  on  the  English  Channel? 

How  is  Cherbourg  (sher'burg)  situated?  For  what  is  Cherbourg  noted? 
Ear  its  strong  defences  and  breakwater.  What  is  the  westernmost  place  in 
France  ?  For  what  is  Brest  noted  ?  For  being  the  strongest  port  of  Franee, 
and  having  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  Europe.  How  is  Bayonne  (bah-yon') 
situated?  What  were  first  made  there?  Bayonets.  Name  the  principal 
ports  on  the  Gulf  of  Lyons.  How  is  Nice  situated?  To  what  kingdom 
did  Nice  formerly  belong  ?     To  Sardinia. 


LESSON    CXXXIII. 

Seaports  of  Spain. — Name  the  principal  ports  of  Spain  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.  How  is  La  Corufia  {lah  ho-roon'yah),  or  Corun'na,  situated  ?  For 
what  events  is  Corunna  celebrated  ?  The  Spanish  Armada  sailed  from 
this  port  in  1688  for  the  subjugation  of  England ;  and  near  it  the  French 
were  defeated  in  1809  by  the  English  under  Sir  John  Moore,  who  was  mor- 
tally wounded. 

What  port  is  on  the  south-western  coast,  east  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Guadiana?  Palos  (pah'loce).  For  what  is  Palos  celebrated  ?  It  was  from 
this  port  that  Columbus  sailed  on  his  memorable  voyage,  August  3,  1492. 
What  port  is  on  the  Isle  of  Leon  ?  Name  the  tliree  chief  naval  arsenals 
of  Spain.     Cadiz,  Cartagena,  and  Ferrol. 


Important  Places  In  Franee. — In  what  direction  is  Lille  {leel)  from  Calais? 
From  what  does  Lille  derive  its  importance?  From  being  the  chief  seat  of 
the  thread  and  cotton  manufactures  of  France.  How  is  Amiens  {am'e-em) 
situated  ?  Of  what  manufactures  is  it  the  seat  ?  Of  extensive  woolen  man- 
ufactures.   How  is  Caen  (*«>»')  situated? 

For  what  are  Bordeaux,  Rheims  (reemz),  and  Dijon  (de-zhm'')  noted? 
For  their  trade  in  wines.  Which  of  these  places  is  farthest  north?  In 
what  direction  is  St.  Etienno  from  Lyons?  For  what  is  St.  Etienne  noted? 
For  the  manufacture  of  hardware  and  ribbons.  In  what  part  of  France 
are  Nismes  (neem)  and  Avignon  {a-veen-yOn?')  ? 

Important  Places  in  Spain. — What  places  in  Spain  are  celebrated  for  their 
universities?  Madrid,  Seville,  Salamanca,  Valladolid',  and  Santiago. 
Which  of  these  places  are  on  branches  of  the  Douro  ?  What  places  are 
memorable  for  sieges,  and  battles  between  the  French  and  English,  in  the 
Peninsular  War  ?  Salamanca,  Saragassa,  Badajos  {bad-a-hoce'),  St.  Sebas- 
tian, Vitoria,  etc. 

How  is  Cor'dova  situated  ?  By  whom  was  Cordova  founded  ?  By  the 
Romans.  For  what  is  it  noted?  For  having  given  birth  to  Seneca,  Lucan, 
and  other  distinguished  men;  aha,  for  having  been  for  several  centuries  the 
splendid  capital  of  the  Moors  in  the  West — at  which  time  it  contained  300 
mosques  and  nearly  a  million  of  inhabitants. 

Important  Plaees  In  Portugal. — What  places  in  Portugal  are  north  of  the 
Douro  River?  How  is  Santarem  (sahn-tah-renf')  situated?  What  sea- 
ports are  on  the  southern  coast  ?  Lagos  {lah'goce)  and  Faro  {fah'ro).  In 
what  direction  is  Lisbon  from  Cadiz  ?  From  Madrid  ?  Oporto  from  Bar- 
celona ? 


LESSON   CXXXIV. 

Islands. — How  are  the  SciDy  Islands  situated  ?  What  group  lies  off  the 
north-western  coast  of  France?  Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Channel 
Islands?  For  what  are  the  Channel  Islands  noted?  For  their  fine  breed 
of  cattle.  On  what  island  is  the  city  of  Cadiz  ?  Name  two  islands  of  the 
Balearic  group,  besides  Majorca,  Minorca,  and  Iviga.  Formentera  {for- 
men-ta'rah)  and  Cabrera  (kah-bra'rah). 

Capes. — Mention  six  capes  on  the  coast  of  Spain.  Which  of  these  pro- 
ject into  the  Mediterranean?  For  what  is  Cape  Trafalgar'  memorable? 
For  a  famous  victory  gained  over  the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets 
by  the  English  under  Lord  Nelson,  who  was  Hlled  in  the  action.  Where 
is  Cape  La  Hague  {lah  hayg)  ? 

Mountains. — In  what  part  of  France  are  the  Cote  d'Or  {Icote  dor)  Mount- 
ains ?  The  Auvergne  {o-vayrn')  Mountains  ?  Where  is  Mt.  Blanc  ?  Wliat 
is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Pyrenees?  Mt.  Maladetta,  11,168  7%e<  high. 
What  five  mountain  chains  traverse  Spain  ?  Mention  the  loftiest  mountain 
in  Spain.  Mt.  Mulahacen  (moo-lah-ah-then'),  a  peak  of  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
ll,658/ee<  high. 

BlTers. — What  river  of  Belgium  rises  in  France?  The  Meuse  (muze). 
What  is  the  length  of  the  Seine  ?  497  miles,  for  350  of  which  it  is  navigable. 
Name  some  of  the  branches  of  the  Seine.  Of  the  Rhone.  Of  the  Loire. 
What  is  the  length  of  the  Loire  ?  645  miles.  With  what  rivers  is  it  con- 
nected by  canals  ?   With  the  Seine  and  Saone. 

What  is  the  principal  river  of  Spain  ?  T.  How  long  is  the  Tagus?  640 
miles.  To  what  place  is  it  navigable  ?  To  Abrantes  {ah-brahn'tes),  in  Por- 
tugal. What  is  the  principal  river  of  Spain  that  empties  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean ?  Name  some  other  Spanish  rivers  that  flow  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  Cuadalaviar  {gwah-dah-lah-ve-ar),  Juear  (hoo'kar),  and  Se- 
gura  {sa,-goo'rah). 

Voyages,  etc. — On  what  waters  would  you  sail  in  going  from  Lisbon  to 
Seville?  From  Port  Mahon  to  Nantes ?  From  Nice  to  Bordeaux ?  With 
what  port  is  Lyons  connected  by  railroad  ?  M.  What  city  is  the  great  rail- 
road center  of  France?  Paris.  With  what  five  places  on  the  English  Chan- 
nel is  Paris  connected  by  railroad?  Dunkirk,  C,  B.,  D.,  and  H. 


102 


GENERjt    QUESTIONS    ON    AUSTRIA,    TURKEY,    ITALY,    ETC. 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS 

ox  THE  MAI'  OF  A  PART  OF  EUROPE  NO.   2. 


LESSON  CXXXV, 


Latitndr. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  do  Turkey  and  Greece 
extend?  Between  about  304°  and  48°  N.  lat.  Wliat  part  of  the  eastern 
coast  of  North  America  is  embraced  within  these  parallels  ?  That  part 
wliich  extends  from  Pamlico  Sound,  N.  C,  to  the  Bay  of  Chaleur,  New 
BrunswicTc.  What  city  of  California  is  in  nearly  the  same  latitude  as 
Athens  ?     San  Francisco. 

LoDgitnde. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  does  Turkey  lie  ?  Be- 
tween 10°  and  20J°  E.  Ion.  What  country  of  southern  Africa  is  in  about 
the  same  longitude  ?  Cape  Colony.  What  city  of  Denmark  is  in  about  the 
same  longitude  as  Rome?  Copenhagen.  Between  what  degrees  of  lon- 
gitude is  Austria  situated?     Between  about  8j°  and  26|°  E.  Ion. 

Exercise  with  Scale  of  Miles.— What  is  the  distance  from  Florence  to 
Vienna  in  a  direct  line  ?  From  Constantinople  to  Rome  ?  What  is  the 
extreme  length  of  Austria  from  east  to  west  ?  Of  Switzerland  ?  What  is 
the  length  of  Sardinia  ? 

Bonndarles. — What  two  rivers  form  part  of  the  boundary  between  Tur- 
key and  Austria  ?  What  river  and  lake  bound  Switzerland  on  the  north  ? 
What  mountains  he  on  the  boundary  between  Austria  and  Bavaria?  The 
Bohmer  Wald  (bo'mer  wahlt*).  Between  Austria  and  Saxony?  The  Erz 
Gebirge  (ertz  ga-beer  geh.)  Between  Austria  and  Prussia?  The  Eiesen 
Ocbirge   {ree'zen  ga-beer  yeK). 

DlTlsions  of  Austria. — In  what  part  of  Austria  is  Bohemia  ?  What  divi- 
sion of  Austria  is  south-east  of  Bohemia  ?  In  what  part  of  the  empire  is 
Galicia,  or  Austrian  Poland?  What  name  is  given  to  a  strip  of  southern 
Austria,  bordering  on  Turkey  ?  The  Military  Frontier.  What  divisions 
border  on  the  :Military  Frontier  ?  T.,  B.,  S.,  C,  /.,  and  D.  In  what  part 
of  the  empire  is  Hungary  ?     Styria  ?     The  Tyrol? 

Important  Places  in  Austria. — What  is  the  capital  of  Bohemia?  P.  On 
what  river  is  Prague  ?  What  is  the  capital  of  Moravia  ?  B.  What  place 
is  12  miles  south-east  of  Brunn  ?  For  what  is  Austerlitz  celebrated  ?  For 
the  great  victory  gained  there  by  Napoleon  over  the  Austrians  and  Russians, 
in  1805.     Wliat  is  the  chief  city  of  Galicia  ?     L. 

What  is  the  principal  place  in  Transylvania?  Klavsenlurg.  In  Hun- 
gary ?  P.  In  Slavonia  ?  E.  In  Croatia  ?  Agram  (og-rom').  In  Illyria  ? 
T,  the  chief  seaport  of  Austria.  In  Styria?  Gratz  (grets),  an  important 
manufacturing  and  commercial  city.  In  the  Tyrol  ?  Innspruck  (ins'- 
prooh),  on  the  Bin,  t/ie  seat  of  a  university  and  the  center  of  an  active 
trade.  What  seaport  south-east  of  Trieste  ?  Fiume  (Je-oo'ma).  How  is 
Schemnitz  situated  ? 


LESSON    CXXXVI. 


DiTlsions  of  Turkey. — What  is  the  north-eastern  part  of  Turkey  called  ? 
What  division  is  south-west  of  Wallachia?  What  division  is  south  of  the 
Balkan  Mountains?  In  what  part  of  Turkey  are  Thessaly  and  Albania? 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  (hert-seh-go-ve'nah )  ?  What  division  is  east  of 
Bosnia  ?  Which  of  these  divisions  has  the  greatest  proportion  of  Turks  in 
its  population  ?    P.   Where  is  the  republic  of  Monte-negro  (mon-ta-na'gro)  ? 

Important  Places  in  Tnrkcy.— What  places  in  Turkey  are  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Danube  1  On  the  left  bank  ?  What  places  are  on  the  coast 
of  the  Black  Sea?  On  what  strait  is  Gallipoli  (gahl-lip'o-le)!  For  what 
is  it  noted  ?  For  the  manufacture  of  morocco.  Near  what  river  is  Adri- 
anople  ?  How  is  Bosna  Serai  {bos'nah  ser-i)  situated  ?  Shumla  {shoom'- 
lah)'i     Varna?     Yassy? 

*  d  bas  almost  the  sonnd  ofu  \afUr. 


Important  Places  in  Greece. — What  hamlet  and  plain  are  about  18  miles 
north-east  of  Athens?  Marathon.  For  wliat  is  this  spot  memorable  ?  For 
the  victory  of  Miltiades  over  the  army  of  Xerxes.  What  places  are  on  the 
Gulf  of  Lepanto?  What  place  of  considerable  trade  is  south  of  Corinth? 
Nauplia.  For  what  is  Navarino  {nah-tah-re  no)  noted  ?  For  a  victory 
gained  by  the  English,  F-ench,  and  Russian  fleets  over  the  Turhs. 

Important  Places  In  Italy. — How  is  Brescia  (bresh'ea)  situated  ?  Padua  ? 
Parma?  Mod'ena?  Mention  some  places  in  Italy  that  lie  on  the  Adriatic. 
Name  the  chief  seaport  of  the  States  of  the  Church.  Civita  Vecchia  (che- 
ve-tah  vek'he-ah).  In  what  direction  from  Rome  is  it?  What  place  is 
on  the  Strait  of  Otranto?     On  the  Gulf  of  Taranto? 

Important  Places  in  Sicily  and  Sardinia. — What  is  the  chief  city  of  Sicily  ? 
What  place  in  the  north-eastern  extremity  of  the  island  rivals  Palermo  in 
commercial  importance?  What  seaport  midway  of  the  eastern  coast? 
What  is  the  present  condition  of  Syracuse  ?  It  is  now  a  pla^e  of  no  im- 
portance, though  once  a  powerful  and  magnificent  city.  Wliat  is  the  cap- 
ital of  the  island  of  Sardinia  ?    How  is  Cagliari  {hahl yah-re)  situated  ? 

Important  Places  in  Switzerland. — On  what  lake  is  Zurich  situated  ?  On 
the  Lake  of  Zurich.  On  what  lake  is  Lucerne  ?  On  the  Lake  of  Lucerne. 
What  place  is  on  Lake  Constance  ?  Where  is  Lausanne  {lo-zahn')  ?  For 
what  is  Lausanne  noted  ?  For  its  beautiful  situation.  How  is  Neuchiitel 
{nush-ah-teV)  situated  ?  On  the  north-western  shore  of  the  Lake  ofNeuchdtel. 


LESSON  CXXXVII. 


Islands. — What  does  the  Grecian  Archipelago  include  ?  All  the  islands 
between  the  main-land  of  Greece  and  Asia  Minor.  Mention  some  of  them. 
Which  is  the  largest?  N.  Mention  the  Ionian  Isles.  Corfu  (kor-foo'), 
Paxo,  Santa  Maura,  Cephalonia,  Zante,  and  Cerigo  {cher'e-go).  What 
political  division  do  these  islands  form?     A  republic. 

Which  of  the  Ionian  Islands  is  farthest  north  ?  How  is  Cerigo  situ- 
ated ?  What  is  the  capital  of  the  Ionian  Republic  ?  Corfu.  What  group 
of  volcanic  islands  lies  north  of  Sicily  ?  The  Lipari  {lip'a-re)  Isles.  For 
what  is  Stromboli  (strom'bo-le),  an  island  of  this  group,  noted  ?  For  con- 
taining an  active  volcano,  called  "  the  light-house  of  the  Mediterrunean." 
Where  is  Elba  ?    Who  resided  on  this  island  during  part  of  1814  and  1815  ? 

Mountains.— What  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Alps?  Mt.  Blanc.  To 
what  country  does  Mt.  Blanc  now  belong  ?  F.  What  is  the  highest  peak 
of  the  Apennines?  Mt.  Corno.  In  what  part  of  Italy  is  Mt.  Corno? 
What  is  tlie  highest  peak  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains  ?  Mt.  Lomnitz. 
Where  is  Mt.  Lomnitz?     Mount  Ossa?     Mt.  Pelion? 

Seas,  Gulfs,  Straits. — At  wliat  strwt  does  Italy  approach  Turkey  the 
nearest?  What  branch  of  the  Mediterranean  extends  north-west  from  the 
Strait  of  Otranto  ?  What  seas  and  straits  wash  the  eastern  and  southern 
shores  of  Turkey  ?    What  gulfs  indent  the  coast  of  Turkey  ?     Of  Italy  ? 

Lakes. — What  L.ike  is  in  Hungary,  south-east  of  Vienna?  NeusiedUr 
(noi'seed-ler)  Lake.  What  is  tlie  largest  lake  in  Hungary  ?  Balaton  (bah'- 
lah-ton)  Lake.  Wliat  is  the  largest  lake  in  Italy?  G.  What  lake  is 
north-west  of  Lake  Garda  ?  Lake  Coma,  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and  the 
elegant  villas  that  cover  iU  shores.  What  lake  is  partly  in  Switzerland  and 
partly  in  Italy  ?     Lake  Maggiore  (mahd-jo'ra). 

Rivers.- What  is  the  largest  river  of  Austria  and  Turkey  ?  Of  Italy  ? 
Name  three  rivers  of  Switzerland.  Mention  some  of  the  rivers  of  southern 
Turkey.  What  river  flows  through  the  Tyrol  ?  Through  the  States  of  the 
Church  ?  Through  Transylvania  ?  What  rivers  rise  in  the  north-eastern 
slope  of  the  Carpathian  Mountains?     On  wliat  river  is  Lemberg  ? 

Voyages.— Sailing  from  Leghorn  to  Trieste,  through  what  bodies  ot 
water  would  you  pass  ?  From  Venice  to  Constantinople  ?  From  Con- 
stantinople to  Vienna  ?  In  what  German  state  does  the  Danube  rise  ? 
How  many  navigable  tributaries  does  it  receive  ?  60.  How  long  is  the 
Danube  ?    1,725  miles.    How  far  is  it  navigable  ?    To  Dim,  in  Wurtemburg. 


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GENERAL    QUESTIONS    ON    BELGIUM,     HOLLAND,    PRUSSIA,    AND    GERMANY. 


105 


GENERAL  QUESTIONS 

ON  THE  MAP  OF  A  PART  OF  EUROPE  NO.  3. 


LESSON  CXXXVIII. 


Latitude. — Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  Holland  extend  ?  Be- 
tween about  51i°  and,  53|°  N.  lat.  What  is  the  latitude  of  the  extreme 
northern  boundary  of  Prussia  ?  What  parallel  pas.ses  through  the  northern 
part  of  Luxemburg  ?  Which  is  in  higher  latitude,  Berlin  or  Amsterdam? 
Dresden  or  Brussels  ?  What  island  in  the  New  World  is  in  the  latitude 
of  Bavaria  ?     Newfoundland. 

Longitade. — Between  what  degrees  of  longitude  is  Belgium  situated  ? 
Between  about  2^°  and  G°  E.  Ion.  What  island  in  the  Mediterranean  is  in 
about  the  longitude  of  Saxony?  About  how  many  degrees  is  Dresden 
east  of  Ghent  ?  What  countries  on  the  Map  does  the  meridian  of  10°  E. 
Ion.  pass  through? 

The  North  German  Confederation. — Of  what  does  the  North  German  Con- 
federation consist?  Of  twenty-two  states,  including  the  kingdoms  of  Prus- 
sia and  Saxony,  the  duchies  of  MecMenhurg,  OldenbxLrg,  and  Brunswick, 
the  Saxes  or  Saxon  duchies,  and  the  three  free  cities  of  Bremen,  Hamburg, 
and  Lubeck.  Of  what  are  Bremen,  Hamburg,  and  Lubeck,  respectively  the 
capitals  ?     Of  small  republics  of  the  same  name. 

How  is  Saxony  situated  ?  What  country  bounds  it  on  the  south- 
east? Bound  Mecklenburg.  Bound  Oldenburg.  What  river  forms  part 
of  the  eastern  boundary  of  Oldenburg  ?  How  is  Brunswick  situated  ? 
Name  the  four  Saxon  duchies.  Saxe  Meiningen  {sax  mi'ning-en),  Saxe 
Cobnrg-Gotha  (go'td),  Saxe  Weimar  (wi'mar),  and  Saxe  Altenburg  (ahV- 
ten-burg).     North  and  west  of  what  kingdoms  do  these  duchies  lie? 

What  German  states  were  incorporated  in  Prussia  after  the  war  of 
18Gf>  ?  The  kingdom  of  Hanover,  the  electorate  of  Hesse  (hess)  Cassel,  the 
duchy  of  Nassau,  the  free  city  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  and  the  landgra- 
vidte  of  Hesse  Hamburg.  What  duchies  before  included  in  Denmark  were 
annexed  to  Prussia?  Sleswick  and  Holstein  (JuiV stine).  What  has  been 
the  consequence  of  these  annexations?  Prussia  has  become  one  of  the  most 
powerful  countries  of  Europe. 

The  Sonth  German  States. — Name  the  South  German  states.  TTie  king- 
doms of  Wur'temburg  and  Bavaria,  the  duchy  of  Baden  {bah' den),  part  of 
the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse  Darmstadt  (darm'stahf)  south  of  the  Main,  and 
the  principality  of  Liechteiutein  (leek' ten-stine).  Which  of  these  is  the 
largest?     Bavaria.     Which  is  the  smallest?     L. 

Bound  Bavaria.  What  name  is  given  to  that  part  of  Bavaria  which 
lies  west  of  the  Rhine?  Bound  Wurtemburg.  Bound  Baden.  What  sep- 
arates the  two  parts  of  Hesse  Darmstadt  ?  A  strip  of  territory  belonging  to 
Prussia.  To  what  does  the  northern  part  of  Hesse  Darmstadt  belong  ?  To 
the  N.  German  Confederation.  How  is  Liechtenstein  situated?  On  the 
east  bank  of  the  Rhine,  a  few  miles  south  of  Lake  Constance. 


LESSON  CXXXIX. 

Capitals. — What  is  the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  Luxemburg  ?  How 
is  it  situated  2  What  is  the  capital  of  Oldenburg?  Of  Mecklenburg  Schwe- 
rin  (shtm-reen)  ?  Of  Mecklenburg  Strelitz  ?  Neu  Strelitz  (noi  stra'lits). 
Of  Brunswick  ?  Of  Saxony  ?  Of  Saxe  Meiningen  ?  Of  Saxe  Coburg- 
Gotha  ?  Of  Saxe  Weimar  ?  Of  Saxe  Altenburg  ?  Of  Hesse  Darmstadt  ? 
Of  Bavaria?     Of  Wurtemburg?     Of  Baden  ?     Carlsruhe  {larls'roo). 

Important  Places  In  Belgium. — How  is  Ghent  situated  ?  What  seaport 
has  Belgium  ?  On  what  water  is  it  ?  What  flourishing  commercial  city 
is  on  the  railroad  between  Ghent  and  Ostend  ?  Bruges  {bru'jiz).  What 
place  is  nine  miles  south  of  Brussels  ?  For  \yhat  is  Waterloo  famous  ? 
How  is  Charl&roi  (shar-leh-rwah')  sitnatei'i  Mechlm  (niek'Un)^  Liege? 
Na'mur  ? 


Important  Plaees  in  Holland. — Wliat  is  the  chief  literary  city  of  Holland  ? 
Leyden,  noted  for  its  university.  How  is  Leyden  situated  ?  What  place 
is  on  the  same  river,  a  little  h"gher  up  ?  U.,  actively  engaged  in  trade  and 
manufactures.  How  is  Haarlem  (har'lem)  situated?  With  what  places 
does  it  communicate  by  railroad?    Where  is  Zutphen ? 

Important  Places  In  Prnssia. — What  places  in  Prussia  are  on  the  Rhine  ? 
For  what  is  Cob'lentz  remarkable  ?  For  being  the  most  strongly  fortified 
place  in  Prussia.  What  place  on  the  western  frontier  is  connected  with 
Cologne  by  raSroad?  Aix-la-Chapelle  {ahes-lah-shali-peV),  noted  for  its 
mineral  waters.  What  city  in  the  south,  on  the  Moselle  ?  Treves,  the  old- 
est city  of  Germany. 

For  what  is  Dusseldorf  famous  ?  For  its  school  of  painting.  How  is 
it  situated?  Where  is  Hanover  ?  What  place  is  on  the  Havel,  south-west 
of  Berliu  ?  For  what  is  Potsdam  noted?  For  the  palace  of  Sans-Souci,  a 
favorite  residence  of  the  King  of  Prussia.    What  places  are  on  the  Oder? 

Important  Places  In  Saxony. — What  city  of  Saxony  is  the,  chief  seat  of 
the  porcelain  manufacture?  M.  How  is  Meissen  {mice' sen)  situated? 
From  what  does  Freiberg  derive  its  importance  ?  From  being  the  center 
of  a  rich  mining  district.  How  is  Cliemnitz  {kem'nits)  situated  ?  For 
what  is  it  noted  ?     For  its  cotton  manufactures. 

Important  Places  In  Bavaria. — What  places  in  Bavaria  are  on  the  Dan- 
ube? Of  these,  which  is  nearest  to  Austria?  For  what  is  Ratisbon 
celebrated  ?  For  having  been  the  seat  of  the  German  Diet.  What  place, 
one  of  the  most  ancient  cities  of  Germany,  is  in  the  north-western  part  of 
Bavaria,  on  the  Main  ?    What  is  the  principal  city  of  Rhenish  Bavaria?   S. 


LESSON    CXL. 

Important  Plaees  In  Wurtemburg  and  Baden. — What  city  in  Wurtemburg 
is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Danube  ?  U.  For  what  is  Ulm  mem- 
orable? For  the  surrender  of  nearly  30,000  Austrian  troops  to  Napoleon, 
in  1805.  How  is  Heilbronn  situated?  Where  is  Baden-baden?  For 
what  is  it  celebrated?  For  being  the  m,ost  beautiful  and piopular  watering- 
place  of  Germany.  Which  is  the  most  important  commercial  town  of 
Baden?  Mannheim  {mahn'hime).  How  is  Heidelberg  situated?  For 
what  is  it  noted  ?     For  its  university. 

Ishtnds  and  Mountains. — What  Island  lies  at  the  entrance  to  the  Zuider 
Zee?  What  island  lies  in  the  North  Sea,  north-west  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe?  To  what  country  does  Heligoland  belong?  What  two  islands  lie 
off  the  western  coast  of  Sleswick  ?  Where  are  the  Hartz  Mountains  ? 
What  mountains  separate  Bavaria  from  Bohemia  ?  Saxony  from  Bohemia  ? 
Is  the  section  represented  in  the  Map  mostly  mountainous  or  level  ? 

Blvers. — What  tributaries  has  the  Scheldt  ?  Name  some  of  the  branches 
of  the  Elbe.  AVhat  great  river  rises  in  Baden  ?  What  river  forms  the 
western  boundary  of  Baden  ?  What  is  the  principal  river  that  crosses 
Saxony  ?    Describe  the  Spree.    The  Havel. 

How  long  is  the  Rhine?  ^dO  miles.  How  far  is  it  navigable?  For 
vessels  of  200  tons,  to  Mentz;  for  smaller  vessels,  to  Schaffhausen  (shahf- 
hoto'zen).  What  is  the  length  of  the  Weser?  250  miles.  Of  the  Elbe? 
550  miles.  How  far  is  the  Elbe  navigable  ?  To  the  mouth  of  the  Moldau, 
in  Bohemia.  How  long  is  the  Oder?  5hQ  miles.  How  far  is  it  navigable  ? 
For  vessels  of  50  tons,  to  Breslau. 

Voyages,  etc. — On  what  waters  would  one  sail  in  making  a  voyage  from 
Cologne  to  Bremen?  From  Bremen  to  Hamburg?  From  Lubeck  to 
Frankfort  on  the  Oder  ?  From  Rotterdam  to  Antwerp  ?  Name  some  of 
the  rivers  that  have  railroads  running  along  their  banks.  With  what 
Prussian  port  is  Berlin  connected  by  railroad  ?  With  what  free  city  ? 
With  what  places  in  Saxony  ? 

General  Questions. — How  is  Cuxha'ven  situated  ?  To  what  republic  does 
it  belong  ?  How  is  Mentz  situated  ?  Between  what  waters  does  Sleswick 
lie  ?  Holstein  ?  AVhat  bays  on  the  Map  are  tributaries  of  the  Baltic  ? 
Where  is  the  DolLirt?  With  what  water  is  this  gulf  connected ?  Where 
is  Lake  Muritz  ?    The  Black  Forest  ? 


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108 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGKAPHY. 


ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS  OF  ASIA  AND  ACSTBAUA. 


1.  Slriped  liycim. 

8.  Indian  rlilnoci'ros. 

15.  Omitborhynclms. 

2.  lyccpard. 

9.  Bornean  eun-bear. 

Ifi.  Anslraliau  porcnpiue 

3.  TiRcr. 

10.  Wombat. 

17.  Rorqual. 

4.  Zebu,  or  Indian  ox. 

11.  Syrian  wild  asses. 

18.  Sea-bear. 

5.  Cobra. 

13.  Yak. 

19.  Sea-clephant. 

6.  Peacock 

13.  Tasmanian  wolf. 

20.  Sea-lion. 

7.  Indian  elephant. 

14.  Kangaroo. 

a.  Japanese  lilv. 

/.  Cocoa-nnt  palm. 

k.  Siberian  pines. 

b.  New  Zealand  panax. 

{/.  Wine-palm. 

/.  Australian  tree-ferns. 

c.  Jangle. 

/(.  Ban  van. 

m.  Cedars  of  Lebanon. 

d.  Screw-pine. 

(.   Dcodoms  cedar. 

n.  Norfiillj  Island  pine. 

e.  Bamboo. 

j.  Cabbage  palms. 

0.  New  Zealand  cypress. 

LESSOJf    CXLVI. 
ASIxV. 

Geographical  Position,  ete. — Asia  occupies  the  eastern  portion  of  the  East- 
ern Continent.  Its  length,  from  Bohriiig  Strait  to  Bab-el-Mandeb,  is  about 
0,700  miles;  and  its  breadth,  from  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  China 
Proper  to  the  Ural  Mountains,  is  about  3,800  miles. 

Physical  Features. — The  northern  and  north-western  parts  consist  of  vast 
plains ;  the  central  part  is  an  elevated  table-land.  Tlie  mountain  chains 
run  mostly  east  and  west.  The  river  systems  of  Asia  surpass  those  of  any 
other  portion  of  the  Eastern  Continent. 

Inhabitants. — The  inhabitants  belong  to  three  distinct  races, — the  Cauca- 
sian, the  Mongolian,  and  the  Mala3^  The  Hindoos.  Arabs,  and  Persians,  are 
branches  of  the  Caucasian  race ;  the  Chinese  and  Tartars,  of  the  Mongolian. 

Politital  DiTislons. — The  chief  political  divisions  of  Asia  are  Siberia,  the 
Chinese  Emjjire,  India  (including  Anani,  Siam,  Birmah,  and  Hindostan), 
Beloochistan,  Arabia,  Turkey,  Georgia,  Persia,  Turkestan,  Afghanistan,  and 
the  Empire  of  Japan. 

SIBERIA. 

Geograpiiical  Position,  ete. — This  immense  territory,  belonging  to  Euro- 
pean Russia,  occupies  the  entire  northern  part  of  the  Asiatic  Continent. 
It  is  a  vast  plain,  sloping  northward  toward  the  Arctic  Ocean. 


Soil,  etc.— Tlie  soil  is  sterile,  and  the  climate  intensely  severe.  Metals 
(chiefly  gold,  iron,  and  silver)  and  furs  are  the  principal  products. 

TniTeliBg  FaeUlties.— These  are  very  few.  The  rivers  furnish  the  chief 
moans  of  transpt)rt. 

Iniiabitants,  etc.— The  inhabitants  consist  of  various  tribes  of  Mongol 
descent,  and  of  exiles  from  European  Russia,  banished  for  political  or  other 
offences.  The  latter  are  under  the  charge  of  a  military  force,  and  occupy 
the  country  near  the  Ural  Mountains.  Mining  and  hunting  form  the  chief 
pursuits.  The  religion  of  the  native  tribes  is  Paganism ;  that  of  the  Rus- 
sian settlers,  the  Greek  Church. 

Jlannfactnres  and  Exports.— At  Irknt.sk  there  is  an  imperial  factory  of 
woolens  for  the  clothing  of  the  troops;  and,  in  some  of  the  mining  dis- 
tricts, there  are  imperial  founderies.  Tobolsk  has  some  tanneries  and  man- 
ufactories of  soap.     The  exports  are  furs,  leather,  and  metals. 

Important  Places.— Iuktitsk,  the  provincial  capital  of  eastern  Siberia,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Angara,  is  the  handsomest  town  in  the  territory,  and 
the  center  of  such  refinement  as  Siberia  possesses.  Tobolsk,  on  the  Irtish, 
is  the  provincial  capital  and  chief  emporium  of  western  Siberia. 

THE   CHINESE   EMPIRE. 

Geograpiiical  Position,  etc.-  The  Chinese  Empire  lies  south  of  Siberia.  It 
embraces  an  area  of  five  millions  of  square  miles,  in  which  are  included 
Mongolia,  Mantchooria,  Corea,  China  Proper,  and  Thibet. 


ASIA. 


109 


FLAO  or  CHINA. 


MONGOLIA  MD  IIAKTCHOORIA,  taken  together,  are  frequently  called 
Chinese  Tartary.  They  are  for  the  most  part  made  up  of  elevated  plains, 
hounded  by  mountain  ranges.  A  great  part  of  Mtmgolia  is  sterile,  forming 
the  Desert  of  Gobi,  about  1,200  miles  long  and  over  500  miles  wide. 

The  Mongolians  live  in  tents,  which,  as  the  pastures  fail,  they  remove 
ten  or  fifteen  times  a  year,  going  north  in  sprmg  and  south  in  autumn. 
Their  flocks  consist  of  horses,  camels,  black  cattle,  sheep,  and  goats. 

In  the  south-western  part  of  Mongolia,  sometimes  called  Chinese  Tur- 
kestan, considerable  trade  is  carried  on  by  means  of  caravans. 

COBEA  is  only  nominally  a  part  of  the  Chinese  Empire.  Its  king,  who 
has  absolute  authority  over  his  own  subjects,  is  obliged  to  pay  an  annual 
tribute  to  the  emperor  of  China.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Buddhism. 
Klngkitao  is  the  capital. 

• 

CHINA    PROPER. 

Geograplileal  Position. — China  Proper 
forms  the  south-eastern  part  of  the 
Chinese  Empire. 

Physical  Features. — Most  of  the  coun- 
try consists  of  a  succession  of  river- 
valleys,  divided  by  ranges  of  high  land. 
In  the  north-east  is  an  extensive  and 
fertile  plain. 

Soil,  etc  —  The  soil  is  fertile  and 
highly  cultivated ;  the  climate  is  cold 
in  the  north,  but  mild  in  the  south.  The  tea-plant  is  the  most  noted 
of  the  native  productions.  Eice  is  the  staple  grain.  Sugar-cane,  cot- 
ton, liemp,  tobacco,  rhubarb,  indigo,  the  varnish-tree,  the  camphor-tree, 
the  tallow-tree,  and  cinnamon,  are  among  the  most  common  trees  and 
siirubs.  Olives,  oranges,  pine-apples,  etc.,  are  abundant.  The  mulberry 
is  extensively  reared  for  the  support  of  the  silk-worm. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  Chinese  are  of  Mongolian  origin.  Their  religion 
is  Buddhism,  a  species  of  Paganism  held  by  more  than  one-tliird  of  the 
human  race.  Agriculture  and  manufactures  form  the  leading  pursuits. 
Trade,  both  inland  and  maritune,  is  extensive. 

Traveling  Facilities. — The  roads  are  narrow.  Traveling  and  traffic  are 
carried  on  chiefly  by  means  of  rivers  and  canals.  The  Imperial  Canal  runs 
through  the  eastern  part  of  China,  for  a  distance  of  about  700  miles. 

Mannractnres  and  Exports.— The  Chinese  have  great  skill  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  silks,  cotton  goods,  earthenware,  artificial  flowers,  and  papers  of 
fine  tissue,  in  the  carving  of  ivory,  tortoise-shell,  and  mother-of-pearl,  and 
in  the  arts  of  embroidery  and  dyeing.  Silk  and  nankeen  fabrics,  por- 
celain, lacquered  wares,  ivory  articles,  and  immense  quantities  of  tea,  are 
exported. 

Important  Places. — Pkkin,  the  capital  of  the  empire,  lies  in  a  sandy 
plain,  about  60  miles  south  of  the  Great  Wall  of  China,  and  100  miles 
from  the  sea. 

Nankin,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Yang-tse-kiang,  is  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal seats  of  the  silk,  paper,  and  cotton  manufactories  of  China.  Shang- 
HAi,  NiNGPO,  Foooiiow,  Amoy,  and  Canton,  are  free  commercial  ports. 
Canton,  on  the  Canton  River,  about  70  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  Shang- 
hai, on  the  Woosung  River,  14  miles  from  the  sea,  are  the  chief  commer- 
cial emporiums. 

THIBET,  a  region  of  central  Asia  Included  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  and 
situated  west  of  China  Proper,  is  but  imperfectly  known.  The  chmate  is 
cold.  The  people  are  engaged  mainly  in  rearing  sheep  and  goats.  The 
fine  hair  of  the  latter,  which  is  used  in  making  Cashmere  shawls,  is  largely 
exported. 

Lassa,  the  capital,  is  distinguished  for  being  the  residence  of  the  Grand 
Lama,  and  is  usually  crowded  with  noble  personages  from  various  parts 
of  Asia,  who  come  to  offer  him  costly  presents. 


LESSON    CXLVII. 

INDIA. 

India  comprises  two  large' peninsulas  in  sonthem  Asia;  Indo-China 
(called  also  India  beyond  the  Ganges  and  Farther  India)  and  Hindostan. 

mCO-CHINA,  OR  INDIA  BEYOND  THE  GANGEa 

Geographical  Position  and  Divisions. — Indo-China,  the  more  easterly  of  the 
two  great  i)eninsulas  of  India,  is  divided  chiefly  into  three  states ;  viz.,  the 
Kingdom  of  Siam  and  the  Empires  of  Anam  and  Birmah.  Besides  these, 
there  are  some  small  states  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  the  Provinces  of 
Tenasserkn,  Pegu,  and  Aracan.    These  provinces  belong  to  Great  Britain. 

Physical  Features. — The  peninsula  is  diversified  by  long  river-valleys,  and 
a  succession  of  mountain-chains. 

Soil,  etc. — The  soil  is  fertile ;  the  climate  is  hot  and  moist,  but  generally 
healthy.  Forests  are  numerous  and  yield  much  valuable  timber,  among 
which  are  many  woods  used  as  dyes  and  perfumes.  Rice  is  the  chief  crop ; 
cotton,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  the  sugar-cane,  are  extensively  raised.  Marble, 
amber,  also  sapphires  and  other  gems,  are  found  in  various  parts. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  inhabitants,  except  those  of  the  Malay  Peninsula, 
resemble  the  Hindoos  and  Chinese.  Their  religion  is  Buddhism.  Agri- 
culture is  pursued,  though  in  a  very  imperfect  manner.  Here,  as  indeed 
throughout  Asia,  much  of  the  labor  is  performed  by  women.  The  houses 
are  generally  constructed  of  bamboo  and  matting,  covered  with  thatch,  and 
resting  several  feet  above  the  ground  on  a  foundation  of  piles.  There  are 
few  if  any  roads  ;  the  rivers  afibrd  the  chief  means  of  communication. 

Mannfactnrcg  and  Exports. — A  few  silk  and  cotton  goods  are  woven. 
Dyeing  is  practised  to  some  extent.  The  people  of  Birmah  excel  in  gilding 
and  the  casting  of  bells.  Among  the  leading  exports  are  timber,  embracing 
a  variety  of  ornamental  woods,  raw  sUk,  cotton,  ivory,  gums,  cardamom- 
seeds,  and  edible  birds'  nests.* 

Important  Places. — Hufe,  the  capital  of  the  Empire  of  Anam,  situated 
about  ten  miles  from  the  China  Sea,  is  noted  for  its  fortress,  which  is  con- 
sidered the  strongest  in  Asia,  Bangkok,  the  capital  of  Siam,  on  the  Mei- 
nam,  is  a  large  city,  and  the  chief  trading  port  of  the  kingdom. 

Mandelay,  the  capital  of  Birmah,  lies  on  the  Irrawaddy,  about  six 
miles  north  of  Ava.  Rangoon,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  is  the  chief  commercial 
city  of  the  Birman  Empire.  Maulmain  {mawl-mine')  is  the  chief  town  of 
the  Tenasseijm  Provinces.  Singapore,  on  an  island  of  the  same  name  at 
the  extremity  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  one 
of  the  principal  commercial  emporiums  of  the  East. 

HINDOSTAN. 

Geographleai  Position,  etc — Hindostan  embraces  the  more  westerly  of  the 
two  peninsulas  of  India.  Its  area  nearly  equals  one-third  that  of  all  Europe. 

Divisions. — The  chief  divisions  of  Hindostan  are  the  British  Territories, 
the  Protected  States,  and  the  Independent  States. 

The  British  Territories  are  controlled  by  a  Governor-General,  who 
is  subject  to  the  sovereign  of  Great  Britain.  They  comprise  the  Presiden- 
cies of  Bengal  in  the  north,  Madras  in  the  south-eastern,  and  Bombay  in 
the  south-western,  part  of  the  peninsula.  (See  Small  Map  of  British  India.) 

The  Protected  States,  situated  mainly  in  the  central  part  of  Hin- 
dostan, retain  their  own  forms  of  government,  though  they  are  under  the 
protection  or  control  of  the  British. 

The  Independent  States  are  Nepaul  and  Bootan  (loo-tahn'),  which 
lie  along  the  southern  slope  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains. 

Physical  Features. — The  northern  part  is  a  vast  plain;  the  central  and 
southern  portions  consist  x)f  lofty  plateaus  bordered  by  mountains.    The 
Malabar  coast  is  high  and  bold ;  the  Coromandel  coast  is  low  and  sandy. 
•  Nests  of  a  species  of  swallow,  eaten  by  the  Chinese. 


110 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


Soil,  etc. — There  are  some  barren  tracts  in  the  interior  table-lands,  that 
are  deficient  in  water ;  but  the  valleys  of  the  Ganges  and  the  Indus  are 
exceedingly  fertile.  In  the  central  and  southern  parts,  the  heat  is  very 
great,  and  the  year  is  divided  into  two  seasons — the  wet  and  the  dry.  The 
woods  and  jungles  abound  in  ferocious  animals,  birds,  and  insects. 

The  vegetable  and  mineral  productions  of  India  are  rich  and  varied. 
Cocoa-nuts,  pomegranates,  citrons,  dates,  tamarinds,  pine-apples,  bananas, 
and  many  other  tropical  fruits,  grow  in  great  profusion.  Indigo  and  opium 
are  extensively  cultivated.     Diamonds  and  other  precious  stones  are  found. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  productions  is  the  banyan,  or  Indian  fig- 
tree,  whose  branches  extend  to  the  earth,  take  root,  and  form  new  trunks. 
A  banyan-tree  has  been  known  to  have  more  than  8,000  trunks,  and  to 
cover  seven  acres  of  ground. 

InhaUtants,  ete. — About  six-sevenths  of  the  inhabitants  are  included 
under  the  general  name  of  Hindoos ;  the  remainder  consist  of  various  for- 
eigners settled  in  India.  Among  the  native  tribes,  Brahminism  and  Moham- 
medanism prevail.  Agriculture,  unskillfully  conducted,  forms  the  leading 
pursuit.     Carpets,  shawls,  and  silk  fabrics,  are  extensively  manufactured. 

Traveling  Facilities.  —  The 
roads  are  mere  tracks ;  stages  are 
almost  wholly  unknown.  Steam- 
ers have  been  introduced  on 
some  of  the  rivers.  A  railroad 
connects  Calcutta  with  Delhi. 
Madras  and  Surat  are  also  ter- 
mini of  important  railroads. 

Slannfaetnres 
and    Experts. — 

Among  tlio  man- 
ufactures, cotton  Ji 
and  silk  fabrics 
and  Cashmere 
shawls  are  the 
most  important. 
The  leading  ex- 
ports are  indigo, 
opium,  cotton, 
wool,  silk,  drugs, 
perfumes,  and  precious  stones.    The  commerce  of  India  is  considerable. 

Important  Places. — Calcutta,  the  capital  of  thb  Bengal  Presidency  and 
of  British  India,  on  the  Hoogly,  is  the  seat  of  an  immense  trade.  The 
English  live  in  one  quarter  of  the  city,  and  the  natives  in  another.  Be- 
nares, the  holy  city  of  the  Hindoos,  on  the  Ganges,  is  a  noted  place  of 
resort  for  pilgrims  from  all  parts  of  India,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  trade  in 
diamonds. 

Madras,  the  capital  of  the  Madras  Presidency,  is  the  chief  commercial 
city  on  the  eastern  coast.  Bombay,  the  capital  of  the  presidency  of  the 
same  name,  on  Bombay  Island,  carries  on  a  trade  second  only  to  that  of 
Calcutta.  PoNBicnBERY,  80  miles  farther  south,  is  the  capital  of  the 
French  possessions  in  India.  Goa,  on  the  Malabar  coast,  is  the  capital  of 
the  Portuguese  possessions. 


HOSqCB    OF    JUMNA,   DELHI. 


LESSON  CXLVIII. 

BELOOOHISTAN. 

Geograpbleal  Position. — Beloochistan  is  situated  in  southern  Asia,  south 
of  Afghanistan,  between  Persia  and  Hindostan. 

Physical  Features. — The  surface  is  rugged  and  elevated. 

Soil,  ete. — The  soil  is  deficient  in  water  and  barren ;  the  climate  among 
the  mountains  is  cool,  but  in  the  plains  and  deserts,  hot.  In  the  plains  of 
the  north-east,  rice,  sugar-cane,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  indigo,  are  riused. 
The  camel  is  the  chief  beast  of  burden. 


Inhabitants,  etc — The  inhabitants  consist  chiefly  of  Beloochees  and  Bra- 
hooees.  They  dwell  principally  in  rude  tents,  made  of  goats'  or  camels' 
hair.  Their  religion  is  Mohammedanism.  Agriculture  is  but  httle  attended 
to.     Trade  is  carried  on  mainly  by  means  of  caravans. 

Important  Places. — Kelat,  the  capital,  stands  on  an  elevated  plateau 
about  6,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Khan  of  Kelat  is  the 
principal  native  ruler,  but  many  of  the  tribes  are  independent  of  his  con- 
trol.   GuNDAVA  is  the  usual  winter  residence  of  the  Khan. 

ARABIA. 

Geographical  Position. — Arabia  is  a  peninsula  in  south-western  Asia. 

Physical  Features. — The  coasts  are  low ;  the  interior  forms  a  series  of 
high  plateaus,  mostly,  desert.     Tliere  are  no  rivers  or  forests. 

Soil,  ete. — In  some  of  the  valleys,  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  climate  is  gen- 
erally hot,  and  the  driest  in  the  world.  Among  the  useful  plants,  cofiee 
holds  the  first  place ;  olives,  almonds,  filberts,  dates,  tamarinds,  and  vari- 
ous gums  and  drugs,  are  produced  in  abundance.  The  Arabs  raise  a  sort 
of  millet,  which  forms  their  chief  food ;  the  other  grains,  except  oats,  are 
also  cultivated.     The  Arabian  horse  and  camel  are  much  esteemed. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  Arabs  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  dwellers 
in  the  towns,  and  the  Bedouins  (hed'oo-eens),  or  inhabitants  of  the  desert, 
who  live  in  tents  and  lead  a  wandering  life.  Both  are  Mohammedans. 
Arabia  is  not  subject  to  one  sovereign  ;  the  people  are  divided  into  numer- 
ous independent  tribes,  each  governed  by  its  own  sheik  or  chief.  The  lead- 
ing occupation  is  the  raising  of  camels,  horses,  goats,  sheep,  etc. 

Traveling  Facilities. — Travelers  who  wish  to  cross  the  deserts  join  in 
caravans,  and  pay  tribute  to  the  various  tribes  through  whose  territory 
they  pass,  that  they  may  not  be  attacked  on  the  route.  A  single  caravan 
is  sometimes  composed  of  hundreds  of  men  and  camels. 

nannfactnres  and  Exports. — Manufactures  are  almost  wholly  unknown, 
except  as  a  domestic  pursuit  for  the  women.  The  exports  are  coffee,  dates, 
gum-arabic,  myrrh,  aloes,  and  various  drugs. 

Important  Places. — Mecca  is  celebrated  as  the  birth-place  of  Mohammed, 
and  is  supported  by  the  4)ilgrims  who  resort  to  it  in  caravans  from  every 
part  of  the  Mohammedan  world.  Muscat  is  the  largest  city,  and  the  chief 
emporium  of  trade  between  Arabia,  Persia,  and  India.  Medina  is  noted 
for  having  been  the  burial-place  of  Mohammed.  Aden,  on  the  southern 
coast,  belongs  to  the  British,  and  is  used  as  a  depot  for  coal,  which  is  sent 
there  in  immense  quantities  for  the  India  steamers. 

TURKEY   IN   ASIA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Turkey  in  Asia  lies  north  of  Arabia ;  with 
Turkey  in  Europe,  it  constitutes  the  Turkish  or  Ottoman  Empire. 

Divisions. — The  chief  divisions  of  Asiatic  Turkey  are,  1.  Asia  Minor,  or 
Anatolia,  in  the  north-western  part ;  2.  Ai-menia,  in  the  north-eastern 
part ;  8.  Syria,  in  the  southern  part,  between  the  Euphrates  and  the  Med- 
iterranean. The  southern  part  of  Syria  is  called  Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land. 

Physical  Features.— The  surface  of  Asia  Minor  is  mountainous,  with  high 
table-land  in  the  interior,  and  rich  plains  on  the  coast.  In  Armenia,  there 
is  a  succession  of  high  mountain-chains  and  elevated  valleys ;  in  Syria,  the 
western  part  is  mountainous,  and  the  eastern  an  elevated  plain. 

Soil, etc. — The  soil  is  generally  very  fertile;  the  climate  is  cold  and 
damp  in  the  mountainous  regions,  but  warm  and  dehghtful  in  the  valleys. 
Grain,  cotton,  coffee,  tobacco,  and  deUcious  fruits,  are  abundantly  produced. 
The  date-palm  furnishes  an  important  article  of  food. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  population  is  of  a  mixed  character,  embracing 
Turks,  Greeks,  Syrians,  Jews,  Arabs,  Armenians,  etc.  Mohammedanism  is 
the  prevailing  religion.  Agriculture  receives  but  little  attention.  In  Asia 
Minor,  considerable  care  is  bestowed  upon  the  rearing  of  live-stock. 

Traveling  Facilities. — These  are  limited ;  there  are  few  regular  roads. 


ASIA. 


Ill 


Mannfaetnres  and  Exports.  —  Manufactures  are  not  extensive.  Among 
them  are  caps  of  silk  and  gold  thread, — silk  sashes  and  cords, — silk-gauze 
shirts,  veils,  and  cloaks, — slippers,  tassels,  turbans,  divan  covers,  etc.  The 
exports  are  raw  silk,  cotton,  goats'  hair,  raisins  and  otlier  dried  fruits,  dye- 
woods,  drugs,  and  some  articles  of  native  manufacture. 

Important  Places. — Smyrna,  a  noted  seaport  of  Asia  Minor,  is  the  chief 
emporium  of  western  Asia.  It  presents  a  fine  appearance  from  the  sea, 
but  its  houses  are  only  one  story  high,  and  its  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty. 
Teebizond  is  a  fortified  port  on  the  Black  Sea,  largely  engaged  in  trade. 
Bagdad,  on  the  Tigris,  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of  red  and  yellow 
leather.  Damascus,  situated  in  a  fertile  plain  in  Syria,  is  surrounded  by  a 
dilapidated  wall.  Jerusalem,  a  city  of  Palestine,  is  interesting  chiefly 
from  having  been  the  scene  of  the  most  important  events  narrated  in 
Scripture  history. 

GEORQIA. 

Geographieal  Position,  ete. — This  country  lies  south  of  the  Caucasus  Mount- 
ains.    It  is  under  the  government  of  Russia. 

Pliysical  Features,  etc — The  surface  is  hilly;  much  of  it  is  covered  with 
forests.  The  soU  is  fertile.  The  chief  productions  are  wheat,  maize,  flax, 
and  hemp. 

Inliabitants,  ete. — The  population  is  composed  of  Georgians,  Armenians, 
Jews,  and  Turks.  The  prevailing  religion  is  that  of  the  Greek  Church. 
Agriculture  and  the  rearing  of  cattle  are  the  chief  sources  of  support. 
The  Georgians  are  a  handsome  race ;  the  women  are  noted  foe  their  beauty. 

Tif  us,  the  capital,  an  important  seat  of  trade,  is  noted  for  its  hot  baths. 


LESSON   CXLIX. 

PERSIA. 


Geograpblcal  Position. — Persia  lies  between  Asiatic  Turkey  and  Afghan- 
istan. 

Plijrsieai  Features. — ^The  interior  of  Persia  is  an  elevated  plateau,  a  large 
portion  of  which  is  desert.     Water  is  scarce. 

Soil,  etc — The  soil  of  the  table-lands  is  barren,  but  that  of  the  valleys  is 
very  fertile.  In  the  north,  the  climate  is  cool ;  in  the  south,  the  heats  of 
summer  are  almost  insupportable.  Hemp,  silk,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  corn, 
and  various  fruits,  drugs,  and  gums,  are  produced.  In  the  north-eastern 
part  are  some  mines  of  turquois  (tur-heez'), — a  gem  peculiar  to  Persia. 

Inliabitants,  etc — The  Parsees,  descendants  of  the  ancient  Persians,  are 
few  in  number.  Turks,  Tartars,  Armenians,  Arabs,  etc.,  compose  the  bulk 
of  the  population.  Jews  are  numerous  in  all  the  towns.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  Mohammedanism.  Manufactures  and  commerce  are  the  chief 
pursuits. 

Traveling  Faeilities. — The  roads  are  mere  mule-tracks ;  land  commerce 
is  carried  on  chiefly  by  means  of  caravans. 

Manufactures  and  Exports. — Silk  fabrics,  shawls  of  goats'  hair,  and  leath- 
er, form  the  most  important  articles  of  manufacture.  Among  the  exports 
are  dates  and  other  dried  fruits,  asafojtida,  opium,  safiron,  pearls,  tur- 
quoises, and  various  articles  of  native  manufacture. 

Important  Places. — Teheran,  the  capital,  lies  on  an  elevated  plain,  70 
miles  south  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Ispahan,  situated  in  a  fine  plain,  contains 
the  best  artisans  in  Persia,  and  is  the  seat  of  an  important  inland  trade. 
Busuuse,  on  the  Persian  Gulf,  is  the  chief  seaport. 

TURKESTAN. 

Geographieal  Position,  ete. — Turkestan  lies  west  of  the  Chinese  Empire.' 
It  is  divided  into  several  independent  states,  in  each  of  which  the  ruler  is 
styled  Khan.  The  principal  Khanats  are  Khokan  in  the  east,  Bokhara  in 
the  south,  and  Khiva  in  the  center. 

Physical  Features. — The  greater  part  of  Turkestan  is  an  immense  plain, 
with  a  gradual  slope  toward  the  Sea  of  Aral. 


Soil,  ete. — The  soil  in  some  of  the  valleys  is  fertile ;  the  climate  is  sub- 
ject to  great  extremes.  Cotton,  silk,  wool,  corn,  and  fruits,  are  among  the 
chief  productions.  In  the  south-eastern  part  are  mines  of  rubies,  and  a 
blue  stone  called  lapis  lazuli. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  are  chiefly  of  Tartar  origin.  Some  of 
the  tribes  attend  to  the  raising  of  flocks  and  hunting,  others  to  agricul- 
ture.    Mohammedanism  prevails. 

manufactures  and  Exports. — There  are  few  manufactures ;  some  silk  and 
cotton  stuffs  are  made  in  the  towns,  also  sabers,  knives,  and  other  weapons. 
The  chief  exports  are  hides,  horses,  furs,  and  wool. 

Important  Places. — Kiiokan,  the  capital  of  the  khanat  of  Khokan,  lies 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Silion  River.  Bokhara,  the  capital  of  the  khanat 
of  the  same  name,  is  the  most  celebrated  seat  of  learning  in  Asia. 

AFGHANISTAN, 

Geographieal  Position,  etc — Afghanistan,  a  country  of  central  Asia,  lies 
south  of  Turkestan.     Most  of  the  surface  consists  of  rocks  and  mountains. 

Soil,  etc — The  soil  and  climate  much  resemble  tlione  of  Turkestan.  To- 
bacco is  extensively  raised,  and  madder  is  also  an  important  product. 
Sheep  and  goats  are  abundant,  producing  a  fine  wool  used  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  shawls.     Agriculture  is  in  a  rude  state. 

Inhabitants,  ete. — The  inhabitants  consistof  Afghans  proper,  and  numer- 
ous other  races.     The  religion  is  Mohammedan. 

Blanufactures  and  Exports. — The  manufactures  are  confined  chiefly  to 
cotton  and  woolen  stuffs,  fire-arms,  and  saddlery.  Horses  are  reared  in 
great  numbers,  and  exported  to  India.  The  transit  trade  is  carried  on  by 
means  of  camels  and  horses. 

Important  Places. — Cabul,  the  capital,  is  famous  in  the  East  for  the 
vegetables  and  fruits  with  which  its  markets  abound.  Herat  is  the  chief 
emporium  of  the  trade  between  Persia  and  Hindostan. 

THE   EMPIRE   OF   JAPAN. 

Geographical  Position. — The  Empire  of  Japan  consists  of  several  islands 
situated  east  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

Soil,  et«. — Their  interior  has  not  been  explored  by  Europeans.  The  soil 
is  said  to  bo  sterile,  but  carefully  cultivated.  The  climate  is  subject  to 
great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.     The  islands  are  rich  in  minerals. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  Japanese  resemble  the  Chinese,  and  belong  to  the 
Mongolian  race.  Their  religion  is  Paganism.  They  are  noted  for  their 
works  in  iron,  copper,  and  steel,  and  their  skill  in  the  art  of  japanning. 
Agriculture  is  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection. 

The  Japanese, 

^  ^^s^S^  -^p^^__-  previous  to  1854, 

_.-^s__  ^r-^V=^:i      Iiid  no  dealings 

i=ES  :  1 7=?^-         with     any    for- 

eigners except 
the  Chinese  and 
Dutch,  and  even 
to  these  nations 
opened  but  one 
of  their  ports, 
Nagasaki.  They 
have  now  opened 
two  ports,  Ha- 
KODADi,  on  the 

island  of  Jesso,  and  Simoda,  on  Niphon,  for  the  accommodation  of  foreign 
vessels. 

Important  Places. — Jedo,  the  capital,  a  large  and  densely  populated  city 
on  the  Island  of  Niphon,  is  the  residence  of  the  military  emperor.  Miaco, 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  same  island,  is  the  chief  seat  of  learning,  the 
principal  manufacturing  city,  and  the  residence  of  the  spiritual  sovereign. 


JAPANESE  BOAT. 


112 


MAP    STUDIES    AND    GENERAL    QUESTIONS. 


STUDIES  ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA, 

BT8TBMATI0ALLT'     ARRANGED. 

LESSON  CL. 

Coantrles. — Bound  each  : — Morocco,  Algeria,  Tunis,  Tripoli,  Barca, 
Egypt,  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  Country  of  the  Somau'lics,  Zanguebar 
(zahnff-ffha-bar'),  Mozambique  [mo-zam-beek'),  the  Zoolu  Countiy,  Na- 
tal [nah-tahV),  Caffraria,  Cape  Colony,  Country  of  the  Hottentots,  and 
Country  of  the  Cimbebas  (sim-ba'baz)  and  Damaras  (da-mah'raz). 

Guinea,  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone  (se-er'rah  le-o'ne),  Senegambia,  Sa- 
hara {sah-hah'rah),  Fezzan  (fez-zahn'),  Soudan  (soo-dahn'),  Kordofan 
(kor-do-fahn'),  Ethiopia,  Country  of  the  Becbuanas  (bet-choo-ak'naz), 
Trans- Vaal  (vahl)  Kepublic,  and  Orange  River  Republic. 

Capital  Cities. — State  the  situation  of  each : — Morocco,  Algiers,  Tu- 
nis, Tripoli,  Cairo  (^/Vo),  Khartoom',  Gon'dar,  Zanzibar,  Mozambique, 
Pieterraaritsburg  (pe'ter-niahr'itz-burg),  King  William's  Town,  and 
Cape  Town. 

St.  Felipe  de  Benguela  (fa-le'pa  da  hcn-ga'lah),  St.  Paul  de  Loan- 
do,  St.  Salvador,  Benin  (ben-een'),  Abeokeuta,  Abomey  {ab-o-ma'), 
Coomassie, — Monrovia,  Free  Town,  Mourzouk  (moor-zoolc'), — Sego, 
Timbuctoo,  Sackatoo,  Kouka  (koo'kah),  Masena  {mak-sa'nah),  Wara 
(wah'rah),  Cob'be,  El  Obeid  {el  o-ba'eed), — Portchefstrom,  and  Bloem- 
fontein  (bloom-fon-tine).     {See  Map  of  Cape  Colony.) 


LESSON  CLI. 

Important  Places  In  the  Barbary  States,  Egypt,  and  Jfnbia. — State  the  situ- 
ation of  each : — Tangier  {tahnjeer'),  Slogadore,  Mequinez  {mek'e-nez), 
Fez, — Oran  {o-rahn),  Constantino  {kon-stahn-teen'), — Kairwan  {kire- 
loahn'), — Mesurata  {mes-oo-rah' tah), — Bengazi  {ben-gah' ze),  Derne  {der'- 
neli), — Alexandria,  Suez,  Siout  {se-oot'),  Es'neh, — Ipsarabool  {ip-sahm- 
bool),  Derr,  Suakin  {swah'kin),  Sennaar  {sen^nar'),  New  Dongola,  and 
Berber. 

In  Abyssinia  and  Eastern  AMta. — State  the  situation  of  each  : — Mas- 
souah  {mas' soo-ali),  Ankobar, — Ber'bera, — Magadoxo,  Mombaz,  Quiloa 
{ke'lo-ah),  Kazeh  {kah'zeh), — Quilimane  {ke-le-mah'na),  and  Sofala  {so- 
fah'lah). 

In  Sontbern  and  Western  Africa. — State  the  situation  of  each : — Gra- 
ham's Town,  Simon's  Town,— Loango,  Cape  Coast  Castle,  Ehnina  (e^- 
me'nali), — Timbo,  Bathurst,  and  St.  Louis, 


LESSON  cm. 


Important  Places  In  Sahara  and  Central  Africa.— State  the  situation  of 
each  :— Air  {ah-eer'),  Tisheet  {te-sheet'),  Taudeny  {iow'de-ne),  Tibesty 
{te-bes-te'), — Boussa  (600'saA),  Kano  {kah'no), — and  Sesheke(sa-«/ia')i;a). 

Islands.— Describe  each: — Soc'otra,  Seychelle  {sa-shel)  Islands, 
Amirante  {am-e-rant')  Islands,  Cosmoledo  {kos-mo-la'do)  Islands,  Zan- 
zibar, Com'oro  Islands,  Madagascar,  Mauritius  {maw-rish e-us),  Bour- 
bon, St.  Helena,  Ascension,  Cape  Verde  Islands,  Canary  Islands,  Ma- 
deira, and  Azores. 

Capes. — Describe  each: — ^Bon,  Guardafiii  {gwar-dah-fwe'),  Corri- 
entes,  Agulhas  {ah-gool'yahs),  Good  Hope,  Frio  {fre'o),  Lopez,  Pal- 
mas  {pahl'mahs),  Verde,  Blanco, — ^Ambro,  and  St.  Mary. 


LESSON    CLIII. 

nonntalns. — Describe  each : — Atlas,  Black,  Moon,  Snow,  Cameroons, 
Kong, — Mt.  Atalanta,  Mt.  Ke'nia,  and  Mt.  Kilimanjaro  {kil-e^mahn- 
jah-ro). 

Gnlfs  and  Bays. — Describe  each  : — Cabes  {kahb'es),  Sid'ra,  Sofala, 
Delago'a,  and  Guinea. 

Channel. — Describe  it : — Mozambique. 

Lakes. — Describe  each  : — Dembea  {dem'be-dh),  ~Batti  {baht'te), 
Nyassa  {ne-uhs'sah),  Shirwa,  Dibbie,  Tchad  {chahd),  Fittre  {fit'tra), 
Albert  Nyanza  {ne-ahn'zah),  Victoria  Nyanza,  Tanganyika  {tahn^gahn- 
ye'kah),  Dilolo  {de-lo'lo),  and  Ngami  {rCgah'me). 

Blvers. — ^Describe  each  : — Nile,  Blue,  White, — Haines,  Mato'ni, 
Zambezi  {zahm-ba'ze),  Limpo'po, — Orange,  Black,  Swakop  {swah'kop), 
Nourse,  Coanza  {ko-ahn'zah),  Congo,  Gaboon',  Niger,  Chad'da,  Gam- 
bia, Senegal  {sen-e-gawl), — Yeoo  {ya-oo),  and  Shary  {shah' re). 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  AFRICA, 

PROMISCUOUSLY      AKEANGBD. 

LESSON  CLIV. 

I.  Bound  Africa.  What  countries  of  Africa  border  on  the  Mediterranean 
Sea?  On  the  Red  Sea?  On  the  Indian  Ocean  and  Mozambique  Channel  ?  On  the 
Atlantic  ?  What  is  the  most  southerly  country  of  Africa  ?  The  most  northerly  ? 
The  most  westerly  ?  The  most  easterly  ?  What  mountains  lie  on  the  northern 
boundary  of  Upper  Guinea  ?     On  the  western  boundary  of  Zanguebar  f 

II.  What  three  cities  are  situated  at  the  mouths  of  the  Nile  ?  {See  Map  of 
Egypt.)  By  what  is  Suez  connected  with  Alexandria  ?  What  laiics  are  south- 
east of  Alexandria?  On  which  side  of  the  Nile  are  Benisouef  {ben-e-meef)  and 
Minieh  {me'tie-yeh)  ?  Where  are  the  Pyramids  ?  Where  are  the  ruins  of  Thebes  ? 
Where  is  the  Nubian  Desert  ?     The  Libyan  Desert  ? 

rH.  What  rivers  cross  Liberia  ?  {See  Map  of  Liberia.')  What  lies  south-east 
of  Liberia  ?  What  settlements  are  in  Maryland  ?  What  cape  is  on  the  coast  ? 
What  mountains  north  of  Maryland  ?  What  islands  are  west  of  Senegambia  ? 
West  of  Lower  Guinea  ?  West  of  Morocco  ?  To  what  country  do  the  Canary 
Isles  belong  ?  The  Madeira  Isles  ?  What  city  is  the  capital  of  the  Madeira  Isles  ? 
Funclial.     To  what  country  do  the  Azores  belong  ? 

IV.  What  cape  projects  from  the  north  coast  of  Madagascar  ?  From  the  south 
coast  ?  What  mountains  are  in  Madagascar  ?  What  place  is  the  capital  ?  Ta- 
nanarivo  (tajt-nah-nah-re-voo').  What  two  islands  lie  east  of  Madagascar,  and 
to  what  countries  do  they  belong?  What  islands  lie  in  Mozambique  Channel? 
What  islands  lie  north-east  of  Madagascar  ? 

V.  What  rivers  form  most  of  the  northern  boundary  of  Cape  Colony  ?  {See 
Map  of  Cape  Colony^  What  mountains  in  the  southern  part  ?  Mention  some 
of  the  towns  of  Cape  Colony.  What  bays  indent  the  coast  ?  What  countries 
lie  between  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  country  of  the  Bechuanas  ?  Which  of 
these  border  on  the  Indian  Ocean  ?     Where  is  Palmerston  ?     Smithfield  ? 

VL  What  lakes  arc  in  Ethiopia  ?  By  whom  and  when  were  they  respectively 
discovered?  What  two  noted  peaks  belong  to  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon? 
Where  is  the  Kalahari  Desert  ?  What  countries  of  Africa  have  no  sea-coast  ? 
What  countries  of  Africa  are  in  the  torrid  zone  ?  In  the  north  temperate  ?  In 
the  south  temperate  ?     What  is  the  longest  river  of  Africa  ?    The  largest  city  ?  C 

VIL  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  does  Africa  extend  ?  Between  abotU 
37°  N.  lot.  and  35°  S.  lat.  What  capital  city  in  the  United  States  is  in  about  the 
same  latitude  as  Fez  ?  Columbia,  in  South  Carolina.  Between  what  degrees  of 
longitude  does  Africa  lie  ?  Between  about  11^°  W.  and  5\Y  E.  Ion.  What  coun- 
try of  Europe  extends  about  as  far  west  as  Morocco  ?  Ireland.  How  does  Africa 
compare  in  size  with  South  America  ?     It  if  nearly  as  large  again  as  S.  Ameriea. 


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PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


1    nippopotamuB 

9    Great  African  King 

Id   'iablo  antelope 

2   Cape  buflfalo 

fisher 

17    Genisbok 

3    Luiti 

10   GiraffLS 

18   Ohtrieh 

4   Jackal 

11    Zebras 

l'»    t.nu 

|>   Gorilla 

12    African  cli  pi  ant 

20   African  iLinoceroB. 

<)    Lemur 

13   SpniiKbok 

21    B.ib\roiis>-a 

7.  Baboon. 

14.  Uartcbeeste. 

22.  Vlacke  vark. 

8.  Chimpanzee. 

15.  Arabian  camel. 

23.  Crocodile. 

a.  Papyrus.             <l. 

Encephalartos  corridus.     /.  Date  pnlm  (phoenix),      t.  Strelitzia  an 

b.  Water  lilies.      e. 

Acacia  girafljr,  or  camel-     g.  Eupliorbia 

gnsla. 

c.  Livistoiiia. 

thorn.                              /'•  Guinea  oil 

-palm.            j.  Muea. 

LESSON   CLV. 
AFRICA. 

Geographlfal  Position,  ctt. — Africa  lies  south-west  of  Asia,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Suez  Canal  and  the  Red  Sea.  Its  greatest  length  from 
north  to  south  is  about  5,000  miles;  and  its  greatest  breadth,  4,800. 

Pliysieal  Features^ — Although  much  of  Africa  is  yet  unexplored,  it  is 
known  that  it  contains  more  desert  land  than  any  of  the  other  grand  di- 
visions. It  is  supposed  that  the  surface  rises  in  terraces  from  the  coast, 
forming  in  the  interior  an  immense  plateau. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Africa,  except  the  northern  part  and  some  settlements 
on  the  coast,  is  inhabited  by  negro  tribes,  whose  religion  is  Pagan  and 
their  condition  barbarous.  The  inhabitants  of  northern  Africa  belong 
chiefly  to  the  Caucasian  race.  Respecting  the  past  history  and  present 
condition  of  the  interior  of  Africa,  we  know  very  little. 

Politifal  DiTls'ions. — The  chief  divisions  of  Africa  are  Morocco,  Algeria, 
Tunis,  Tripoli  (together  called  the  Barbary  States'),  Egypt,  Nubia,  Abys- 
sinia, the  Country  of  the  Somaulies,  Zanguebar,  Mozambique,  the  Zoolu 
Country,  Natal  Colony,  Caffraria,  Cape  Colony,  the  Hottentot  Country, 
the  Country  of  the  Bechuanas,  the  Trans-Vaal  Republic,  the  Orange  River 
Republic,  Cirabebas,  Guinea,  Liberia,  Sierra  Leone,  Scneganibia,  Sahara, 
Soudan,  and  Ethiopia. 

Tlie  boundary  lines  of  many  of  those  divisions  are  very  indefinite. 


THE   EMPIRE   OF    MOROCCO. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Morocco,  the  most  important  of  the  Barbary 
States,  occupies  the  north-western  extremity  of  Africa.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  interspersed  in  some  parts  with  fine  plains  and  valleys.  The 
soil  is  celebrated  for  its  fertility  ;  and  the  climate,  in  the  higher  regions  and 
on  the  coast,  is  mild  and  healthy.  .Fruits  are  plentiful ;  and  grain,  sugar- 
cane, cotton,  and  tobacco,  are  raised  in  considerable  quantities. 

Inhabitants,  etc.— These  are  chiefly  Moors,  Jews,  Berbers,  and  Arabs. 
The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedan.  Agriculture  is  rudely  conducted. 
There  is  some  trade  with  Arabia  and  the  negro  tribes  south  of  the  Great 
Desert.  Traveling  facilities  are  very  inferior.  Inland  commerce  is  carried 
on  by  means  of  caravans.  The  chief  manufactures  are  carpets,  cloth  caps, 
leather,  earthenware,  and  silk  fabrics;  the  exports  are  frnit,  wax,  olive-oil, 
wool,  carpets,  hides,  skins,  gum,  indigo,  salt,  leather,  and  leeches. 

Important  Places.— Morocco,  the  capital,  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  thirty 
feet  in  height,  and  contains  many  beautiful  mosques.  Tangier  carries  on 
an  active  trade  with  the  Spanisli  ports.  Mooadoee  is  the  chief  seaport. 
Fez  is  celebrated  for  its  trade  in  red  and  yellow  morocco. 

THE    COLONY    OF    ALGERIA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc.— Algeria,  a  colony  of  France,  extends  along 
the  Mediterranean  for  about  600  miles.  The  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
only  good  soil  is  in  the  valleys  between  the  mountains  and  the  coast.  Tlie 
climate  is  temperate  and  healthy.    The  productions  are  like  those  of  Mo- 


AFRICA. 


116 


rocco,  with  the  exception  of  sugar-cane  and  cotton.  The  coral  and  sponge 
fislieries  on  the  cosu-t,  are  valuable.  Iron,  copper,  and  lead,  are  the  chief 
minerals. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — Tliese  are  mainly  Berbers,  Jews,  Moors,  Turks,  Arabs, 
and  negroes,  together  with  some  French  and  other  European  settlers. 
The  French  are  Roman  Catliolics;  the  natives,  Mohammedans.  Some 
attention  is  paid  to  agriculture,  mining,  and  manufactures.  The  chief 
manufactures  are  linen,  woolen,  and  silk  fabrics,  saddles,  carpets,  hard- 
ware goods,  and  coarse  pottery.  Among  the  exports  are  coral,  skins,  bones, 
horns,  wool,  wax,  oil,  ostrich -feathers,  and  barks  for  tanning  purposes. 

Important  Places, — Algiers,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  is  the  capital. 
Co^JSTANTiXE  carries  on  an  active  trade  in  tlie  products  of  Central  Africa. 

TUNIS. 

Geographical  Position,  etc.— Tunis  lies  east  of  Algiers.  The  interior  is  but 
little  known,  tliere  being  few  facilities  for  travel.  The  soil  is  fertile;  the 
climate,  temperate  and  healthy.  The  chief  productions  are  grain,  olives, 
tobacco,  and  tropical  fruits. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  inhabitants  consist  of  Arabs,  Jews,  Turks,  and 
Moors, — mostly  Mohammedans.  Agriculture  is  neglected.  The  manu- 
factures are  red  woolen  caps,  embroidery,  leather,  boots,  slippers,  soap,  and 
essences.  Oil,  wood,  sponges,  red  caps,  soap,  and  essences,  form  the  chief 
exports. 

Important  Places.— Tunis,  the  capital  and  largest  commercial  city,  stands 
on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name.     Kairwan  is  noted  for  its  manufactures. 

TRIPOLI. 

Geographical  Position,  ete. — Tripoli,  including  Barca  and  Fezzan,  lies  be- 
tween tlie  Mediterranean  Sea  and  the  Great  Desert.  In  the  eastern  part 
are  extensive  tracks  of  sand ;  in  the  south,  the  surface  is  mountainous ;  in 
tlie  west,  diversified.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  From  May  to  Septem- 
ber, the  heat  is  intense.     The  iiroductions  are  like  those  of  Tunis. 

Inhabitants,  etc. — The  towns  are  inhabited  chiefly  by  Moors  and  Jews  ; 
the  i-ural  ]jopulation  consists  of  Ai'abs.  Religion,  Mohammedan.  Travel- 
ing facilities  are  inferior.  Among  the  leading  manufactures  are  carpets, 
cloaks,  articles  made  of  goats'  hair,  leather,  potash,  and  coarse  earthenware. 
The  chief  exports  are  dates,  olives,  rock  salt,  and  manufactured  goods. 

Important  Places. — Tripoli,  the  capital,  on  tlie  Mediterranean  coast,  car- 
ries on  considerable  trade  with  the  interior  of  Africa. 

FEZZAN  is  ruled  by  a  sultan,  who  pays  an  annual  tribute  to  thePashaw 
of  Tripoli.  Tlie  people  are  a  mixed  race,  of  Arabic'and  negro  extraction. 
MouRzoDK,  the  capital,  is  a  great  rendezvous  for  caravans. 

EGYPT. 

Geographieai  Position,  ete. —Egypt 
lies  between  the  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  Nubia.  Its  great  natural  feature 
is  the  River  Nile.  The  valley  of  this 
river  is  very  narrow,  being  shut  in  by 
high  rocks,  beyond  whicJi  the  country 
Is  mostly  a  desert. 

Soil,  etc. — The  valley  of  the  Nile  is 
rendered  exceedingly  fertile  by  the  an- 
nual inundations  of  the  river.  The  cli- 
mate of  Egypt  is  hot  and  dry.  Grain, 
cotton,  rice,  indigo,  and  various  drugs  and  fruits,  are  among  the  chief 
productions.  Beans  and  dhourra  (a  kind  of  grain)  are  extensively  cultivated. 
Inhabitants,  etc. — Most  of  the  inhabitants  (called  Fellahs)  are  of  Arabic 
descent ;  the  remainder  are  Copts,  Turks,  Greeks,  Jews,  etc.  They  are  an 
ignorant  and  degraded  people.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Mohammedan- 
ism.    Agriculture  forms  the  leading  pursuit. 


G 


.1 


FLAG   OF  EGYPT. 


Antiqnities.— Along  the  Nile  are  many  specimens  of  ancient  art, — pyr- 
amids, temples,  statues,  obelisks,  sphinxes,  and  caves  hewn  in  the  rocks. 

Trareling  Facilities. — Roads  and  canals  have  recently  been  constructed, 
and  a  railroad  has  been  built  between  Alexandria  and  Cairo. 

9Iannfactnres  and  Exports. — The  chief  manufactures  are  linen  goods,  car- 
pets, silk  handkerchiefs,  jewelry,  and  pottery.  The  leading  exports  are 
cotton,  rice,  wheat,  rose-water,  indigo,  senna,  dates,  opium,  coftee,  gums, 
porous  earthenware  jars,  matting,  and  carpets. 

Important  Places. — Cairo,  the  capital,  is  the  largest  city  in  Africa. 
Alexandria,  about  100  miles  from  Cairo,  is  a  celebrated  seaport.  Dami- 
ETTA,  on  the  east  branch  of  the  Nile,  is  largely  engaged  in  trade. 

NUBIA. — Nubia,  a  large  country  under  the  dominion  of  Egypt,  lies  be- 
tween it  and  Abyssinia.  The  surface,  soil,  and  climate,  are  like  those  of 
Egypt.  The  chief  productions  are  dhourra,  barley,  cotton,  indigo,  senna, 
coftee,  and  dates.    Ebony-trees  are  numerous. 

Inliabitanfs,  etc — The  Nubians,  who,  as  a  people,  are  superior  to  the 
Egyptians,  belong  partly  to  the  Caucasian,  and  partly  to  the  negro,  race ; 
they  are  mostly  Mohammedans.  Slaves  constitute  the  chief  article  of  traf- 
fic. The  only  manufactures  are  a  few  domestic  articles ;  the  exports  dre 
chiefly  the  products  received  from  Central  Africa. 

Important  Places. — Khartoom,  the  capital,  is  the  rendezvous  for  slave 
caravans  and  the  residence  of  the  viceroy.  Suakin,  on  the  Red  Sea,  has  a 
good  harbor,  and  is  an  important  station  for  pilgrims  on  the  way  to  and 
from  Mecca. 


LESSON  CLYI, 

ABYSSINIA. 

Geographical  Position,  etc. — Abyssinia,  a  inountainous'and  well-watered 
country,  lies  south-east  of  Nubia.  It  is  divided  into  several  states,  respect- 
ing which  but  little  is  known.  Tlie  soil  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility.  The 
climate  is  intensely  hot  in  the  valleys.  Cotton,  flax,  coffee,  and  teff,  a 
plant  from  which  bread  is  made,  are  cultivated. 

Iniiabitants,  etc. — The  inliabitants  comprise  difliferent  tribes,  many  of  them 
barbarous.  Their  religion  is  a  corrupt  Christianity.  Leather,  coarse  cot- 
ton and  woolen  goods,  sword-blades,  spear-heads,  etc.,  are  the  only  manu- 
factures.    The  chief  exports  are  gold-dust,  ivory,  and  slaves. 

Important  Places. — Goxdak.  the  capital,  is  about  20  miles  trom  Lake 
Dembea.     Ankobar,  300  miles  from  Gondar,  is  nest  to  it  in  hnportance. 

EASTERN  AFRICA. 

Geographical  Position. — Eastern  Africa  embraces  the  countries  on  the 
coast,  between  Abyssinia  on  the  north  and  the  Zoolu  Country  on  the  south. 

Divisions,  etc.— The  chief  divisions  of  Eastern  Africa  are,  1.  The  Coun- 
try of  the  Somaulies,  oocupie(J  by  numerous  tribes.  2.  Zanguebar,  which 
is  partly  .subject  to  the  Sultan  of  Muscat,  partly  to  native  princes;  it  ex- 
ports rice,  sugar,  gums,  elephants'  tusks,  and  ostrich-feathers.  3.  Mozam- 
bique, which  is  claimed  by  the  Portuguese  ;  it  exports  ivory,  slaves,  gold, 
and  coffee. 

Important  Places. — Berbera,  in  the  Country  of  the  Somaulies,  is  noted 
for  its  annual  fair.  Zanzibar  is  the  capital,  and  Mag  ado  so  the  chief  port, 
of  Zanguebar.  Mozambique,  Quilimane,  and  Sofala,  are  the  chief  settle- 
ments on  the  coast  of  Mozambique.  They  are  in  the  possession  of  the  Por- 
tuguese, who  have  made  Mozambique  their  capital. 

SOUTHERN   AFRICA. 

Divisions,  etc. — The  chief  divisions  of  Southern  Africa  are,  1.  The  Zoolu 
Country,  lying  south  of  Mozambique.  2.  Natal,  a  colony  of  Great  Brit- 
ain; it  produces  cotton,  indigo,  sugar-cane,  and  various  fruits.  3.  Caf- 
fraria,  partly  under  the  dominion  of  the  British,  and  partly  under  the  con- 


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118 


PHYSICAL    AND    POLITICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON    CLX. 
OCEANIA,    OK    OCEANICA. 

Geograpliieal  Position,  etc — Oceania,  one  of  the  Grand  Divisions  of  land 
on  the  globe,  comprises  Australia  and  most  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.    It  is  divided  into  Polynesia,  Australasia,  and  Malaysia. 

POLYNESIA. 

Gronps. — The  principal  groups  of  Polynesia  are  the  Bonin,  Sandwich, 
Marquesas,  Low  Archipelago,  Society,  Cook,  Friendly,  Navigator,  Feejee, 
Caroline,  and  Ladrone  Islands. 

Those  which  lie  south  of  the  equator  are  called  the  South  Sea  Islands, 
and  those  on  the  north  are  embraced  under  the  name  of  Micronesia. 

Soil,  ett. — In  the  mountainous  islands,  the  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile. 
The  climate  is  warm,  and  vegetation  rich.  Tropical  fruits  and  flowers  of 
brilliant  hues  abound.  Palms,  cocoa-nut  trees,  and  tree-ferns  flourish. 
The  bread-fruit  is  an  important  article  of  native  diet.  The  chief  minerals 
are  gold,  diamonds,  copper,  lead,  coal,  tin,  and  rock  salt.  The  principal 
animals  are  orang-outangs,  monkeys,  kangaroos,  Malay  tapirs,  etc.  Black 
swans  and  birds  of  paradise  are  among  the  birds. 

Inbabitants,  et«. — Polynesia  is  inhabited  by  tribes  of  a  light-brown  color, 
allied  to  the  Malay  race ;  they  are  in  a  savage  condition,  except  where 
Christianity  and  civOization  have  been  introduced  by  missionaries. 

THE  SANDWICH  ISLES,  the  most  im- 
portant group  of  Polynesia,  lie  in  the 
North  Pacific  Ocean,  1,800  miles  west 
of  Cahfornia. 

Surface,  etc. — In  Hawaii,  the  largest 
island  of  Polynesia,  there  are  several 
active  volcanoes.  The  climate  is  mild 
and  salubrious.  Wheat  is  raised  in  the 
uplands ;  in  the  valleys,  cofl'ee,  sugar, 
cotton,  tobacco,  arrow-root,  cocoa, 
bread-fruit,  yams,  etc.,  are  produced. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  natives  have 
embraced  Christianity  and  made  considerable  advance  in  civilization.  The 
commerce  of  the  islands  is  extensive,  constant  communication  being  main- 
tained with  San  Francisco.  The  chief  exports  are  sugar,  coffee,  whalebone, 
and  whale-oil. 

Honolulu,  the  commercial  emporium  and  capital  of  the  group,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  island  of  Oahu. 

SOCIETI  ISLES. — This  group,  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  consists  of 
Tahiti,  which  is  about  32  miles  long,  and  a  number  of  smaller  islands. 

All  the  islands  are  more  or  less  mountainous;  the  soil  is  fertile.  The 
principal  commerce  consists  in  the  exportation  of  pearl-shells,  sugar,  cocoa- 
nut  oil,  and  arrow-root,  by  the  foreigners  settled  there.  The  chief  occu- 
pations are  agriculture  (rudely  conducted),  fishing,  and  canoe-building. 

Papieti  (pah-pe-a'te),  a  village  on  the  coast  of  Tahiti,  is  the  capital  of 
the  islands.    The  entire  group  is  under  the  protection  of  France. 

TDE  CABOLINE  ISLMDS  are  divided  into  numerous  groups,  extending 
from  east  to  west,  over  a  space  of  about  2,000  miles.  Their  climate  is  mild, 
and  the  inhabitants  are  skillful  navigators. 

THE  LIDRONE  ISLANDS,  about  twenty  in  number,  of  which  only  five  are 
inhabited,  lie  north  of  the  Caroline  Group.  They  present  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, their  mountains  being  covered  with  perpetual  verdure.  The 
chief  productions  are  cotton,  indigo,  rice,  sugar,  and  plantain.  The  Caro- 
line and  the  Ladrone  Islands  belong  nominally  to  Spain,  and  form  part  of 
the  government  of  the  PhOippine  Islands. 


AUSTRALASIA. 

This  division  of  Oceania  includes  the  Australian  Continent  and  numer- 
ous islands  situated  in  the  adjacent  waters. 

AUSTRALLA.. 

Geographical  Positioo. — Australia  lies  south  of  the  equator,  between  the 
South  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  west. 

Divisions. — Australia  is  divided  into  five  colonies,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain ;  viz.,  Queensland,  New  South  Wales,  Victoria,  South  Australia, 
and  Western  Australia. 

Physical  Features. — The  greater  portion  of  the  interior  is  yet  unexplored ; 
those  parts  that  have  been  visited,  are  dry  and  barren  plains.  The  most 
elevated  mountain  range  of  this  country  extends  along  its  eastern  coast. 

Soil,  etc — In  the  eastern,  south-eastern,  and  south-western  parts,  there 
are  large  tracts  of  fertile  land.  The  climate  is,  in  general,  dry  and  healthy ; 
in  the  north,  it  is  intensely  hot.  Both  the  vegetable  and  animal  produc- 
tions present  the  most  striking  contrast  to  those  of  other  parts  of  the  world. 
The  native  trees  are  all  evergreens;  and  the  forests  consist  chiefly  of  aca- 
cias, gum-trees,  and  gigantic  ferns.  Many  of  the  food-plants  of  Europe 
have  been  introduced,  and  are  now  cultivated  with  success. 

Inhabitants,  etc — The  aborigines  belong  to  the  negro  family.  The  whites, 
consisting  chiefly  of  British  settlers  and  their  descendants,  are  rapidly  in- 
creasing, owing  to  the  discovery  of  gold-mines  in  the  south-eastern  dis- 
tricts. The  leading  pursuits  of  the  settlers  are  mining  and  the  production 
of  wool. 

Exports. — The  chief  exports  are  gold,  wool,  tallow,  and  hides. 

Cities. — Sydney,  the  capital  of  New  South  Wales,  is  rapidly  advancing 
in  population  and  commercial  importance.  Melboukne,  the  capital  of  Vic- 
toria, lies  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yarra  Yarra  River. 

PAPUA,  or  NEW  GUINEA,  lies  north  of  Australia.  The  interior  of  the 
island  is  supposed  to  be  mountainous.  The  inhabitants  are  partly  Malays 
and  partly  Papuan  negroes.  Fine  woods,  medicinal  barks,  pearls,  birds-of- 
paradise,  etc.,  are  brought  from  this  island  by  traders. 

NEW  ZEALAND,  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  comprises  North,  Middle,  and 
South  Island,  with  several  small  adjacent  isles. 

The  interior  of  the  islands  is  hilly,  and  in  parts  mountainous.  The  soil 
is  fertOe  ;  the  climate,  mild  and  damp.  European  fruits  and  vegetables  are 
successfully  cultivated.  There  are  no  wild  animals  or  noxious  reptiles. 
The  chief  minerals  are  copper,  sulphur,  and  iron. 

The  natives  belong  to  the  Malay  race.  Most  of  them  still  retain  their 
barbarous  customs.  The  chief  exports  are  wool,  flax,  timber,  and  the 
produce  of  the  whale  fishery.     Auckland,  on  North  Island,  is  the  capital. 

VAN  DIEIIEN'S  LAND. — This  island,  a  colony  of  Great  Britain,  is  situ- 
ated south  of  Australia.  The  surface  is  mountainous,  and  the  soil  not 
very  fertile.  The  climate  is  colder  than  that  of  Australia.  Sheep  form 
the  most  important  source  of  wealth.  The  leading  exports  are  wool, 
whalebone,  and  whale-oil. 

HoBAKT  Town,  the  capital  of  the  colony,  lies  on  the  southern  coast. 

MALAYSIA,    OR    THE   ASIATIC    ARCHIPELAGO. 

This  division  of  Oceania  consists  of  a  range  of  large  islands  lying  di- 
rectly south-east  of  Asia.     They  are  sometimes  styled  the  East  Indies. 

The  sou  is  very  fertile,  and  the  climate  warm.  The  larger  islands  pro- 
duce sugar,  coffee,  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  and  valuable  timber,  while  the 
smaller  ones  yield  spices  and  aroniaties.  Rice  is  everywhere  extensively 
cultivated ;  sago  is  raised  in  the  eastern  islands.  The  natives  of  Malaysia 
are  chiefly  of  the  Malay  race. 

THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLES,  about  1,000  in  number,  lie  in  the  northern 
part  of  Malaysia.    They  belong,  for  the  most  part,  to  Spam. 


OCEANIA.  — GENERAL  REVIEW. 


119 


The  surface  of  the  larger  islands  is  mountainous.  The  climate  is  moist, 
but  not  warm  for  the  latitude.  More  than  half  the  population  are  Malays ; 
the  remainder  are  Papuan  negroes,  Chinese,  European  and  other  settlers. 

Coarse  earthenware,  hats  made  from  the  fibers  of  cane,  mats,  cigar- 
cases,  and  rope,  are  the  chief  articles  of  native  manufacture.  Kice,  sugar, 
hemp,  cigars,  rope,  and  sapan-wood,  are  the  chief  exports.  Manila,  the 
capital  of  the  Philippine  group,  is  the  seat  of  an  extensive  trade. 

THE  MOLUCCAS,  OR  SPICE  ISLANDS,  are  subject  to  the  Dutch.  They  are 
celebrated  for  their  spices,  particularly  nutmegs  and  cloves. 

JAVA,  a  large  island,  situated  between  the  Java  Sea  and  the  Indian 
Ocean,  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  Dutch  power  in  the  East.  The  southern 
part  of  the  island  is  elevated.  Volcanoes  are  numerous.  Tlie  soil  is  rich, 
and  is  noted  for  the  variety  and  abundance  of  its  productions.  Cotton, 
sugar,  rice,  and  coffee,  are  raised  in  large  quantities,  and  form  the  leading 
exports.     The  climate  is  hot. 

Tlie  Javanese  belong  to  the  Malay  race,  and  are  superior  to  the  other 
nations  of  Malaysia.  Their  religion  is  Mohammedan;  agriculture  is  the 
chief  pursuit.  Batavia,  on  the  northern  coast,  is  the  capital  of  tlie  Dutch 
settlements  in  the  East  Indies,  and  their  great  commercial  emporium. 

SUMATRA  lies  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  immediately  under  the  equator. 
The  western  side  is  mountainous;  the  eastern  spreads  out  into  plains. 
The  soil  is  fertile;  the  climate,  Lot  and  moist.     The  natives  are  chiefly 


Malays.    The  staple  production  is  pepper,  which,  with  camphor,  benzoin, 
cinnamon,  ebony,  rattans,  sandal-wood,  aloes,  and  sago,  is  largely  exported. 

BORNEO. — This  immense  island,  which  exceeds  in  size  the  united  areas 
of  our  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  lies  in  the  center  of  Malaysia.  The 
shores  are  low;  the  interior  is  supposed  to  be  mountainous  and  well- 
watered.  Among  the  many  vegetable  productions  are  maize,  rice,  yams, 
sago,  coffee,  cotton,  pepper  and  other  spices,  cocoa-nuts,  tobacco,  and 
gutta-percha.  The  mineral  products  are  of  the  richest  kind,  comprising 
gold,  diamonds,  platinum,  tin,  antimony,  copper,  and  iron. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  aborigines  (sometimes  called  Dyaks),  Malays, 
Chinese,  and  Boogis  from  Celebes.  The  northern  and  the  north-western 
coast,  comprising  the  territory  of  Borneo  Proper,  are  under  the  control  of 
Great  Britain  ;  most  of  the  remaining  coast  belongs  to  the  Dutch. 

The  leading  exports  are  camphor,  gold,  diamonds,  edible  birds'-nests, 
and  trepang  (a  gelatinous  substance  found  adhering  to  rocks,  esteemed  a 
great  luxury  by  the  Chinese). 

CELEBES,  an  irregularly  shaped  island,  lies  east  of  Borneo.  Dense 
forests  clothe  the  mountain  sides.  The  well-known  Macassar  oil  is  ex- 
tracted from  the  badeau-tree.  Celebes  is  divided  chiefly  among  indepen- 
dent nations,  of  whom  the  Boogis  are  the  principal;  the  Dutch  possess 
the  settlement  of  Macassar,  on  the  south-western  coast.  The  leading  ex- 
ports are  edible  birds'-nests,  hides,  cotton,  tortoise-shell,  and  spices. 


OENEH^L.    re:^ie"w. 


Continents  and  Grand  Divisions. 

J)i  what  hemhpf 

ere  and  in  wlial  zones 

are  (he  following  ? 

Eastern  Cont.  ? 

Africa  ? 

Antarctic? 

North  America? 

Western  ? 

Oceania  ? 

Australian  ? 

Europe  ? 

Asia? 

South  America  ? 

Oceans. 

What  coasts  do  they  wash  ? 

Pacific? 

Antarctic  ? 

Atlantic  ? 

Arctic  ? 

Indian  ? 

Important  Seas. 

Wliat  coasts  do  they  indent,  and  of  what 

bodies  of  water  are 

they  branches  ? 

Mediterranean  ? 

North  ? 

Caribbean  ? 

Yellow  ? 

Japan  ? 

Irish  ? 

A(  riatic  ? 

Cliina  ? 

Pvod? 

Baltic  ? 

Celebes? 

Okhotsk? 

Marmora  ? 

Ionian  ? 

Kaintchatka? 

Kara  ? 

White? 

Azov? 

Black  ? 

Arabian  ? 

Adriatic  ? 

Beliring? 

Important  Gul&  and  Bays. 

Wliat  shores  do  they  indent,  and  to  what 

bodies  of  water  are 

they  tributary? 

St.  Lawrence  ? 

Naples  ? 

Chesapeake  ? 

Persian  ? 

Biscay  ? 

Panama  ? 

Tonquin  ? 

Dublin  ? 

Bothnia  ? 

Guinea  ? 

Guayaquil  ? 

Honduras  ? 

San  Francisco? 

Bengal  ? 

Venezuela  ? 

Hudson  ? 

Lyons  ? 

Taranto  ? 

Baffin? 

Galway  ? 

Passamaqnoddy ' 

Trinity  ? 

Valentia  ? 

Siam? 

Massachusetts  ? 

Fundy? 

Genoa? 

Delaware  ? 

Penobscot  ? 

Campeehe  ? 

Georgian  ? 

Mexico? 

Finland  ? 

Greon  ? 

California? 

Tampa  ? 

TehHante])ec  ? 

Casco  ? 

Australia  ? 

Carpentaria  ? 

Important  Lakes, 

Where  are  the  following  lakes? 

Superior  ? 

Tlticaca  ? 

Baikal  ? 

Tchad? 

Geneva  ? 

Constance  ? 

Huron  ? 

Erie? 

Great  Slave  ? 

Onega? 

Ladoga  ? 

Michigan  1 

Ontario  ? 

Winnipeg  ? 

Albert  Nyanza  ?    Nyassa  ? 

Important  Navigable  Rivers. 
Wliere  docs  each  rise,  and  through  what 
country  or  countries  does  it  flow  ? 


Hudson  ? 
Ganges  ? 
Mississippi  ? 
Volga? 
Penobscot  ? 
Po? 

St.  Lawrence  ? 
Connecticut? 
Danube  ? 
Wisconsin  ? 
Yang-tse-kiang  ? 
Detroit  ? 
Elbe? 
Shannon  ? 
Tennessee? 
Indus  ? 
Illinois  ? 
Loire  ? 
Wabash  ? 
San  Joaquin  ? 
White  (Ark.)  ? 


Alabama  ? 
Rhine  ? 
Delaware  ? 
Vistula? 
Cumberland  ? 
Don? 

Alleghany  ? 
Amoor?  ■ 
Mobile  ? 
Kennebec? 
Ottawa  ? 
Weser  ? 
Thames  ? 
Missouri? 
Nile? 

Kentucky  ? 
Irrawaddy  ? 
Kansas? 
Oder? 
Forth  ? 
Red? 


Columbia  ?  Sacramento  ? 

Muskingum  ?  Arkansas  ? 

Important  Conntries. 
Bound  each,  and  state  in  what  zone  or 
zones  it  is  situated. 


France  ? 
United  States? 
Brazil  ? 
Egypt? 
China? 
England  ? 

Important 
To  what  range 

Pike's? 
Maladetta  ? 
Illimani  ? 
Fremont's  ? 
Sorato  ? 
Marcy  ? 
Chimborazo  ? 
Washington  ? 
Shasta? 
Elburz  ? 


Arabia  ? 
Prussia  ? 
Hindostan  ? 
Mexico  ? 
Cape  Colony  ? 
Russia? 

Honntain  Peaks. 
does  each  bclmig  ? 

Cotopaxi  ? 
Hood? 
Lomnitz  ? 
Aconcagua  ? 
Everest  ? 
Blanc  ? 
Kilimanjaro  ? 
Mitchell? 
Como? 
Popocatapetl  ? 


Important  Forts. 

In  what  zone  and  on  what  water  is  each  'l 


Halifax  ? 
Baltimore  ? 
Vera  Cruz  ? 
London  ? 
Marseilles  ? 
Melbourne  ? 
Elsinore  ? 
New  Bedford  ? 
Sydney  ? 
Nagasaki  ? 
Amsterdam  ? 
Alexandria  ? 
Cape  Town  ? 
Venice  ? 
Amoy  ? 
Buenos  Ayres  ? 


Naples  ? 
New  York? 
Acapulco  ? 
Havana  ? 
Genoa  ? 
Honolulu  ? 
Boston  ? 
New  Orleans? 
Rio  Janeiro  ? 
Hull? 

Singapore  ? 
Tangier  ? 
Oporto  ? 
Shang-hai  ? 
Calcutta  ? 
Valparaiso  ? 


Oliarleston? 
Snlem? 
Aberdeen  ? 
Aspinwall  ? 
Canton? 
Rotterdam  ? 
Palermo  ? 
Montevideo  ? 
Providence  ? 
Matanzas  ? 
Tripoli? 
Lisbon? 
Lubec  ? 
Smyrna  ? 
Bangkok  ? 
Adelaide  ? 
Ningpo  ? 
Portland  ? 
San  Francisco  ? 
Dundee? 
Brighton  ? 
Newburyport  ? 
Bordeaux  ? 
Savannah  ? 
Galway  ? 
Matanzas  ? 
Dublin  ? 
Monterey  ? 
Pernambuco  ? 
Bristol  ? 
Port  Mahon  ? 
Ostend? 
Tunis? 
Newport  ? 
Brooklyn  ? 
Pensacola  ? 
New  London  ? 
Olympia? 
Havre  ? 
Waterford  ? 
Pondicherry? 
Batavia  ? 
Southampton  ? 
Brest  ? 
Panama  ? 


Nantucket  ? 
Leith  ? 
Simoda? 
Constantinople  ? 
Bremen  ? 
Mobile  ? 
Portland  ? 
Monrovia  ? 
Trieste  ? 
Bombay  ? 
Hamburg  ? 
St.  John's? 
Limerick  ? 
Newcastle  ? 
Callao  ? 
Belfast? 
Belfast  (Me.)? 
Philadelphia? 
Cork? 
Galveston  ? 
Sacramento  ? 
Bahia? 
Liverpool  ? 
Stettin  ? 
Antwerp  ? 
Quilimane? 
Madras  ? 
Leghorn  ? 
Marblehead  ? 
Norfolk  ? 
Londonderry  ? 
Key  West? 
Jersey  City  ? 

Wilmington  (N.C.)? 
Toulon  ? 
Barcelona  ? 
Para? 
Dover  ? 
Dantzic  ? 
Salonica  ? 
Mozambique  ? 
Colombo  ? 
Auckland  ? 
Cronstadt? 
Toronto  ? 


GEOGRAPHICAL    TABLES, 

Arranged  alpJiabetically,  with  the  Pronunciation  of  the  Froper  Namest  and  Statistics  of  Area,  Population,  etc. 

In  compiling  the  following  Tables,  recourse  has  been  had  to  the  most  recent  authorities.  The  numbers  given  in  connection  with  many  of  the  natural  and  political 
divisions  of  South  America,  Asia,  and  Africa,  are  simply  estimates  ;  a  blank  indicates  that  we  have  not  sufficient  information  even  to  form  an  estimate. 

Pronunciation. — In  the  second  column  the  word  is  rc-spelled  in  such  a  way  as  to  indicate  its  pronunciation.  Sound  ay  like  a  in  fate  ;  a  like  a  in  cat ;  &  like  the 
obscure  sound  of  a  in  Florida  ;  eh  like  e  in  met ;  j  like  i  in  pin  ;  6  like  o  in  ^o  /  6  like  o  in  not ;  5  almost  like  u  in  fur  ;  oo  as  in  soon  ;  do  like  oo  in  took  ;  ow  like 
ow  in  now  ;  gh  like  g  in  go  ;  n'  like  the  nasal  n  in  the  French  language. 


Australian, 

Eastern, 

Western, 


Africa, 
Asia, 
Europe, 
North  America, 
Oieaiiia, 
South  America, 


Continents. 

aws-tra'le-5n, 

cast'em, 
west'ern, 


Sq.  Miles.  Population. 

8,000,000  ], 100,000 
35,Ba-),000  1,011,000,0110 
14,000,000       65,150,000 


Giand  Divisions. 


af're-ki, 

a'she-ii, 

u'rup, 

amehr'e-kS, 

o-she-ali'ne-S, 


11,400,000 
15,8011,000 
3,823,1)00 
8.000.(XK) 
4,.5U0,0()0 


70,000,000 

635,000,000 

285,00i),0a0 

4«,BO0,(KX) 

81,000,(100 


a-mehr'e-ka,  6,000,000       18,650,000 


Chief  Political  Divisions  of  the  World :  Countries, 
States,  etc. 


Abvssinia, 
Afehnnistan, 
Alabama, 
AlH^eria, 
Anam, 
An!?ola, 
All  halt, 
Arabia. 

Arjcntine  Confed., 
Arizona, 
Arkansas, 
Ashantee, 
Asia  Minor, 
Austria, 
Baden, 
Balize, 

Barbary  States, 
Barcaj 
Bavana, 

Bechuauas,  Coun- 
try of, 
Belgium, 
Beloochistan, 
Ben^ela, 
Benin, 
Birmah, 
Bohemia, 
Bolivia, 
Bootan, 
Brazil, 

British  America, 
British  Columbia, 
British  Empire, 

British  Ouiaua, 

Brunswick, 

Caffraria, 

Calirornia, 

Canada.  Dom.  of. 

Cape  Colony,* 

Central  America, 

Chili, 

China  Proper, 

Chinese  Empire, 

Cimbebas,  Coim- 
try  of, 

Circassia, 

Colombia,  United 
States  of, 

Colorado, 

Columbia,  Dis.  of, 

Connecticut, 

Corea, 

Costa  Rica, 

Bahomey, 

Dakota, 

Delaware, 

Denmark, 

Dutch  Guiana, 

Ecuador, 


ab-is-sin'e-jl, 

ahr-«ahn-i8-tahn', 

al  il-bab'mi, 

al-jo're-S, 

a-nam', 

ani;-'i;o'ht, 

ahn'nahlt, 

S-ra;be-S, 

ar'jen-teen, 

Ar-e-zo'nS, 

ar-kan'siis, 

fi-shan'te, 

a'she-S  mi'nor, 

aws'tre-a, 

bab'den, 

ba-leez', 

bar'ber-e, 

bar'kS, 

ba-va're-S, 

bet-cboo-ah'naz, 

bel'je-um, 

bel-oo-chis-tahn', 

ben-f^a'lah, 

ben-con', 

bir'mah, 

bo-he'me-2, 

bo-liv'e-S, 

hoo-tahn', 

brS-zir, 

a-mehr'e-kS, 

ko-Uim'be-3, 

em'pire, 

ehe-ah'nah, 

brunz'wik, 

kaf-fra're-S, 

kal-e-for'ne-a, 

kan'S-da, 

kape  kol'o-ne, 

a-mehr'e-kS, 

chil'le, 

chi'nS, 

chi-neez', 

sim-bataz, 
ser-kash'e-a, 

ko-lom'be-5, 

kol-o-rah'do, 

ko-lum'be-il, 

kon-net'e-kut, 

ko-re'S, 

kos'tah  re'kah, 

dah-ho'ma, 

d«-ko'tS. 

del '5- ware, 

den'mark, 

ghe-ah'nab, 

ek-wah-dor'. 


280,000 
225.000 
50,722 
90,0(10 
240,000 

1,026 

835,000 

820,000 

121,000 

52,200 

90,000 

270,000 

239,000 

5,904 

18,600 

675,000 

49,500 

29,330 


11,400 
150,000 


200,000 

20,000 

450.000 

64„500 

3,004,500 

2,980,000 

225,000 

8,900,000 

76,000 

1,425 

20.000 

189,000 

390  40O 

200.000 

218,000 

170,000 

1,300,000 

5,000,000 

175.000 
40,000 

480,000 

106,475 

fiO 

4,670 

80,000 

21.800 

21.000 

152.000 

2.120 

15,900 

37,440 

240,000 


3,000,000 
6,000,000 

96-1,201 

2,900,000 

1.3,400,000 

2,000,0.10 

19.3,016 

io,ooo,o;)o 

754,000 

15,000 

4.35,450 

3,000,000 

4,500,000 

32,573,030 

1,429,199 

19,0  0 

15,500,000 

1,000,01)0 

4,774,464 


4,941,000 
2,000,000 


5,000,000 
4,703,525 
1,700,000 

6.065,000 

3,400,000 

80,000 

200,000,000 

1.36,000 

293,388 

.393,5.34 

3,072,000 

267.000 

2.220.000 

1.209,000 

387.63.3,000 

400,000,000 


650,000 

2,363,000 

52,000 

75,080 

460,147 

2,000,000 

215.000 

200,000 

25,000 

112,216 

1,608,100 

61,000 

1,040,400 


Egypt, 

England, 

Ethiopia, 

Farther  India, 

Fezzan, 

Florida, 

France, 

French  Empire, 

French  Guiana, 

Galicia, 

Georgia  (Asia), 

Georgia  (U.  S.), 

Greece, 

Guatemala, 

Guinea, 

Hesse  Darmstadt, 

Hindostan, 

Holland, 

Holstcin, 

Honduras, 

Hottentot  Country, 

Hudson  Bay  Terr., 

Hungary, 

Idaho, 

Illinois, 

India, 

Indiana, 

Indian  Territory, 

ludo-China, 

Iowa, 

Ireland, 

Italy, 

Japan, 

Kansas, 

Kentucky, 

Kirgheez  Country, 

Kordofan, 

Labrador, 

Liberia, 

Liechtenstein, 

Lippe  Detmold, 

Loango, 

Louisiana, 

Maine, 

Mantchooria, 

Marjiand, 

Massachusetts, 

Mecklenburg 

Schwerin, 
Mecklenbtu^  Strc- 

litz, 
Mexico, 
Michigan, 
Minnesota, 
Mississippi, 
Missouri, 
Mongolia, 
Montana, 
Moravia, 
Morocco, 
Mozambique, 
Natal  Colony, 
Nebraska, 
Nepaul, 
Nevada, 

New  Brunswick, 
New  Hampshire, 
New  .Tersey, 
New  Mexico, 
New  York, 
Nicaragua, 
North  Carolina, 
N.  German  Confed. 
Norway, 
Nova  Scotia, 
Nubia, 
Ohio, 

Oldenburg, 
Oman, 
Ontario,  Prov.  of. 


Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

ing'glitnd, 
c-tlie-o'pe-i. 

175,000 

3.000,000 

51.200 

20,000,000 

2,500,000 

4,000.000 

in'de-il. 

9(KI,000 

22,000,000 

fez-zalm', 

188.000 

100,000 

flOr'e-da, 

50,270 

140,424 

Ihuice, 

2Of.800 

37,472,700 

em'pire. 

351.000 

41,000,000 

glie-ah'iiah. 

27,560 

19,800 

:il-lish'e-il. 

29,000 

4,.597,470 

,  or'jc-il, 
or'je-J, 

12,800 

300.000 

58,000 

l,0.'->7.663 

greece. 

18,.50O 

1,096,800 

gwali-ta-mah'lah 

48.100 

985,000 

L'hln'e, 

liess  dann'staht. 

650.000 

1,700 

564,475 

hin-{loo-stau'. 

1,250.000 

130,000.000 

hol'liliid. 

13.650 

3,7:55,700 

hol'sline. 

3.230 

554.610 

hon-doo'nts. 

43.700 

350,000 

hot't  en-tot. 

173,000 

liud'sun. 

1.900,000 

hnng'gS-re, 
i'dil-ho. 

82.K00 
90,000 

9,900.785 
26,000 

11-le-noy', 

65,410 

1,711,931 

In'dc-ii, 

2,150,000 

152,000.000 

in-de-an'jt. 

a3.810 

1,.350.812 

In'de-an. 

71.000 

110,000 

in'do-chi'na. 

900.000 

22,000.000 

i'o-wil. 

65.040 

674,913 

ire 'land, 

82,.'i00 

5,672,000 

It'a-le, 

119.500 

26,783,000 

ja-pan', 
kan'sas, 

270,000 

25,000,000 

78.420 

11!>,.395 

ken-tuek'e. 

37.080 

l.LIS.O&l 

kir-gbecz'. 

300.000 

2,200.000 

kor-do-fahn'. 

100,000 

500,000 

lab'ra-dor. 

170.000 

5,000 

li-bc'rc-a. 

25,000 

250,000 

leek'teii-stine. 

53 

7.994 

lip'peli  dct'molt. 

425 

111,336 

lo-ang'go, 

loo-c-ze-an'a. 

46,430 

708.002 

main. 

31,760 

629.248 

man-cboo'rc-a. 

600,000 

1,.330,000 

ma're-land. 

11,120 

687,0)9 

mas-sa-chu 'setts 

7,800 

1,231,000 

niek'len-burg 
shwa-reen'. 

\     4,845 

552,012 

mek'len-burg 
Btra'lits, 

!■       707 

99,000 

mex'e-ko, 

830.000 

8,000,000 

mish'e-gan, 

56.2-!0 

756.890 

min-ne-so'ta. 

83.5.30 

189.923 

mis-sis-sip'pe, 

47.150 

792,205 

mis-soo're, 

67.380 

1,182,012 

mon-go'lc-a. 

2,200.000 

mon-tah'na. 

153..300 

30.000 

mo-ra've-a. 

10.239 

1,867,094 

mo-rok'ko. 

222,500 

7,500,000 

nio-zam-beek'. 

nah-tahl'. 

22.000 

2.50.000 

ne-bras'kS, 

76.930 

35.000 

ne-paul'. 

5.3,000 

2,000,000 

na-vah'dS, 

85.450 

70.000 

brunz'wik, 

27,700 

2.34.000 

hamp'shlr, 

9,280 

326.073 

jer'ze. 

8,320 

672.017 

mex'e-ko, 

124.500 

148,616 

york. 

47,000 

3,884,520 

nik-ar-ah'gwah, 
kAr-o-li'na, 

46.200 

2,57,000 

50,700 

992,  ()22 

jer'man, 

160,240 

29,248..3.3:5 

nor'wa. 

12,3,400 

1,328.500 

no'va  sko'she-a. 

18.700 

3:51,000 

nu'be-a. 

320.000 

500.000 

o-hi'o. 

39,960 

2,8:59,511 

ol'den-burg, 

2,472 

301,812 

o-mahn'. 

on-ta're-o. 

140,000 

1,396,000 

Orange  River  Ee- 

public, 
Oregon, 
Palestine, 
Papal  Statoe, 
Paraguay, 
Patagonia, 
Pennsylvania, 
Persia, 
Peru, 
Portugal, 
Prussia, 

Quebec,  Prov.  of. 
lieuss  (older  line), 
Kcuss  (vounger  line), 
Rhode  Island, 
Russia  (.•\Eiatic), 
Russia  (European), 
Russian  America, 
Russian  Empire, 
Sahara, 
San  Salvador, 
Saxe  Altcnburg, 
Saxc  Coburg-Gotha, 
Saxe  Meiningen, 
Saxe  Weimar, 
Saxony, 

Scliaumburg  Lippe, 
Schwarzburg  Ru- 

dolstadt, 
Scliwarzbutg  Son- 

dershaueeu, 
Scotland, 
ScnegamDla, 
Siani, 
Siberia, 
Sierra  Leone, 
Sleswick, 

Som.iulie9'  Country, 
Soudan, 
South  Carolina, 
South  German 

States, 
Spain, 

States  of  the  Church, 
Sweden, 
Switzerland, 
Syria, 
Tennessee, 
'Texas, 
Thibet, 

Trans-vaal  Rep'c, 
Transylvania, 
Tripoli, 
Tunis, 
Turkestan, 
Turkey  (Asiatic), 
Turkey  tEuropean), 
Tuscany, 
Tyrol, 
United  States  of 

America, 
United  States  of 

Colombia, 
Upper  HcBse, 
Uruguay, 
Utah, 

Venezuela, 
Vermont, 
Virginia, 
Waldeck, 
Wales, 

Washington  Terr., 
West  Virginia, 
Wisconsin, 
Wurtembutg, 
Wyoming, 
Yemen, 
Zanguobar, 
Zoolu  Country, 


Sq.  Miles.  PopulalloD. 


Or'ange, 

30.000 

Or'e-gon, 

101.400 

69,465 

pal'cs-tine. 

11.000 

pa'pai. 

4.5,30 

700.000 

pah-rah-gwi'. 

m.OdO 

1,000.000 

pat-a-po'ne-a. 

300,000 

120,000 

pen-sil-va'ne-a. 

46,000 

2,900,215 

pcr'Bhe-a, 

4.50.000 

9,000,000 

pe-roo', 

400.000 

2,500,000 

port'u-gai, 

prush'a, 

Kwc-bek', 

85.800 

3,988,000 

1:5.5.000 

2.3,590,550 

210,000 

1,111,000 

nice. 

145 

4:5,924 

ruco. 

.320 

86,472 

rode  i'land, 

1..300 

174.620 

rush'il, 

5.600,000 

9.000,000 

nisli'a. 

2,142,.'i00 

65,800.000 

rush'an. 

480.000 

54.000 

rush'an. 

8.000.000 

75,000,000 

sah-hah'rah. 

2,700.000 

1,000,000 

san  sal-va-dor'. 

9,000 

3!)4,00O 

saks  al'ten-burg 

510 

141.8:59 

saks  co'burg-gd' 

ta,        702 

161,527 

saks  mi'niiig-en. 

956 

178.065 

saks  wi'niar. 

1,403 

280.201 

saks'o-ne. 

5,776 

2,813.994 

shOwm'burg  lip'pch,    171 

31,382 

sbwahrts'burg 
roo'dol-staUt, 

[    371 

73,752 

shwarts'burg            i     o™ 
son-ders-hOw'zen,  \ 

66,189 

skot'iand. 

30,000 

3,153,500 

sen-e-gam'be-a, 

250,000 

si'am. 

295.000 

3,600.000 

si-bc're-a. 

5,600,000 

9,0»10,(K)0 

se-er'iah  le-o'ne 

232 

44,601 

slcs'wik, 

3,000 

400,486 

Bo-maw'leez, 

soo-dahn'. 

1,900.000 

14,000,000 

tir-o-U'ntt, 

29,380 

703,708 

jer'man, 

44,500 

8,524,400 

Spain 

183,000 

15,752,600 

4.550 

700.000 

Bwe'dcn, 

170,100 

3,857.(100 

Bwits'ei-iand, 

16.000 

2,510,500 

Bir'c-a, 

60.000 

2,000.000 

ten-ucs-se', 

45,000 

1,109.S01 

tex'is. 

2.37,.500 

0(M.215 

tibet. 

750.000 

10,000,000 

trans-vahl', 

40,000 

tran-sil-va'ne-a. 

23,078 

1,926.797 

trip'o-le, 

105,000 

1,600.000 

tu'nis. 

70.000 

2.500,000 

toor-kes-tahn'. 

420,000 

5.000,000 

tur'ke. 

680,000 

16.000.000 

tur'ke, 

203,000 

15,725,000 

tus'ka-ne, 

8,586 

1,801.875 

tlr'rol, 

11,084 

851,018 

a-mehr'e-ka. 

3,480,000 

32,000,000 

ko-lcm'be-S, 

480,000 

2,303,000 

hess, 

1,270 

252,427 

oo-roo-gwi'. 

70,000 

260.000 

u'tah. 

108,000 

60.273 

ven-ez-we'lah, 

427,000 

1,419,300 

ver-mont', 

10.210 

315,098 

vir-jin'e-a. 

40,810 

1,216,400 

wol'delj. 

433 

59,143 

walez. 

7.400 

1,140,000 

wosh'ing-tnn, 

70,000 

42,594 

vir-jin'e-i. 

20,.510 

376,090 

wis-kon'sin. 

53,920 

778,714 

wur'tem-burg, 

7,528 

1,748,328 

wi-o'ming. 

86,000 

yem'en, 

zahng-gha-bar', 

zoo'lu, 

y 


ISLANDS,     MOUNTAINS,    OCEANS,    LAKES,"    AND     RIVERS. 


121 


Some  of  the  Chief  Islands  of  the  World. 


Andaman, 

An^rlesea, 

Anticosti, 

Anti^a, 

Azores, 

Bahamas, 

lialearic, 

Barbadoes, 

Bermudas, 

Borneo, 

Bourbon, 

Canary, 

Caudia, 

Cape  Breton, 

Cape  Verde, 

Caroline, 

CelebcB, 

Ceylon, 

Chtloe, 

Cook, 

Corsica, 

Cuba, 

Cura9oa, 

Cyprus, 

Dominica, 

Elba, 

Falkland, 

Faroe, 

Fecje, 

Floris, 

Formosa, 

Friendly, 

Funen, 

Great  Britain, 

Greenland, 

Guadeloupe, 

Hainan, 

Hayti, 

Hebrides, 

Iceland, 

Ionian, 

Ireland, 

Jamaica, 

Java, 

Jesso, 

Joannes, 

Juan  Fernandez, 

Kinsiu, 

Kurile, 

Lad  rone. 

Long,   • 

Loo  Choo, 

Madasascar, 

Madeira, 

Mai  dive, 

Malta, 

Man, 

Marijarita, 

Marquesas, 

Martba's  Viney'd, 

Martinique, 

Mauritius, 

Nantucket, 

Navijrator's, 

New  Britain, 

New  Caledonia, 

Newfoundland, 

New  Geonria, 

New  Guinea, 

New  Hebrides, 

New  Zealand, 

Nicobar, 

Niplion, 

Nova  Zembla, 

Orkney, 

Pelew, 

Philippine, 

Porto  Rico, 

Prince  Edward, 

Rhode, 

Rhodes, 

Sai^halien, 

Sandwich, 

Santa  Cniz, 

Sardinia, 

Shetland, 

Sicily, 

SikolE^, 

Society, 

Socotra, 

Solomon, 

South  Shetland, 

Spice 

Spitzbergen, 

Staten. 

St.  Helena, 

Sumatra, 

Sumbawa, 

Tasmania, 

Terra  del  Fuego,  -j 

Timor, 

Tobai:^o. 

Trinidad, 

Vancouver's, 

Van  Diemen's, 

Wight, 

Zealand, 


Area  in 
Sq.  Milci 

an-aa-oan', 

3,000 

ang'g'1-se. 

270 

an-te-kos'to. 

2,B00 

ahn-te'gah. 

108 

az-orz', 

2.038 

b;Vha'mSz, 

4.500 

bal-e-Ar'ik, 
bar-lia'doze, 

1,750 

108 

ber-mu'diiz, 

22 

bor'ne-o. 

286,000 

boor'bnn, 

890 

kjl-na're. 

2,980 

kan'de-a, 

4.300 

kape  brit'un, 

3.100 

kape  verd, 

1,C80 

kAr'o-Ime, 

450 

eel'e-biz. 

71,791 

Be 'Ion, 

24,664 

cheel-o-a'. 

4,000 

kOOk, 

1,200 

kor'ee-ka. 

8,300 

ku'bS, 

42,380 

ku-rahso', 

250 

ei'prus. 

4,500 

dom-e-ne'kah. 

280 

el'bii. 

97 

fawk'iand, 

6,000 

fa'ro. 

510 

fe'jo, 

ao3-t 

flo'iis. 

6,000 

for-mo'sa, 

15.000 

frend'le. 

2,600 

fu'nen, 

1,123 

brit'Sn, 

88.000 

grcen'iand. 

800.000 

gaw-da-loop', 
ni-nabn\ 

B.34 
12.000 

ha'te, 

29.400 

heb're-deez. 

3.180 

ice'iand. 

38.400 

i-o'ne-an, 

1.090 

ire'lfind. 

32.500 

.  a-ma'ka. 

5.400 

, ah'vah. 

50.000 

yes'po, 

62.500 

zho-ahn'nes, 

6,000 

ju'an  fer-nan'dez, 
Ke-oo'se-oo\ 

CO 

28.000 

koo'ril. 

3.070 

ladione', 

1,200 

long, 

1,450 

100  choo. 

1,200 

mad-a-gas'kar, 

240,000 

ma-de'ra. 

400 

mal'divc. 

2,100 

mawl'tah, 

98 

man, 

280 

mar-cah-re'tah, 

450 

mor-ka'sahs. 

2,800 

mar'thSz  vin'yjrd 

120 

mar-tin-eek', 

380 

maw-risli'e-ue, 

708 

nan-tuk'et. 

60 

nav'e-ca-turz, 

2,650 

nu  brit'Sn, 

4,200 

nil  kal-e-do'ne-a, 

8,107 

nu'fund-iand, 

36,000 

nujor'je-S, 

4,600 

nu  gbin'e, 

nu  heb're-deez. 

275.000 

3.B00 

nu  ze'iand. 

99,500 

nik'o-bar, 

1,400 

ne-fon'. 

110,000 

no'va  zem'bia, 

22,000 

ork'ne. 

600 

pe-lew'. 

260 

fll'ip-pin. 

120.000 

por'to  re'ko, 

3.740 

prince  ed'ward. 

2,130 

rode, 

37 

rodez, 

420 

sah-eah-le'en, 

47.500 

eand'wich. 

6,000 

Ban'takroos, 

78 

ear-din'e-a. 

9.200 

shet'iand. 

1..30O 

sis'e-!e. 

10.500 

se-kokf. 

17.300 

so-si'e-te. 

2,000 

eok'o-tra. 

1.000 

eol'o-mun. 

8.000 

fhet'iand. 

4.000 

spice, 

38.300 

ppitz-ber'gen, 

23,000 

Btat'en, 

60 

hel-e'na. 

47 

Boo-mah'trah, 

128,000 

Boom-baw'wah, 

4.000 

taz-ma'ne-a. 

25,000 

tehr'rah  del  I 
fwa'go,     J 

50,000 

te-more'. 

8,000 

to-ba'go. 

180 

trin-e-dad'. 

2.000 

van-koo'verz, 

16.000 

van  de'menz, 

25.0t)" 

wife. 

130 

ze'iand. 

2,840 

Some  of  the  Chief  Uoontains  of  the 
World. 

[K  indicates  a  Volcano.]   Height,  of 

loftiest  6um- 
mit  in  feet. 


Aconcama, 

Adirondack, 

Alleghany, 

Alps, 

Altai, 

Andes, 

Antisana,  V., 

Apennines, 

Ararat, 

Atlas, 

Balkan, 

Ben  Nevis, 

Blanc, 

Blue  Ridge, 

Brazilian  Aiides, 

Brown, 

Buckley, 

Caracroons, 

Cantabrian, 

Carpatliiau, 

Cascade, 

Catsldll, 

Caucasus, 

Cevennes, 

Chimborazo,  T^ 

Chuquibaniba, 

Cibao, 

Coast,  • 

Colima,  V., 

Cordillera  do    I 

Ciib.i,  j 

Cotopaxi,  K, 
Dhawalagliiri, 
Dovrc  Field, 
Edgecombe, 
E^mout, 
Elbrooz, 
Elburz, 
ErobuB,  v., 
Etna,  v., 
Everest, 
Fairweather, 
Fremont's  Peak, 
Grampian, 
Green, 
Ilecla,  r., 
Himalaya, 
IlindooKooab, 
Hood, 
Hooker, 
UUmaui, 
Kenia, 
Kilimanjaro, 
Kiolcn, 
Kong, 

Kuncuinginga, 
Long's  Pcali, 
Mansflcld, 
Marcy, 

Jlaiiua  Kea,  V., 
Manila  Loa,  K, 
Mitchell, 
Moon, 
Ophir, 
Orizaba,  F., 
Parime, 
Pichincha,  V., 
Pike's  Peak, 
Popocatepetl,  V., 
Pyrenees, 
Rocky, 
Shasta, 
Sierra  Madre     I 

(Mox.),  f 

Sierra  Morcna, 
Sierra  Nevada  I 

(Cal,),  f 

Sierra  Nevada  I 

(Spain),  f 

Sinai, 
Snow, 
Snowdon, 
Sorata.  K, 
Spanish  Peaks, 
St.  Elias, 
St,  Helen's,  Fi, 
Taunis, 

TeneriflTe  Peak, 
Tolima,  V., 
Tupungato, 
Ural, 

Vesuvius,  K, 
Washington, 
WeUington, 
White, 


ah-kon-kah'gwah, 
ad-c-ron'dak, 
al'le-ga-ne, 
alps, 
ahl-ti', 
an'deez, 
ahn-te-sah'nah, 
ap'en-ninez, 
Ar'a-rat, 
at'las, 
bahl-lvahn', 
ben  ne'vis, 
blank, 
blue  ndgc, 
bra-zil'yan  an'deez, 
brown, 
buk'lo, 
kam-er-oonz', 
kan-ta'brc-an, 
kar-pa'the-an, 
kas-kadc', 
kats'kil, 
kaw'ka-sus, 
Ba-ven', 

chira-bo-rah'zo, 
choo-ke-bahm'bah, 
Be-bah'o, 
coast, 
ko-le'mah, 
kor-dil-la'rah  da  I 
koo'bah,  ( 

ko-to-paks'c, 
da-wol-a-gher're, 
do'vrc  li-cld', 
ej'kum, 
eg'mont, 
el-brooz', 
el-boorz', 
ehr'c-bu9, 
et'na, 
cv'er-est, 
fai^-^vetll'er, 
l^c'monts, 
gram'pc-an, 
green, 
Eok'ia 
him-a-la'ya, 
hiu'doo  koosh, 
hSud, 
hOSk'er, 
ccl-ye-mab'ne, 
ke'ne-a, 

kil-e-mahn-jah-ro', 
kyfl'lcn, 
kong, 

koon-chin-jing'gah, 
longz  peak, 
manz'lield, 
mar'sc, 

mDw'nah  ka'ah, 
mOw'nah  lo'ah, 
mit'chel, 
moon; 
o'fir, 

o-re-sah'bah, 
pah-ro'ma, 
pe-chin'chali, 
pilcts  peak, 
po-po-kah-ta-petT, 
plr'c-neez, 
rok'e, 
Bhas'ta, 
BO-ehr'rah     1 


mah'dra, 
mo-ra'nah, 

na-vah'da. 


Bi'na, 

Bno, 

Buo'dun, ' 

so-rah'tah, 

epan'ish  peaks, 

saint  e-li'a.s, 

Baint  hel'enz, 

taw'rus. 

ten-er-if, 

to-le'mah, 

toopoong-gah'to, 

n'rai,        0 

vesu've-ns, 

wosh'ing-tun, 

wel'ling-tun, 

white. 


23,910 

6,379 

6,775 
15,810 
11,063 
2:3,910 
19,140 

9.523 
17,323 
11,400 

9.000 

4,308 
15,810 
,  4,260 

5,755 
15,090 

0,775 
13,760 
10,998 

8,779 
14,390 

3,804 
18,493 

6..561 
21,421 
21,000 

8,000 
10,750 
12,000 

7,900 

18,875 

28,073 

8,152 

10(000 

8,039 

14,095 

18,.<93 

13,400 

10,874 

29,100 

14,000 

13,570 

4,363 

4.430 

5,110 

29.100 

20,230 

14,000 

15,700 

21.181 

20,000 

20,000 

8,070 

5,000 

28,173 

12,500 

4,279 

5,379 

13,587 

13,175 

6,732 

20,000 

13,800 

17,380 

10.500 

15,9,36 

14,500 

17,884 

11.103 

15.690 

14,390 

17,884 

5,500 

16,000 

11,058 
7,497 

lo.aio 

3,571 
21,286 
11.000 
17.900 
12,000 
12.869 
11,946 
18.270 
22,4,50 
5,397 
3.948 
6.2&S 
6,510 


Sq.  Milea. 

Cwl-yah'gahB, 

2,000 

bi'kahl. 

14,000 

kon'stanco, 

200 

dem'be-a. 

1,400 

e're. 

7,800 

je-ne'va. 

82 

great  boar. 

10,000 

great  Bait, 

2,000 

great  slave, 
hu'run. 

12,000 

20,400 

la-do'ga. 

6,330 

mish'c-gan, 
nik-ar-ah'gwah. 

23,000 

4,000 

o-ne'ga. 

3,.30O 

on-ta'rC-o, 

6,900 

saint  klare. 

850 

su-pe're-ur. 

82,000 

chahd. 

19,000 

te-te-kah'kah, 

3,000 

vahn. 

2,000 

wa'ner. 

2,120 

wet'ter, 

800 

win'ne-peg, 

6,500 

Antarctic, 

Arctic, 

Atlantic, 

Indian, 

Pacific, 


Oceans. 


ant-ark'tik, 

ark'tik, 

at-!an'tik, 

In'de-Sn, 

pa-slf'ik, 


Extent  In  dq,  mlfl, 
inclndini;  neaa  con- 
nected nitli  them. 

20,000.000 
2,000,000 
80,000,000 
25,000,000 
70,000,000 


Some  of  the  Chief  Lakes  of  the  World, 
with  their  estimated  area. 


Aullagas, 

Baikal, 

Constance 

Dembea, 

Erie, 

Geneva, 

Great  Bear, 

Great  Salt, 

Great  Slave, 

Huron, 

Lado^, 

Michigan, 

Nicaragua, 

Onega, 

Ontario, 

St,  Clair, 

Superior, 

Tchad, 

Titicaca, 

Van, 

Wener, 

Wetter, 

Winnipeg, 


Chief  Bivera  of  the  World. 


Alabama, 

Albany, 

Alleghany, 

Amazon, 

Amoo, 

Amoor, 

Angara, 

Araguay, 

Arkansas, 

Blue  Nile, 

Brahmapootra, 

Br.azos, 

Bug, 

Cambodia, 

Cape  Fear, 

Cauca, 

Chattahoochee, 

Churchill, 

Clarke's, 

Coanza, 

Colorado  (S,  A,), 

Colorado  (Tex,), 

Colorado  (of  the 

West), 
Columbia, 
Congo, 
Connecticut, 
Coosa, 
Cumberland, 
Danube, 
Delaware, 
Des  Moines, 
Dnieper, 
Dniester, 
Don, 
Donro, 
Drave, 
Duck, 
Duna, 
Dwina, 
East  Main, 
Ebro, 
Elbe, 

Essequibo, 
Euphrates, 
Flint, 
Gambia, 
Ganges, 
Garonne, 
Gila, 

Glommen, 
Godavery, 
Grand. 

Great  Kanawha, 
Great  Pedee, 
Green  (Ky,), 
Guadalquivir,* 
Guadiana, 
Guaviare, 
Hoang-Ho, 
Hudson, 
Humboldt, 
Illinois, 
Indighirka, 
Indus, 
Iowa, 
Irrawaddy, 
Irtish, 
Tshin, 
Jamea, 
Japura, 
Jjivary, 
Kama, 
Kansas, 
Kaskaskia, 
Kennebec, 
Kentucky, 
Lena, 


Lengt 

h  in  Miles, 

al-a-bab'ma. 

380 

awl'ba-ne. 

&10 

al'le-ga-ne. 

400 

am'a-zon. 

4,000 

ah-moo', 

1,300 

ah-moor'. 

2,200 

ahng-gah-rah'. 

900 

abr-.ah-gwi'. 

1,000 

ar-kan'E-as, 

2,000 

blue  uilc. 

800 

brah-ma-poo'trS, 

1,500 

brah'zos. 

950 

boog. 

340 

kam-bo'de-3. 

1,800 

kape  fear. 

300 

k6w'kah. 

600 

chat-ta-Iioo'cho, 

550 

church'il, 

750 

klarks. 

500 

ko-ahn'zah. 

500 

kol-o-rah'do. 

800 

" 

900 

It 

1,100 

ko-Inm'be-a, 

1,300 

kong'go. 

1,200 

kon-uet'e-kut. 

410 

koo'sa, 

350 

kum'ber-iand. 

600 

dan'ube, 

1,725 

dcl'a-ware. 

800 

dc  moin. 

400 

ne'per. 

1,230 

necs'tcr, 

600 

don. 

1,000 

doo'ro. 

400 

drave. 

S60 

duck. 

250 

du'nS, 

400 

dwi'na. 

330 

east  main, 

400 

e'bro. 

aio 

elb. 

550 

cs-se-lce'bo. 

420 

u-fra'teez. 

1,800 

flint. 

300 

gam'be-S, 

650 

gan'jeez. 

1,500 

gah-ron', 
he'lah. 

381 

450 

glom'mcn. 

280 

go-dah'ver-e. 

700 

grand, 
ta-naw'wa. 

800 

400 

pe-dee'. 

450 

green. 

300 

gaw-dal-lcwiv'er, 

280 

gaw-do-an'a. 

380 

gwah-vo-ah'ra, 

450 

ho-ang-ho'. 

2,000 

hud'sun. 

300 

hum'bolt. 

SiO 

il-le-noy', 
in-de-gbir'ka, 

400 

7.50 

in'dus. 

1,650 

l'o-w8. 

300 

Ir-ra-wod'de, 

1,200 

ir'tish. 

1,700 

ish-een'. 

700 

jamez. 

450 

hah-poo'rah. 

1,000 

hah-va-ro'. 

460 

kah'inah. 

1.400 

kan'sas. 

1,200 

kas-kas'ke-S, 

■   300 

ken-ne-bek'. 

200 

ken-tuk'e, 

300 

le'na. 

2,400 

Lewis, 

Loire, 

Mackenzie's, 

Madeira, 

Magdalena, 

Mamore, 

Meinam, 

Meta, 

Mezene, 

Minnesota, 

Mississippi, 

Missoun, 

Murray, 

Nebraska, 

Negro  (Brazil), 

Negro  (Arg.  Con.' 

Nelson, 

Neuse, 

Niemen, 

Niger, 

Nile, 

North  Platte, 

Nueces, 

Obe, 

Ocmulgee, 

Oconee,  • 

Oder, 

Ohio, 

Oka, 

Olenek, 

Orauge, 

Orinoco, 

Osage, 

Ottawa, 

Paraguay, 

Parana, 

Paranahiba, 

Parnahiba, 

Pearl, 

Penobscot, 

Pctchora, 

Pilcoinayo, 

Platte, 

Potomac, 

Pruth, 

Purus, 

Putumayo, 

Red, 

Republican  Fork 

of  Kansas, 
Rhine, 
Rhone, 

Rio  dc  la  Plata, 
Rio  Grande 

(N,  A.), 
Rio  Grande 

(Brazil), 
Roanoke, 
Rock, 
Sabine, 
Sacramento, 
Salado, 

San  Franciaco, 
Sangamon, 
San  Joaquin, 
Saskatcnawan, 
Savannah, 
Seine, 
Senegal, 
Severn  (Eng.), 
Severn  (N.  A.), 
Shannon, 
Smoky  Hill  Fork 

of  Kansas, 
Songarl, 
South  Platte, 
St.  Francis, 
St.  John's  (N.B.), 
St,  Lawrence, 
Surinam, 
Susqueharmah, 
Tagus, 
Tallapoosa, 
Tapajos, 
Tennessee, 
Thames, 
Theiss, 
Tigris, 
Tobol, 
Tocanting, 
Tombigbec, 
Toungouska, 
Trinity, 
Fcayale, 
Ural, 
Uruguay, 
Vermejo, 
Vistula, 
Volga, 
Wabash, 
Washita, 
Weser, 
White  (Ark.), 
Willamette, 
Wisconsin, 
Xingn, 

Yang-tse-kiang, 
Yazoo, 

Yellow  Stone, 
Yenesei, 
Zambezi, 


Length 

In  Mile;. 

lew'ia. 

900 

Iwahr, 

630 

mak-ken'zees. 

2,000 

mah-da'rah. 

2,000 

mag-da-le'nS, 
mah-mo-ra'. 

900 

500 

ma-nahm'. 

800 

ma'tah. 

600 

mez-ane'. 

400 

min-ne-Bo'tS, 

450 

mis-sis-sip'pe. 

3,160 

mis-soo're. 

3,096 

mur're. 

1,280 

ne-bras'ka. 

1,200 

na'gro. 

1,200 
660 

nel'sun. 

300 

neuse. 

860 

ne'men, 

400 

ni'jer. 

S,E00 

nile. 

8,000 

plat. 

800 

nwa'ces. 

350 

o'be. 

2,000 

ok-mul'ghe, 

800 

o-ko'ne, 

280 

o'der. 

600 

o-hi'o. 

960 

o'ka. 

660 

o-la-nek'. 

800 

Or'anj, 

1,000 

o-rono'ko. 

1,600 

o-sage', 

450 

ot'ta-wS, 

460 

pah-rah-givl'. 

1,600 

pah-rah-nah', 

2.000 

pah-iah-nah-e'bah. 

500 

par-nah-e'bali. 

700 

pearl. 

260 

pe-nob'skot. 

275 

pctch'o-ra. 

900 

pil-ko-mi'o. 

1,000 

plat. 

•  1,200 

po-to'mak. 

650 

prooth. 

860 

poo'roofl. 

400 

poo-too-mi'o. 

700 

red. 

1,200 

-  kan'Bas, 

600 

rine. 

960 

rone, 

534 

re'o  da  lah  plah'tah 

,     200 

re'o  grahn'da. 

■2,000 

" 

600 

ro-an-oke'. 

260 

rok. 

330 

Bah-been', 

600 

eak-ra-men'to. 

400 

eah-lab'do. 

1,000 

Ban  fran-sis'ko. 

1,400 

sang'ga-mon, 
sahn  no-ah-keen'. 

200 

350 

Bas-katch'a-wawn, 

1,300 

Ba-van'na, 

450 

sane. 

414 

sen-e-gawl', 

1,000 

sev'ern. 

210 

*' 

350 

Bban'nun, 

22a 

kan'sas, 

600 

Bon-gah-re', 

800 

plat. 

600 

saint  fran'ais. 

450 

saint  jonz. 

450 

eaint  law'rence. 

770 

Boo-ri-nam', 

200 

Bus-que-han'na, 

450 

ta'guB, 

540 

tal-ia-poo'sa. 

250 

tah-pah'zhoce. 

500 

ten-nes-BC', 

1,200 

temz. 

215 

tice. 

500 

to-bol''. 

1,160 

600 

to-kahn-teena'. 

1,100 

tom-big'be. 

600 

toon-goos'kah. 

1,500 

trin'e-te, 

550 

oo-ki-ah'Ia, 

600 

u'rai, 

1,800 

oo-roo-gwi'. 

80O 

vehr-ma'ho. 

760 

vis'tu-ia. 

530 

voi'ga. 

2,000 

waw'bash. 

550 

wosh'e-taw, 

600 

we'ser. 

380 

white. 

660 

wil-lah'met. 

225 

wis-kon'sin. 

360 

Bhing-goo', 

1,300 

yahrig-tse-ke-ahng'. 

2,500 

yah-zoo'. 

290 

yel'lo  stone, 

750 

yen-a-sa'e. 

2,800 

Z'vhm-ba'ze, 

1,400 

122 


STATISTICAL    TABLES. 


TABLE      I. 

BnOWTNO  TIIB  PBIKCIPAl.  AOKICTLTtTRAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  tTTJTTED  STATES,  ACOORDTNa  TO  THE  CESStTS  OF  1860. 


STATES  AXD  TER- 
RIIORIES. 


Alabama 

Arkansas  

tOalifornia 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Kentucky  

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

MicUii^an. 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

New  Hampsliirc. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania. 

Kbode  Island 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia  

AVi^iConsin 

Coluofjla,  Dlst.  of 

DaUota 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Mexico 

Utah 

AVashingtoa 


PE0DBCT3  OF  AGRICtTLTCEE. 


A«:re»  of 
iaiproTed 


,885,724 
,'J33,S18 
,463.084 
,830,807 
637,065 
651,213 
,083,753 
,098,374 
'243. 183 
793,792 
405,463 
641,203 
,707,103 
704,103 
003,267 
153,513 
;470,296 
058,330 
,063,735 
,340,371 
,307,034 
941,411 
,333.403 
,517,331 
,633,394 
890,414 
,46),293 
333,128 
,573,060 
,79.3,337 
,630,731 
,33.3.1.37 
437,831 
,716.167 

17,474 

2,115 

118,739 

14.132 
149,374 

77,219 

81.869 


Valni  of 
Live  Jstock. 


1,218,444 
a57.601 
5,928,470 
62,4Ul 
912,941 
2,S0S 
2,544,913 
23,S37,023 
1J,S43,20T 
8,449,403 
194,173 
7,394,309 
82,303 
233,870 
6,103,430 
119,783 
8,330,303 
2,130,993 
037,923 
4,237,536 
233,963 
l."0i.313 
8,031,103 
4,743,706 
15,119.047 
826,776 
13,042,163 
1,131 
1,235,611 
5,4,39.203 
1,473,345 
437,0)7 
13.139,977 
15,637,453 
12,760 
945 
147.857 
8,631 
434,309 
884,893 
60,219 
163,110,720',$l,OS9,339,91t[173,104,'J24 


$43,411,711 
22,096,977 
85.385,017 
11,311,079 

3,144,706 

5.55;3,356 
88,373,734 
73,301,235 
41,355,539 
23,470,293 

8,333,450 
61,803.337 
21,540,940 
1.5,437,033 
11,607,833 
]3,7.;7,714 
23,711,771 
•  3,613,841 
41,891,693 
53,6.13,673 
10,934,637 
16.134,693 
103.830,390 
81,139,893 
80,334,319 

5,9!  6,253 
0:),073,736 

2,013,014 
23.9M,463 
69.211.433 
43.82.3,447 
]6,3H,9S9 
47,803,049 
17,807,373 
109,649 
89,116 

1,138,771 
177,633 

4,499,7ir. 

1..316,707 

1,099,911 


Wboit, 
bu8h«U  oH 


Indian  Corn,         Oata, 
busbela  ot      buaheia  ct 


83.226.282 

17,823..388 

610,708 

2,059,835 

8,892,337 

2,834,891 

80,770.293 

115,174,777 

71,583,919 

42,410,036 

6,1.39,737 

64,043,6.38 

16,853,745 

1,.516,071 

13,444,922 

2,157,063 

12,444,676 

2,941,953 

29,057,083 

72,892.157 

1,414,633 

9,723,336 

20,061.049 

89,073,.5&4 

73,543,190 

76.123 

23,196,831 

461.497 

15,063,606 

52,039,936 

16,5:19,703 

1, .333,411 

88,319.999 

7,517,.3O0 

81,840 

20,369 

1,433,039 

460 

709,304 

90,433 

4,713 

633?r93,740 


Rice, 
Iba  ot 


493,465 

10,831 

2,140 


223,704 
52,507,652 


682,1791 
475,268 
l,043,006i 
1,.522,218 
1,046,910 
46,899! 
1,231,317, 
15,320,029  . . 
5.317,831  .. 
e,887,645i . . 
88,825; . . 
4,617,029;.. 

89,377     6,381,257 
2,988,939  . 
8.959,2931 . 
1,180,075 
4,030,980 
2,170,003 
221,2-35 
•8,680,870 
1,829,283 
4.1)39,132 
85,173,134 
2.731,860 
15.409,234' 
885,673! 
27,837,147 
244,453 
900,974119,100,52 


7,093,976 


2,207,814 

933,889 

8.0:30.267 

10,158,720 

11,059,260 

29.543 

2,540 

74,503 

1,082 

7,24« 

eaaii 

1.34.334 

172,043,185 


40,.372 
26,001 


Tobacco, 
Iba  o£ 


Cotton, 
bales  of 
400  iba. 


157,107,03 


282,914 

989,980 

8,150 

6,000,183 

9,099 

828,815 

919,818 

6,88.3,262 

■   7,993,073 

803,168 

20,:549 

108,120,840 

39,940 

1,083 

88,410,965 

8,233,193 

121,0991 

88.908 

159,141 

25,036,196 

18,061 

140,485 

B,764,.3S2 

S2,a30.250 

25,092,531 

405 

8,181,.385! 

705 

104.412 

43,443,097 

07,914 

]2,2« 

123,963,ffl2 

87,.340 

15,200 

10 

8.036 


989,955 
867,393 


65,153 

701,840 
1,482 


61 


777,738 


1,202,507 
41,188 


145^514 


7,041 


10 


434,209,401 


851.412 
228,194 
431,463 


Wool 
tba.  o£ 


775,117 

410,382 
2,083,109 

885,896 
60,201 
69,171 

946,227 
1,989,067 
2,553,818 

660,858 

24,746 

2,829,105 

290,847 
1,495,000 

491,611 

877,267 

8,960,883 

20,388 

065,959 
2,069,778 
1,100,222 


Butter, 
Iba  o£ 


6,023,478 
4.067,556 
8,095,035 
7,620,912 
1,430,502 
408,855 
6,489,765 

28,032,551 

13,300,651 

11,953,666 
1,093,497 

11,716,609 
1,444,742 

11,687,781 
6,265,295 
8,297,986 

15,503,432 
2,907,673 
6,000,610 

12,704.887 
6,900,704 


12,72- 


19 
ISO 


5,818,702 


849,2.30  10,714,447 
0,454,474  103,09-,';30 

683,473|  4,73,^495 
10,003,9274  48,513,102 

219,ni2r   1,000,157 

4,732.522!  58,653,011 

90,r99l    1,021,707 

427,102  8,177,934 
1,405.C36;  10,017,737 
1,493.7381  RS50,6S3 
8,118,950  1.\900,.309 
2.010,019!  18,404,722 


1,011,9.33 
100 


8,303 

S30 

40O,C« 

74,705 
19,019 


13,011,328 

18,835 

2.170 

842,,341 

7,700 

13,259 

810,0;6 

153,092 


00,254,913, 459,0Sl,O72 


Hay, 

tons  oC 


Cane  Sasar, 
bbdaof 

1,000  Iba 


111 

1,167 


606 
402 


Cane 
Molasses, 
gals.  o£ 


85,116 


486,367 
546,749 


18,489,772 


10,016 
22,805 


12,494 


198 

2 

6,090 


19,083,890        230,982    14,968,996 


2,880 
408,863 


Sorghnm 
Molasaes, 
gala  ot 


06,658 

115,604 

662 

896 

1,613 


10.3,490 
806,589 
881,049 
1,211.612 
87,666 
856,705 


907 


86,908 

14,178 

1,427 

796,111 


Honey, 
IbaoC 


616 
268.475 

779,076, 

sisl 

22,749, 
20! 

51.041 
706.668 
112,412, 

'221,276' 
19,864| 


20! 
28,497 


47.2i33 

806,827 

12.276 

62.730 

66.187 

11.3,020 

903.915 

1.846,808 

1,224.489 

917.,S77 

16.944 

1,768.692 

2,35,4*1 

814.6^5 

193.364 

09.126 

769.282 

84.2S0 

708.287 

1,6S0.9S8 

120.142 

180.925 

2,869.751 

2,066,969 

1,409,601 

821 

1,402.128 

6.261 

526.077 

1,519.890 

694.273 

212.150 

1,481.091 

207,294 

510 


1,960 
26,475 


6,848 


5,256 
6,749,128, 28,»66,35f 


TABLE     II. 


THE   MONEYS    OF  DirFEP.ENT  COUNTRIES,   -WITH  TnEIIt   PAR  VALTTB   IW  FCDISSAL  OUKEKNCT. 


Great  Britain.. 


Dominion  of  } 
Canadfi        ( 


France. , 


Moneys. 


Bel^um 

Germany .  ' 

Saxony  . . . 


Brunswick 

and 
Hanover 


Holland 


Hamburg 

and 
Lubeck 

Bremen  ... 
Denmark . . 


1  pound 

1  shillini; 

1  guiueii* 

1  crown* 

1  pound 

1  louls  d'or* 

1  gold  napoleon 

I  silver  napoleon . . . . 

1  crown 

1  franc 

1  S'>U 

1  franc 

1  gold  loopolil 

ID  thaler  piece 

1  tJorin 

1  august  d'or 

1  specie  thaler 

1  rix  dollar* 

1  double  george  d'or. 
1  single  georgo  d'or.. 

1  thaler. 

I  grosch  

1  thaler 

I  tioria 


Valao  In 
F.donil 

Money. 


Sweden.... 
Norway  . . . 

Kussia 

Prussia 


1  zwanziger 

ll)  florin  piece 

1  florin,  or  guilder. . . 
1  Flemish  pound.... 

1  rix  dollar. 

1  marc  banco 

1  marc  current 

1  rix  dollar 

86  groat  piece 

1  .specie  dollar 

1  rix  dollar 

I  marc 

1  ri.x  d(ill:ir 

1  .specij  dollar 

1  marc 

!  imtterial* 

1  ruble 

1  ffold  frederick . . . . , 

I  thaler , 

1  florin 


ft  ct]. 

4  S4 

0  24.2 

5  00 

1  12 

4  00 

4  56 

3  63 

0  93 

1  OS 

0  18.6 
0  00.9 
0  13.6 
4B5 
7  80 
0  40 
3  73.8 
0  92 
0  69 
7  47.6 

3  73.8 
0  67 

0  02.8 
0  97 
0  48.5 
0  IG.I 

4  00 
0  40 

2  62.5 
0  84 

0  85 
0  28 
0  78.75 

0  89.37 

1  05 

0  52.5 

0  08.75 

1  On 
1  06 
0  21 

7  S3 
0  75 

8  91 
0  69 
0  22.75 


Pnissla 

Switzerland. 


Money 


Spain. 


Portugal . 


Azores  .. 

Sardinia.. 
Venico  .. 
Sicily.... 


Tuscany . 


Rome  , 


Naples  . 
Greece  . 
Turkey . 
Malta  .. 
Moxica . 


Cuba.. 


St.  Domineo 
IT.S.Colombia. 
Ecuador,ChiU, 
Peru  . , 
Buenos  Ayres 
Brazil 


;{ 


China 

Japan 

Cape  Good  Hope 


1  pro^ch 

1  livre 

1  Geneva  livrc* 

1  doubloon. 

I  pi3tole* 

1  dollar 

1  real  plate. 

1  pistareea. 

1  cross  pisturecn 

1  half  joe* 

1  milreo 

1  cruzado 

1  milreo 

1  lira 

llira 

1  ounce 

I  tare 

1  crown. 

I  jiezsa 

1  soldo  di  pezza 

1  lira 

10  scudi  piece 

1  scudo,  or  ci-own . . . 

1  paolo 

30  ducat  piece 

1  drachme....  a 

1  pi;istro 

i  scudo* 

I  doubloon 

1  dollar 

1  dollar 

1  real  

1  dollar 


1  dollar. 


1  00 

0  93 
4  80 

0  82.8 
silver  coin  (1200ree8)   0  99.4 


1  dollar 

1  moidore*.. 
1  milree. 


Valuo  in 
Fcdor:il 

Mon..y. 


$    Ctl 

1  03.3 

0  27 

0  21 

15  83 

8  97 

1  00 

0  10 

0  13 

0  16 

8  63 

1  13 

0  45 

0  83.5 

0  18.0 

0  10 

2  40 

0  08 

1  05 

0  90 

045 

0  16 

10  00 

1  00 

0  10 

24  00 

0  16.6 

0  05 

0  40 

15  60 

1  00 

1  00 

0  13.5 

0  33.83 

1  tiel. 

1  mace 

1  tael 

1  m.ace 

1  ri.\  dollar.. 


1  43 
0  14.3 
0  75 
0  07.5 
0  31.8 


*  Vatae  established  by  Custooi'llouse  regulation  and  commercial  usage. 


TABlLli:     III. 


BHOWmO  THE  POPTTLATION  OP  SOME  OP  TDE  MO.'iT   IMPORTANT  CITIPS,- 
UNITED  STATES,   ACCURDINO   TO  THE  CENSUS  OP  1860. 


-THOSE  IN   TIIE 


Aberdeen 73.794 

Adrianoplo 140.000 

Albany C3,:a)7 

Alexandria SO.OOO 

Alleghany 23,702 

Amsterdam 262,691 

Antwerp 122,663 

Baltimore /212.418 

Bangkok 40;).0;X)! 

Barcelona 189,918, 

B.ata\ia lia:M) 

Belfast, /re 119,213 

Benares 500.0JOi 

BEKLlNn867) 703.4.37, 

Birmingham 335, 798, 

Bumbay -SOftOOOl 

Bordeaux 102.750; 

Boston |177.840 

Bremen 70.692 

Breslaa  (1807) 181.378 

Bristol ira.(>8D 

Brooklyt! 260.661 

BiinssELS 187.153 

Buffalo a3..30l 

Cadiz 71..331 

Cairo 230.000 

Calcutta 41.3.000 

Cambridge,  Mass. . .  26,060 

Canton 1,000.000 

Cashmere 200.000 

Changchow 1,000.000 

Charleston 40.523 

Charlestown 25,1163 

Chicago 1110.973 

Cincinnati 171.000 

Cleveland 43.417, 

Cologne  (1867) 119.516! 

Constantinople...  713.000 

Copenhagen  .^ 15.3. 143 

Cork T....  78.893! 

Dacca 200,000 

Damascus 113.IXX)! 

Dantzic  (1867) 87.506 

Delhi 25(1.(XK) 

Detrgit 4.3.619 

Dresden  (1867) 1 .33.971 

Dublin 318,437 

Dundee 90.435 

Edinburgh 175.138 

EtORENCE 114.:%3 

Poochow KIO.OIKI 

Genoa 127.986 

Ghent 1*1.441 


Glasgow 4.32.265 

Hague 87.319 

Halifax 26.000 

Hamburg  (1867) ....  22.3,763 

Ilangchow 600.000, 

Hartford 29.153' 

Havana 181,315! 

Havre 74.336 

Hull 98,994 

Hyderabad 200.000 

Ispahan 150.000' 

.Tkdo 1,500.000 

Jersey  Citv 29.326' 

King-te-cli'iang 1,000.000 

Konigsbcrg 101.507 

Lahore ISO.IXX) 

La  Puobla 70.600 

Leeds 228,187 

Leghorn 83.543 

Lcipsic  (1807) 91.598 

Liege 102,888' 

Lille l."1.827 

Lisbon 224,063 

Liverpool 484.8.37 

London 3.007..3.36 

Louisville ft<.033 

Lowell 36..837 

Lucknow 200.000 

Lyons 318.803' 

Madras 720,0001 

Madrid S98,4':6 

Manchester a38,855i 

Masdelay 800,0001 

Manila 140.000| 

Marseilles 260,910, 

Mklboi.-rne 108,2341 

Memphis 29.633! 

Me.xico 20.3.000! 

Miaco 6110,0001 

Milan 196.109 

Milwaukee 45.346 

Mobile 29.258 

Montreal 90.333! 

Morocco 100.000 

Moscow 351.637 

Munich  (1867) 170.000, 

Nagpoor 11.3.000 

Naiichang ,360,000 

Nankin 400,000 

Nantes 113.635 

Naples 418,968 

Newark 71,941 

Newcastle..... 109,291 


New  Haven .39,367 

New  Orleans M68,675 

New  York »8K.lili9 

Ningpo 250.0(0 

Odessa 118.970 

Oporlo 86.357 

Palermo ]67,«35 

Paris 1,696,141 

Palna 2ttJ.139 

Pekin 1.800.000 

Peslh 131.705 

Philadelphia 1665.539 

Pitlsbunjh 49.217 

Portland;  J/« 26..343 

Portsmouih,  b'ng.  .  94.546 

Prague 142.588 

Providence : .  50.6I'6 

Quebec 61.100 

Richmond 37.910 

Rochester 48.204 

Rome 210.70! 

Rotterdam 115.354 

Roiien 102.ftl9 

Roxbury 25.137 

Salem 22,252 

San  Francisco 56.803 

Savannah 23.292 

Sevdle 118.298 

Shanghai 190,000 

Sheffield m3,1.37 

Smvrna 1.30.000 

Sodchow 700.0(10 

St.  Louis 060.773 

Stockholm 1.33,361 

St.  Petersburg  . . .  646,000 

Strasburg 82.014 

Sural 157.000 

Sydney 100.0(0 

Svracuse,  A'.  T....  28.119 

Tientsin 700.0(10 

Toulon 84,987 

Toulouse 113.239 

Troy 89.335 

Tunis 1.30,000 

Turin 180..520 

Utica 23.539 

Valencia 107,703 

Venice 118.173 

Vienna 578.336 

Warsaw 102,805 

Washington 61.132 

Wilmington,  Del...  21.268 

Worcester. 24,960 


^ 


>ii 


l^  > 


C(p1 


!rt^i 


r 


f* 


il 


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